perception, personality, and emotion. perception and personality, and emotions what is perception? ...
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Perception and Personality, and Emotions
What is perception? What causes people to have different
perceptions of the same situation? Can people be mistaken in their
perceptions? Does perception really affect outcome? What is personality and how does it affect
behaviour? Can emotions help or get in the way when
dealing with others?
Questions for ConsiderationQuestions for Consideration
Perception
What is Perception? The process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Why Is it Important? Because people’s behaviour is based on
their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.
Why We Study Perceptions
We study this topic to better understand how people make attributions about events.
We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality.
The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution
Factors that Influence Perception
Perception
The Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
The Perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
The Situation
• Time• Work setting• Social setting
Perceptual Errors
Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effects Projection Stereotyping
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Distinctiveness
Does individual act the same way in other situations?
Consensus Does individual act the same as others in same
situation? Consistency
Does the individual act the same way over time?
Attribution Theory
Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the
influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others.
Self-Serving Bias The tendency for individuals to attribute
their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
Attribution Theory
Observation InterpretationAttributionof cause
External
High(Seldom)
Low(Frequently)
High(Frequently)
Low(Seldom)
High(Frequently)
Low(Seldom)
Internal
External
Internal
Internal
External
Individualbehaviour
Distinctiveness (How often does the
person do this in other settings?)
Consensus (How often do other
people do this in similar situations?)
Consistency(How often did theperson do this in
the past?)
Additional Perceptual Errors Selective Perception
People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
Halo Effect Drawing a general impression about an
individual based on a single characteristic Contrast Effects
A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other individuals recently encountered
Additional Perceptual Errors Projection
Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people
Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of your
perception of the group to which that person belongs
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.
Personality Determinants Heredity Environment Situation
Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behaviour The Big Five Model
vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.
OutgoingMore intelligentEmotionally stableDominantHappy-go-luckyConscientiousVenturesomeSensitiveSuspiciousImaginativeShrewdApprehensiveExperimentingSelf-sufficientControlledTense
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.
Sixteen Primary Personality Traits
Reserved Less intelligent Affected by feelingsSubmissiveSeriousExpedientTimidTough-mindedTrustingPracticalForthrightSelf-assuredConservativeGroup-dependentUncontrolledRelaxed
The Big Five Model
Classifications Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Openness to Experience
Big Five Personality Factors and PerformanceBig Five Personality
Factor Relationship to Job Performance
Relationship to Team Performance
Extroversion * Positively related to job performance in occupations requiring social interaction
* Positively related to training proficiency for all occupations
* Positively related to team performance
* Positively related to degree of participation within team
Agreeableness * Positively related to job performance in service jobs
* Most studies found no link between agreeableness and performance or productivity in teams
* Some found a negative link between person’s likeability and team performance
Conscientiousness * Positively related to job performance for all occupational groups
* May be better than ability in predicting job performance
Big Five Personality Factors and PerformanceBig Five Personality
Factor Relationship to Job Performance
Relationship to Team Performance
Emotional Stability * A minimal threshold amount may be necessary for adequate performance; greater degrees not
related to job performance
* Positively related to performance in service jobs
* May be better than ability in predicting job performance across all occupational groups
Openness to Experience
*Positively related to training proficiency
*Data unavailable
Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of Control Machiavellianism Self-Esteem Self-Monitoring Risk Taking Type A and Type B Personalities
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate Internals
Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them
Externals Individuals who believe that what happens
to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance
Machiavellianism
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors
Type A Personality
Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly. Feel impatient with the rate at which most
events take place. Strive to think or do two or more things at
once. Cannot cope with leisure time. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring
their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B Personality
Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience.
Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.
Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost.
Can relax without guilt.