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PER-006-1 Operator Training
Noxon Rapids Powerhouse
08.07.2019
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Purpose
– To ensure that personnel are trained on
specific topics essential to reliability to
perform or support Real-time operations of
the Bulk Electric System (BES)
– This training is essential for supporting the
Real-time operations of the BES
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Requirements and Measures
– Each Generator Operator shall provide
training to personnel on the operational
functionality of Protection Systems and
Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) that affect
the output of the generating Facilities it
operates.
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Compliance
– Enforcement
• WECC is the Regional Entity responsible for
enforcement of NERC Reliability Standards.
– Evidence Retention
• The Generator Operator shall keep data or
evidence of Requirement R1 for the current
year and three previous calendar years.
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Applicability
– To accomplish this, applicable plant personnel
responsible for Real-time control of a generating
Facility must be trained on how the operational
functionality of Protection Systems and RAS are
applied and the affects they may have on a
generating Facility.
– The Generator Operator must also ensure it provides
applicable training that results from changes to the
operational functionality of the Protection Systems
and RAS that affect the output of the generation
Facilities.
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Considerations for operational
functionality may include, but are not
limited to the following:
– Purpose of protective relays and RAS
– Zones of protection
– Protection communication systems (e.g., line
current differential, direct transfer trip, etc.)
– Voltage and current inputs
– Station dc supply associated with protective
functions
– Resulting actions – tripping/closing of
breakers; tripping of a generator step-up
(GSU) transformer; or generator
ramping/tripping control functions
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• What is not included:
– Protective systems which trip breakers
serving station auxiliary loads:
• pumps
• fans
• fuel handling equipment
• secondary unit substation
• low voltage switchgear
• low voltage transformers
• relays protecting other downstream plant
electrical distribution system components
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Plant Overview
– One-Line Diagrams
– Generator Unit Control and Protection
– Generator Bus Protection
– GSU Transformer Protection
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Zones of Protection
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Zones of Protection
Each zone of protection contains:• Zone Specific Protection Plan
• One or more Components of a Power System
• Usually 2 Circuit Breakers with the exception of Generator Breakers
When a Fault Occurs within a Zone:• Circuit Breakers within the Zone will Trip
• Isolating all of the Equipment within that Zone from the rest of the System
• Protection Zones typically have Primary and Pack-up Protection
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Zones of Protection
• Protective relays are designed around
several Zones of Protection in order to reduce
or limit the amount of equipment that would
be taken out of service by the operation of a
relay within that Protection Zone
• A relay operation in a Protection Zone will
only isolate electrical Equipment within that
Zone, thus minimizing equipment and unit
outages to only that equipment necessary to
isolate the fault and/or failure
• Zones of Protection are overlapped to ensure
all electrical equipment is protected
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Zones of Protection at Noxon Rapids
Generator Zone of Protection
• Spans from the Generator Wye Point to
the GSU side of the Generator Circuit
Breaker (GCB)
Generator Bus Zone of Protection
• Spans from the generator
side of the GCBs to the
GSU Transformer High
Voltage Bushing CTs
GSU Transformer Zone of Protection
• Spans from the Low
Voltage side busing
CTs on the GSU
Transformer to the
High Voltage side
Bushing CTs
Protective Relays
• Purpose of protective relays - Protect electrical equipment and
limit damage during electrical faults, equipment failure and/or
abnormal operating conditions such as:
• Abnormal Frequency
• Abnormal Voltage
• Overexcitation
• Loss of Field
• Loss of Synchronism
• Inadvertent Energization
• Breaker Failure
• Loss of Prime Mover
• Blown PT Fuses
• Open Circuits / Conductors
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Typical Relay Flow Chart
BKR 41
BKR A
SHUTDOWN PRIME
MOVER
ALARM
BKR S BFI
51TG1
78
81 71 UAT
71
64F
60
53
49
86T351TG2 UAT
87T UAT
4694G1
86G2
86G3
86T1
86T2
50/51 UAT
87O
21 or 51V
50/27
86G1
63
63UAT
24-2
40
59GN
87G
87T
51TG2
59
24-1
32
50/51G
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Typical Avista Device List
2 – Time delay relay12 – Overspeed device21 – Distance relay23 – Temperature control24 – Volts/Hertz Relay 25 – Synchronism check relay27 – Undervoltage relay30 – Annunciator relay32 – Directional power relay37 – Underpower relay40 – Field relay41 – Field circuit breaker43 – Manual transfer or selective device46 – Reverse phase or phase balance47 – Phase sequence voltage relay.49 – Machine or transformer thermal relay.
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Typical Avista Device List
50 – Instantaneous overcurrent relay51 – Time delay overcurrent relay52 – AC circuit breaker.52/a – Circuit breaker auxiliary switch closed when the breaker is closed52/b – Circuit breaker auxiliary switch closed when the breaker is open53 – Generator exciter59 – Overvoltage relay60 – Voltage or current balance relay62 – Time delay stopping or opening relay63 – Sudden pressure relay64 – DC ground relay67 – Directional overcurrent68 – Blocking relay for power swings69 – Permissive control device
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Typical Avista Device List
72 – DC circuit breaker74 – Alarm relay other than an Annunciator76 – DC overcurrent relay78 – Out of step relay79 – AC Reclosing relay81 – Frequency relay85 – Carrier or pilot relay86 – Lock out relay87 – Differential relay89 – Line switch90 – Regulating device94 – Auxiliary tripping relay
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Typical Generator
Relay Panel
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 87G-GR1
Function: Generator Protection
SEL-300G provides generator protection for Unit 1
Zone of Protection: Generator
Trip Elements:
• 24 Volts/Hz – Alarms to PLC• 27 Under Voltage
• 40 Loss of Field
• 46 Negative Sequence – Alarm to PLC• 59 Over Voltage
• 64 Generator Stator Ground
• 87 Generator Stator Differential
Trip Action:
• 86G1
• 86GD1
Reference Drawings:
One-Line Diagram 401E-20-030-00-02
Three-Line Diagram 401E-01-031-00-01
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 50BF
Function: Breaker Failure
The SEL-251 provides breaker failure protection on 52G1
Zone of Protection: Generator
Trip Elements:
• 50L Phase Definitive Time Instantaneous Overcurrent• 51P Phase Time Overcurrent• 51NTD Residual Ground Time Overcurrent• 51QT Negative Sequence Definitive Time Overcurrent• 51QTD Negative Sequence Time Overcurrent
Trip Action:
• 86A• 86G1
• Keys Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) to R-331 via 67/351
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 86G1
Function: Generator Protection
86G1 provides generator lockout protection for Unit 1
Zone of Protection: Generator
Trip Elements:
• GR1• GR2
• 50BF
• Station Service A• AVR Watchdog Timer
• RAS A Output
Trip Action:
• 52G1 Trip Coil 1
• 52G1 Trip Coil 2
• AVR to Normal Stop• 4 Master Relay Block
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 86GD1
Function: Generator Protection
86GD1 provides generator lockout protection for Unit 1
Zone of Protection: Generator
Trip Elements:
• GR1• GR2
Trip Action:
• 52G1 Trip Coil 1• 52G1 Trip Coil 2
• CO2 Trip
• AVR to Normal Stop• 4 Master Relay Block
Protective Relays for Generator Tripping
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 87G-GR2
Function: Generator Protection
SEL-300G provides redundant generator protection for Unit 1
Zone of Protection: Generator
Trip Elements:
• 24 Volts/Hz – Alarms to PLC• 27 Under Voltage
• 40 Loss of Field
• 46 Negative Sequence – Alarm to PLC• 59 Over Voltage
• 64 Generator Stator Ground
• 87 Generator Stator Differential
Trip Action:
• 86G
• 86GD
Protective Relays for GSU Transformer
Typical
Transformer
Relay Panel
Protective Relays for GSU Transformer
Transformer Protection Panel
Device: 67A
Function: Directional Overcurrent Protection
SEL-351 provides directional overcurrent protection for the 14.4kV Bus A
Zone of Protection: GSU Transformer and 14.4kV Bus
Trip Elements:
• 51 AC Inverse Time Overcurrent
• 32 Directional Power
• 67A AC Directional Overcurrent
Trip Action:
• 86A
• 86GD1• Keys Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT) and
Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) schemes with SEL-351 on R-
331 in Switchyard using Mirrored Bits.
Protective Relays for GSU Transformer
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 87A
Function: Transformer Differential
The SEL-387 provides differential protection for GSU A Bank internal fault and a fault on the 14.4kV “A” Bus. Zone of
protection is from the 230kV high voltage winding to the two
generator breakers. The 4th Winding is used for Station Service Overcurrent Protection
Zone of Protection: GSU Transformer and 14.4kV Bus
Trip Elements:
• 87A Current Differential• 51P Phase Time Overcurrent• 51NTD Residual Ground Time Overcurrent• 51QT Negative Sequence Definitive Time Overcurrent• 51QTD Negative Sequence Time Overcurrent
Trip Action:
• 86A
• Initiates Breaker Failure for Unit 1
• Initiates Breaker Failure for Unit 2• Keys Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) to R-331 via SEL-
351(67)
Protective Relays for GSU Transformer
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 86A
Function: Transformer Lockout Protection
The 86A provides redundant generator protection for Unit 1
Zone of Protection: GSU Transformer and 14.4kV Bus
Trip Elements:
• 24 Volts/Hz – Alarms to PLC• 27 Under Voltage
• 40 Loss of Field
• 46 Negative Sequence – Alarm to PLC• 59 Over Voltage
• 64 Generator Stator Ground
• 87 Generator Stator Differential
Trip Action:
• 86A
• Initiates Breaker Failure for Unit 1 • Initiates Breaker Failure for Unit 2
• Keys Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) to R-331 via SEL-351(67)
Protective Relays for GSU Transformer
Generator Protection Panel
Device: 63X
Function: Transformer Sudden Pressure Seal-in
The 63X provides transformer protection for GSU Bank A
Zone of Protection: GSU Transformer
Trip Elements:
• 63SP
Trip Action:
• 86A
Protective Relay Communication
Systems Protective Really Communication Systems are
critical to ensure remote relay operations such as:
• PTT – Permissive Transfer Trip
• DTT – Direct Transfer Trip
• Remote Synchronizing of Noxon Unit 5 at
Switchyard
Protective Relay Inputs
Instrument Transformers:• Step down system voltage (PTs) and
current (CTs) to safe levels
• Allows for Real-time inputs to
protective relay and other control
devices
Typical Generator PT Typical Generator CT
Protective Relay Inputs
Typical Switchyard PT Typical Switchyard CT
Protective Relay DC Systems
125VDC System is
critical to the operation
of all protective
devices as shown on
this typical GCB
Schematic
Remedial Action Schemes
Definition of RAS (from NERC)
• A scheme designed to detect predetermined System
conditions and automatically take corrective actions that
may include, but are not limited to:
– Curtailing or tripping generation or other sources
– Curtailing or tripping load
– Reconfiguring a System
Remedial Action Schemes
RAS Accomplish these objectives:
• Meet Requirements Identified in the NERC Reliability
Standards
• Maintain System Stability
• Maintain Acceptable System Voltages
• Maintain Acceptable Power Flows
• Limit the Impact of Cascading
• Address other BES Reliability Concerns
Remedial Action Schemes
• RAS at Avista
• Problem arises when we have the following conditions:
– Heavy flows on the northern 230kV transmission system
– High generation output at Cabinet Gorge and Noxon Rapids
– 230kV System Line Fault (N-1) and (N-2)
• Transmission Corridors of Concern are:
– Noxon – Bell
– Noxon – Beacon
– Noxon – Benewah
– Noxon – Hot Springs
Remedial Action Schemes
• The Avista RAS is intended to mitigate the stability
problem caused by a system disturbance on the 230kV
grid during heavy flows out of Noxon.
• Mitigation consists of generator tripping at Noxon Rapids
Powerhouse
• A second stability problem exists for Cabinet Gorge
Powerhouse when we have high generation output and
One 230kV Line Out Of Service
• The loss of a second 230kV line (N-2) will cause the
Cabinet Gorge Generators to go unstable
• This is mitigated by dropping generation at Cabinet Gorge
to below 70MW
PER-006-1 Operator Training
• Questions?