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People and Animals - A Public Health PerspectiveDr. Paul Sockett, Public Health Agency of Canada
A Webber Training Teleclass
Hosted by Paul Webber [email protected]
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Dr. Paul SockettPublic Health Agency of Canada
People and Animals -A Public Health Perspective
Hosted by Paul [email protected]
www.webbertraining.com
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Animals contribute to Canada's economyAnimals impact us from economic, social andrecreational perspectives
Over 2 million people are employed directly andindirectly in
livestock farms zoos and aquariums
aquacultureparks and natures reserves
Animals, animal products and associated servicesectors are significant engines of the regionaleconomy in Canada.
A huge proportion of Canadians have pets in theirhomes
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Zoonoses in Canada-examples
Rabies*Tetanus*
Hantavirus*Listeria
BabasiosisTuberculosis*Anthrax
CryptosporidiosisTuleremiaBorrelia (Lyme Disease)
GiardiasisVibrio parahaemolyticusBotulism
TapewormPlague*Brucellosis
Systemic mycosesArbovirusesLeptospirosis
TrichinellosisQ-FeverEnteric bacterial infections
ToxoplasmosisPsittacosisEhrlichiosis
*Nationally notifiable Also notifiable: Yellow Fever; Malaria
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Arboviruses Isolated In Canada
Of over 500 known arboviruses; 19 have beenisolated in Canada – including:
• 2 midge-borne (Culicoides) viruses– Blue-tongue; epizootic hemorrhagic disease
• 11 mosquito-borne viruses– Western equine encephalitis; St. Louis encephalitis,
West Nile; snowshoe hare & Jamestown Canyonviruses.
• 6 tick-borne viruses– Powassan encephalitis virus; Colorado tick fever virus
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Risk to Human Health Arising from DynamicallyInteracting Populations in a Changing Environment
Microbes
Animals Humans
ENVIRONMENT
Human Population Activity
HabitatDisruption/modification
ClimateChange
CatastrophicNatural events
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Risk to Human Health Arising from DynamicallyInteracting Populations in a Changing Environment
Microbes
Animals Humans
ENVIRONMENT
Human Population Activity
HabitatDisruption/modification
ClimateChange
CatastrophicNatural events
Travel/leisure activities
Casual exposures Occupation
Food and Water Consumption
People and Animals - A Public Health PerspectiveDr. Paul Sockett, Public Health Agency of Canada
A Webber Training Teleclass
Hosted by Paul Webber [email protected]
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Source: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/migrationmap.html
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FARMEDANIMALS
Cattle, sheep,swine, veal calves,
poultry, other livestock
WILDLIFEAnimals, birds,
fish, invertebrates
PETSCats, dogs, pocket pets,
birds, reptiles,fish, exotics
EXHIBITIONANIMALS
Zoos, petting zoos,open farms,
agricultural shows
Interaction between Animals and the Environment
Farm Effluent & Manure Spread
AnimalFeed
DeadStock Offal
Rendering
CommercialAbbatoirs/Processing
Plants
Soil
Rivers &Water Table
PotableWater
RecreationalWater
VegetablesGrain crops
FruitMeat
Handlingand Preparation
Sewage
Acknowledgements: AH Linton, RJ Irwin
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FARMEDANIMALS
Cattle, sheep,swine, veal calves,
poultry, other livestock
WILDLIFEAnimals, birds,
fish, invertebrates
PETSCats, dogs, pocket pets,
birds, reptiles,fish, exotics
EXHIBITIONANIMALS
Zoos, petting zoos,open farms,
agricultural shows
Epidemiology of Human Disease: Occupational Contact
Farm Effluent & Manure Spread
AnimalFeed
DeadStock Offal
Rendering
CommercialAbbatoirs/Processing
Plants
Soil
Rivers &Water Table
PotableWater
RecreationalWater
VegetablesGrain crops
FruitMeat
Handlingand Preparation
Sewage
Acknowledgements: AH Linton, RJ Irwin
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FARMEDANIMALS
Cattle, sheep,swine, veal calves,
poultry, other livestock
WILDLIFEAnimals, birds,
fish, invertebrates
PETSCats, dogs, pocket pets,
birds, reptiles,fish, exotics
EXHIBITIONANIMALS
Zoos, petting zoos,open farms,
agricultural shows
Epidemiology of Human Disease: Direct Contact (Non-Occupational)
Farm Effluent & Manure Spread
AnimalFeed
DeadStock Offal
Rendering
CommercialAbbatoirs/Processing
Plants
Soil
Rivers &Water Table
PotableWater
RecreationalWater
VegetablesGrain crops
FruitMeat
Handlingand Preparation
Sewage
Acknowledgements: AH Linton, RJ Irwin
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Dogs, Salmonellas, Pet Treats andRaw Food Diet in Canada• 3 outbreaks linked to pet treats:
– 1999 – S. Infantis (pig ears)– 2002 – S. Newport (dried beef patties)– 2005 – S. Thompson (beef jerky)
• Pig ear retail sampling studies (Clarke et al 2001)– Over 50% pet store samples positive (19 serotypes)
• Raw food diets:– Joffe & Schlessinge (2002) 8/10 homemade chicken diets
positive– Weese et al (2005) 5/25 manufactured RF diets positive
(also E. coli 16/25; C. perfringens 5/25)
12September 2004: 5 sick hamstersDetected in Minnesota
Traceback to Manitoba breeder (high mortality instock)
Pocket pet recall One possible human case
People and Animals - A Public Health PerspectiveDr. Paul Sockett, Public Health Agency of Canada
A Webber Training Teleclass
Hosted by Paul Webber [email protected]
3
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FARMEDANIMALS
Cattle, sheep,swine, veal calves,
poultry, other livestock
WILDLIFEAnimals, birds,
fish, invertebrates
PETSCats, dogs, pocket pets,
birds, reptiles,fish, exotics
EXHIBITIONANIMALS
Zoos, petting zoos,open farms,
agricultural shows
Epidemiology of Human Disease: Food & Water
Farm Effluent & Manure Spread
AnimalFeed
DeadStock Offal
Rendering
CommercialAbbatoirs/Processing
Plants
Soil
Rivers &Water Table
PotableWater
RecreationalWater
VegetablesGrain crops
FruitMeat
Handlingand Preparation
Sewage
Acknowledgements: AH Linton, RJ Irwin
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FARMEDANIMALS
Cattle, sheep,swine, veal calves,
poultry, other livestock
WILDLIFEAnimals, birds,
fish, invertebrates
PETSCats, dogs, pocket pets,
birds, reptiles,fish, exotics
EXHIBITIONANIMALS
Zoos, petting zoos,open farms,
agricultural shows
Epidemiology of Human Disease: Environment
Farm Effluent & Manure Spread
AnimalFeed
DeadStock Offal
Rendering
CommercialAbbatoirs/Processing
Plants
Soil
Rivers &Water Table
PotableWater
RecreationalWater
VegetablesGrain crops
FruitMeat
Handlingand Preparation
Sewage
Acknowledgements: AH Linton, RJ Irwin
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Prairies•Hotter and drier•Increased severity and length ofdroughts(Water quality problems and scarcity, foodspoilage, vectorborne diseases, stress due toeconomic hardship)
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Impact of Climate Change
• Climate change will affect thedistribution and activity ofinfectious diseases elsewhere(Dengue, malaria, cholera, …)
• Climate change may contribute tothe emergence of new infectiousdiseases
• Climate change may facilitate theimportation and establishment ofdiseases and disease vectors intoCanada 18
West Nile virus Spread:August 1999 toNovember 2007
1999
2000 2001
2002
.CaymanIslands
DominicanRepublic
2003
2004
(number of deaths in brackets)
4256 (165)151 (2)2006
3000 (119)225 (9)2005
2539 (100)25 (2)2004
3510 (98)2353 (8)2007
9862 (264)1481 (12)2003
4156 (284)414 (19)2002
66(9)2001
21(2)2000
62(7)1999
USACanadaYear
People and Animals - A Public Health PerspectiveDr. Paul Sockett, Public Health Agency of Canada
A Webber Training Teleclass
Hosted by Paul Webber [email protected]
4
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Impact of Climate Change on Lyme DiseaseModelled geographic limits projected for the establishment ofI. Scapularis ticks in degree days above OoC.
Known endemic tick populations
Further expansion of projected tick establishment is predictedUnder climate change to the end of the century.
Ogden et al, 2008
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Community
Surveillance Activities
Individual
Family
National
International
International collaboration insharing of surveillance data;developing and developed countries
Focus has been on monitoringtrends in pathogen reportingfrom limited sources
Notifiable Diseasereporting; outbreakreporting
Local enforcement;implementation of animalhealth regulations;focused prevention (eg.Rabies vaccine bait drops)
National standards; nationalpolicy and regulatory frame-works
Prevention Activities
International agreements onstandards; nationalimport/export policy and regulation
Risk factor studiesand targetted Investigations(eg hantavirus exposure risks)
Education inpersonalrisk avoidance(informed choice,eg. West Nile);travel advice,vaccination
Zoonotic disease activities operate at multiple levels….
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Federal Authorities
Roadmap: Interface of Human/AnimalHealth
Agriculture/Food Environment Public Health
Public Health Agency of Canada
EnvironmentCanada
Parks Canada
Indian Affairs andNorthernDevelopment
Agriculture andAgrifood Canada
Canadian FoodInspection Agency
Department ofFisheries andOceans
HealthCanada
First NationsAnd InuitHealthBranch
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Provincial and Territorial Authorities
• Major organizations include:
– Agriculture (Lands, Forests, Food, Rural initiatives)– Health and Wellness– Sustainable Development– Aquaculture– Natural Resources
• Relevant sub-groupings within departmentalstructures
Roadmap: Interface of Human/AnimalHealth
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Public Health ResponseEnteric and Zoonotic Diseases
NationalResponse toEnteric and
Zoonotic DiseaseIssues
Detection of and Rapid Responseto Public Health Issues
Integration of EmergencyResponse and Support
Activities
Support to decisionmaking,
policy/prioritysetting
Development and Integration ofSurveillance Tools and Approaches
TargettedInvestigation
of specific risks
Horizontal Linkages andMulti-Partner Collaborations
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Public Health Response must support…
• Identification of Zoonotic disease issues
• Evaluation of mitigation strategies
• Informing science-based assessments
• Engagement of industry, academia,government in focused research
• Synthesis of science-based data (via riskanalysis approaches) for application todecision-making
• Development of prevention strategies in boththe animal and human sectors
People and Animals - A Public Health PerspectiveDr. Paul Sockett, Public Health Agency of Canada
A Webber Training Teleclass
Hosted by Paul Webber [email protected]
5
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These in turn require a betterunderstanding of:
• Objectives of surveillance programmes
• Complexity of human-animal-pathogen interactions
• Type, frequency and quality of data obtained
• Analytic products required (interpretation; risk analysis;contextual/integrative approaches)
• Needs of zoonotic diseases specialists (e.g. regulatorycommunity; animal health community, training etc.)
• Needs of animal “industry” (farmed, leisure, companion,wildlife)– welfare– social– economic
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This amounts to a vision presenting newchallenges to Public Health…
• Vulnerability assessment of specific populations (a proactive approach to assessing risk and responding to
regulatory needs)
• Presentation of information to more demandingclients (public, industry, policy-makers/regulators,academia)
• Response to regulatory priorities and requirements
• Tracing risks through global networks
• Rapid assessment of risk in “Emerging Pathogen”situations
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A new approach to publichealth risk management
Pathogenemerges
Disease inHumans
Recognition &Diagnosis
Response toepidemic
Surveillance/controlapplied in retrospect
(= too late?)
Riskassessment
Riskspecification
ForecastingPrediction
Surveillance
Intervention Human diseaseprevention
Traditional
Developing
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Effective Surveillance and Responserequires the Development of ActiveNetworks at many levels, and definingand linking these networks to integrateand coordinate action
ClinicianEmergency Department
Hospital Infection ControlHospital Laboratory
Local Federal
Health UnitHospital
Laboratory
P/T LaboratoriesP/T Health Departments
GovernmentDepartments and
AgenciesNational
Laboratory
Othercollectors ofpotentially
health-relateddata
Achieving The Vision – effective networks ….
Local
Community
Province/Territory
NationalInternational
agencies (WHO/FAO/OIE) and national governments
International
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Achieving the Vision –Critical Success Factors
• Agreed, common understanding of Canada’s zoonoticdisease/emerging pathogens imperatives
• Development and maintenance of integrated andcollaborative approaches to surveillance and response toachieve common goals (between various sectors)
• A highly reactive approach to new Public Health/AnimalHealth surveillance and response needs
• Explicit and clear targets for Public Health/Animal Healthissues that are tied to current and possible future risks
• Further development and maintenance of national andinternational information sharing and research networks
30The Next Few Teleclasses
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