pencemaran timbel (pb) di udara dan kadar timbel pada
TRANSCRIPT
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Pencemaran Timbel (Pb) di Udaradan Kadar Timbel pada DarahAnak2: Studi Kasus di Bandung
Dr. Puji LestariDepartmen Teknik Lingkungan
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)Email: [email protected]
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Acknowledgement
This research is funded by Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency (SIDA) through Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Bangkok.
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Latar Belakang MasalahKualitas Udara di kota Bandung MEMBURUK (Konsentrasi Pbtinggi)Dampak timbel terhadap kesehatan manusia khususnya anak-anak. Dampak Timbel antara lain:
Menurunkan kecerdasan dan gangguan mental pada anakMengganggu perkembangan bayi didalam kandungan (cacat)Gejala akut: muntah, sakit perut, diare, pening dllGejala kronis: pusing, letih, lesu dll
Masih digunakannya Bensin Bertimbel di BandungJumlah kendaraan dan Kepadatan lalulintas dikota Bandung yang terus meningkat.Masih jarangnya studi yang terkait dengan dampak timbel padakesehatan.
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Aktivitas Yang DilakukanMengukur Konsentrasi Timbel (Pb) di udaraambient maupun didaerah yang padat lalulintas dan ramai penduduk di Kota BandungMengukur Kadar Timbel (Pb) dalam darahanak-anak sekolah, tukang parkir, danPedagang Kaki-lima. Future Activity: Test IQ anak-anak???
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Manfaat Yang Diharapkan
Dapat Memberi masukan kepadaPemerintah Daerah Maupun Pusat sbgPertimbangan dalam PenentuanKebijakan Untuk Menghapuskankandungan Timbel dalam bensinMeningkatkan KewaspadaanMasyarakat akan Bahaya Timbel bagiKesehatan Manusia.
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Metode Sampling
TSP diukur dengan menggunakan HVSPM10 diukur dengan menggunakan LVS dan Dichotomous samplerDarah di ukur dengan Lead care and Test KitManual dengan jarum suntik dan AAS
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Dichotomous Sampler
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PUF Sampler
Hi-Vol
Sampler
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Daerah StudyAmbient Air Quality Monitoring
TegalegaDago Pakar
Road SitesJL. Braga (atas dan bawah)JL. MerdekaAlun-alun (JL. Asia-Afrika)JL. PasteurJL. Dewi Sartika.
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Sampel Darah
Anak-anak sekolahPKLTukang ParkirPolisi
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Polutan Utama PencemaranUdara
Partikulat (Pb, ions, Black Carbon) dllCONOxOzoneSO2
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PM Concentrations at Braga areasHASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI PARTIKULAT
DI PEREMPATAN JL. BRAGA-NARIPAN
0100200300400500
1 2 3 4 5 6 Rata-RataNomor Sampel
Kons
entr
asi (
ug/m
3)
PM 10
TSP
Std. PM 10
Std. TSP
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PM Concentrations at Braga areaHASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI PARTIKULAT
DI JL. BRAGA
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 Rata-RataNomor Sampel
Kon
sent
rasi
(ug/
m3)
PM 10TSPStd.PM 10Std.TSP
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Perbandingan Konsentrasi Pb di TSP & PM10 di Jalan Braga
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample #
conc
entr
atio
n of
lead
, ug/
m3
TSPPM10WHOINDO
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Perbandingan Konsentrasi Pb di TSP dan PM10 di Braga-BDN
Lead Concentration
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6
Sample code
Con
cent
ratio
n of
Pb
(ug/
m3)
HVS LVS
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NOx Concentrations at JL. Braga
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00Time
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pm
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NOx Concentrations at JL. Braga(Kantor BDN)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
Wakt u
B-1B-2B-3B-4B-5B-6
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CO Concentration at JL. Braga (1999)CO concentrations at JL. Braga
02468
101214161820
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:0
0
11:0
0
12:0
0
13:0
0
14:0
0
15:0
0
16:0
0
17:0
0
18:0
0
19:0
0
Ave
rage
Time
Conc
entra
tions
, ppm 1
2
3
4
5
6
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PM in 2000HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI PM10
DI Jl. MERDEKA
0
50
100150
200
250
1 2 3 4 Rata-Rata
No. Sampel
Kon
sent
rasi
(ug/
m3)
PM 10
Std.PM10
HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI PM10
DI Jl. ALUN-ALUN TIMUR
050
100150200250300
1 2 3 4 Rata-Rata
No. Sampel
Kon
sent
yras
i (ug
/m3)
PM10Std.PM 10
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Lead (Pb) in Alun-alun and MerdekaHASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI Pb
DI Jl. MERDEKA
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 2 3 4 Rata-Rata No. Sampel
Kon
sent
rasi
(ug/
m3)
Pb
Std.Pb
HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI Pb DI Jl. ALUN-ALUN TIMUR
00.5
11.5
22.5
1 2 3 4 Rata-Rata
No. Sampel
Kon
sent
rasi
(u
g/m
3) Pb
Std.Pb
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Grafik Konsentrasi CO ( Rata-rata harian )Jl. Merdeka - SMU St. Angela ( 12 - 23 /08/2004 )
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
10.0011.0012.0013.0014.0015.0016.00
(Kam
is,12
/8)(Ju
m'at,13
/8)(S
abtu,
14/8)
(Ming
gu,15
/8)(S
enin,
16/8)
(Sela
sa,17
/8)(R
abu,1
8/8)
(Kam
is,19
/8)(Ju
mat,20
/8)(S
abtu,
21/8)
(Ming
gu,22
/8)(S
enin,
23/8)
Hari,tanggal
Kon
sent
rasi
CO
( pp
m )
Konsentrasi CO- Merdeka
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Konsentrasi NOx-MerdekaGrafik Konsentrasi NOx ( rata-rata Harian)
Jl. Merdeka - SMU St. Angela (12- 23 /08/2004 )
0.00000.01000.02000.03000.04000.05000.06000.07000.08000.09000.10000.11000.1200
(Kam
is,12
/8)(Ju
m'at,13
/8)(S
abtu,
14/8)
(Ming
gu,15
/8)(S
enin,
16/8)
(Sela
sa,17
/8)(R
abu,1
8/8)
(Kam
is,19
/8)(Ju
mat,20
/8)(S
abtu,
21/8)
(Ming
gu,22
/8)(S
enin,
23/8)
Hari, tanggal
Kon
sent
rasi
NO
x ( p
pm )
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Konsentrasi CO-Asia AfrikaGrafik Konsentrasi CO ( rata-rata harian )
Jl. Asia Afrika - Menara BRI ( 26/8 - 6/9/2004 )
0.002.004.006.008.00
10.0012.0014.00
(Kam
is, 26
/8)(Ju
mat, 27
/8)(S
abtu,
28/8)
(Ming
gu, 2
9/8)
(Sen
in, 30
/8)(S
elasa
, 31/8
)(R
abu,
1/9)
(Kam
is, 2/
9)(Ju
mat, 3/
9)(S
abtu,
4/9)
(Ming
gu,5/
9)(S
enin,
6/9)
Hari, tanggal
KO
nsen
tras
i CO
( pp
m )
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Konsentrasi NOx-Asia AfrikaGrafik Konsentrasi NOx ( rata-rata harian )
Jl. Asia Afrika - Menara BRI ( 26/8 - 6/9/2004 )
0.00000.01000.02000.03000.04000.05000.06000.07000.0800
(Kam
is, 26
/8)(Ju
mat, 27
/8)(S
abtu,
28/8)
(Ming
gu, 2
9/8)
(Sen
in, 30
/8)(S
elasa
, 31/8
)(R
abu,
1/9)
(Kam
is, 2/
9)(Ju
mat, 3/
9)(S
abtu,
4/9)
(Ming
gu,5/
9)(S
enin,
6/9)
Hari, tanggal
Kon
sent
rasi
NO
x ( p
pm )
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Konsentrasi Timbel di JL.Ganesha
Lead concentration in the fine and coarse particles (JL. Ganesha)
0.52
0.45
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 AvgSample number
Con
cent
ratio
n, u
g/m
3
FineCoarse
Concentration of TSP,PM10, and PM2.5 at JL. Ganesha
90.375.5
48.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 AvgSample number
Con
cent
ratio
n, u
g/m
3
TSPPM10PM2.5
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Konsentrasi Timbel di MerdekaLead concentration in the fine and coarse particles
(JL. Merdeka)
0.810.75
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 AvgSample number
Con
cent
ratio
n, u
g/m
3
finecoarse
Concentration of TSP,PM10, and PM2.5 at JL. Merdeka
134.6
113.4
66.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 AvgSample number
Con
cent
ratio
n, u
g/m
3
TSPPM10PM2.5
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Ambient Air Measurements
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0
20
40
60
80
100
P1 P3 P5 P7 P9P12P14P16P18P20P22P24P26P28P30P34P36P38P40P42P44P46P48P50P52P54P56
Sample
Mas
s co
ncen
trat
ion
( ug/
m3)
Fine particles Coarse particles
-------Dago Pakar Dry SeasonWet Season----
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
T1 T3 T5 T7 T9T11T 13T 15T 17T 20T 24T 26T 29T 31T 33T 35T 37T 39T 42T 44T 46T 48T 50T 52T 54T 56T 59T 61
Sample
Mas
s co
ncen
trat
ion
( ug/
m3)
Fine particles Coarse particles
------Dry Season, TegalegaWet Season
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Lead Concentrations (2001-2002)HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI Pb
DI TEGALEGA
00.5
11.5
22.5
3
1 2 3 4 5 Rata-Rata
No. Sampel
Kon
sent
rasi
(ug/
m3)
LVSHVS
Std.Pb
HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI Pb DI DAGO PAKAR
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 Rata-Rata
No. Sampel
Kons
entr
asi (
ug/m
3)
PbStd.Pb
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HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI PARTIKULATDI BEBERAPA LOKASI DI KOTA BANDUNG
0
100
200
300
400
Brg-Naripan
Braga Merdeka Alun2Timur
Tegalega cisaranten
1999 2000 2001-2002
Lokasi dan Tahun Penelitian
Kons
entra
si (
ug/m
3)
PM10
TSP
Std.PM10
Std.TSP
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HASIL PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI Pb DI BEBERAPA LOKASI DI KOTA BANDUNG
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Brg-Naripan
Braga Merdeka Merdeka Ganesha Alun2Timur
Tegalega D.Pakar
1999 2000 2001-2002
Lokasi dan Tahun Penelitian
Kons
entra
si (u
g/m
3)
LVS
TSP
Std.Pb
WHO
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Timbel Dalam Darah AnakSekolah
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Haruskah Kita Kurbankan???
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Peserta Test Darah
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Team Pengambil Sampel Darah
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Pengambilan Sample Darah
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Pengambilan Sampel Darah
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Konsentrasi Pb dalam Darah
0
10
20
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SDN Banjarsari
Kon
sent
rasi
(ug
Pb/d
L)
Pb dalam darah Baku Mutu Pb dalam darah
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Hasil Test Darah Sementara
Konsentrasi Pb dalam Darah Siswa SMP
0123456789
1011121314151617
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Nomor Sampel
μg
/ dL
SMPN 3 Kebon Kalapa SLTPN 15 Sukajadi
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Timbal Dalam DarahK onse nt r a si T i m ba l da l a m D a r a h
0.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Nomor Sampe l
μ
P KL P ol i s i P et ugas P ar k i r
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Hasil Sementara Test Darah diBandung 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
HASIL PEMERIKSAAN KADAR Pb DALAM DARAH DI KOTA BANDUNG TAHUN 2004
MS 15 2 7 10 7 41
TMS 5 8 3 3 2 21
SD Banjarsari SMP 3 SMP 15 Polisi & PKL Tukang Parkir Total
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
HASIL PEMERIKSAAN KADAR Pb DALAM DARAH DI 5 KAB./KOTA JAWA BARAT
TAHUN 2000
MS 8 3 7 9 1 28
TMS 1 5 1 1 7 15
Kab.CianjurKab.
TasikmalayaKota Bandung Kota Bogor Kota Cirebon Total
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KESIMPULANKadar timbal di udara ambient Kota Bandung sudah cukup Membahayakan KesehatanLebih dari 30 %, Kadar Timbal dalam darahsudah melewati ambang batasnya.Perlu segera dilakukan penghapusankandungan timbel dalam bensin di kotaBandung