performance and operational experience of the cngs facility edda gschwendtner, dario autiero, karel...
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Performance and Operational Experience of
the CNGS Facility
Edda GSCHWENDTNER Dario AUTIERO Karel CORNELIS Ilias EFTHYMIOPOULOS Alfredo FERRARI Alberto GUGLIELMI Ans PARDONS Paola SALA Heinz VINCKE Joerg WENNINGER
(October 20 2009)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Operational Experience and Performancebull Summary
Outline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km)
interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
CERN
Gran Sasso
2 detectors in Gran Sasso
bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks
bull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Introduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 interactionsyear in OPERA (charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Operational Experience and Performancebull Summary
Outline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km)
interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
CERN
Gran Sasso
2 detectors in Gran Sasso
bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks
bull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Introduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 interactionsyear in OPERA (charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km)
interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
CERN
Gran Sasso
2 detectors in Gran Sasso
bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks
bull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Introduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 interactionsyear in OPERA (charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Introduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 interactionsyear in OPERA (charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Introduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 interactionsyear in OPERA (charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
Introduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 interactionsyear in OPERA (charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beam
Nominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105
of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
60cm
270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separation
bull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
Operational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006
10 July-27 Oct
Beam Commissioning CERN
008 1019 potDetector electronics commissioning
Gran Sasso
2006-2007
ShutdownReflector Water Leak RepairImprovement
CERN
2007
17 Sept-20 Oct
Beam Commissioning at high intensity
CERN
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks
Gran Sasso
2007-2008
Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement
CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
2008
18 June- 3 NovCNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
1 June-todayCNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
CNGS Performance
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO
4xCNGS
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
0
2E+18
4E+18
6E+18
8E+18
1E+19
12E+19
14E+19
16E+19
18E+19
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-J
ul
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-S
ep
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
po
t
Total 1781019 pot
18kV cable repair
MD
PS magnet exchange septum bakeout
MD
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
CNGS maintenance
CNGS Performance
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
2009 protons on target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-S
ep
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
gra
ted
pro
ton
s o
n t
arg
et
Expected protons on target
Achieved protons on target
2009 Protons on Target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
MD
UA9 SPS magnet exchange kicker repair
MD
CNGSmaintenance
CNGS maintenance
Linac vacuum leak
MD
PS septum repair
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
2008 2009
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Target
00E+00
50E+18
10E+19
15E+19
20E+19
25E+19
30E+19
35E+19
40E+19
45E+19
Ma
y-0
6
Ju
l-0
6
Au
g-0
6
Oc
t-0
6
De
c-0
6
Fe
b-0
7
Ap
r-0
7
Ju
n-0
7
Au
g-0
7
Oc
t-0
7
De
c-0
7
Fe
b-0
8
Ap
r-0
8
Ju
n-0
8
Au
g-0
8
Oc
t-0
8
De
c-0
8
Fe
b-0
9
Ap
r-0
9
Ju
n-0
9
Au
g-0
9
Oc
t-0
9
De
c-0
9
inte
gra
ted
po
t
2006 2007
2008
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Primary Beambull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of
LHC and CNGSndash Good performance no incidents
bull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
CNGS Performance
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam Position
bull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessary
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
CNGS Performance
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
bull bl
Horizontal pit1
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
On-line Muon Profiles
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsVery sensitive to any beam changes
ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level
CNGS Performance
Muon Profiles Pit 1
Muon Profiles Pit 2
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
10
29
00
0
10
29
02
8
10
29
05
7
10
29
12
6
10
29
15
5
10
29
22
4
10
29
25
2
10
29
32
1
10
29
35
0
10
29
41
9
10
29
44
8
10
29
51
6
10
29
54
5
10
29
61
4
10
29
64
3
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid
~80m parallel beam shift
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorizedbull Horn and reflector tables not
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
30
Error rms spread
Beam Intensity
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses ~ 6
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal
(ch
pot
ext
r)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1 (not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect But
Check
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
hellip
CNGS Performance
A Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
32
Nor
mal
ized
muo
n d
ete
ctor
sig
nal (
chp
ote
xtr)
potextraction
Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle2008Wire topology
All detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable Horizontal profile detectors are inside the multi-wire cable See different capacitances
RemedyIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each wire and shielding
CNGS Performance
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
33
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon DetectorSensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50m level)
Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrino Focusing on
negative charge
FL
UK
A s
imu
lati
on
s P
Sal
a et
al 2
008
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
ch
po
t
measurement
simulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P
Sal
a et
al
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ion
s 20
08
CNGS Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
36
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector bull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3
reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mm
CNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance WindowTemperature
Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
between flanges
shielding
shielding
horn
ionization chamber
ionization chamber
targetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-
win
do
w
Temperature Measurement
Clampingbolt
Entrance window
Seal
Titanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)
ndash Ultimate stressndash 20degC gt900MPandash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degC
Window Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
Window Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Courtesy of A Pardons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
40
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation Issues
106 hcm2yr2008++
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
ndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
200607
109 hcm2yr
Operational Experience
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
43
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
44
Neutrino Introduction m2
32hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sasso bull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
- Performance and Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility
- Slide 2
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
- CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
- Slide 5
- CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
- CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
- CNGS Challenges
- CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
- CNGS Primary Beam Line
- Primary Beam Line
- CNGS Secondary Beam Line
- CNGS Target
- CNGS Horn and Reflector
- Decay Tube
- Muon Monitors
- Operational Experience and Performance
- CNGS Timeline
- CNGS Performance
- Supercycle 2008
- CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 2008
- 2009 Protons on Target
- SPS Efficiencies for CNGS
- Total Protons on Target
- Primary Beam
- Target Beam Position
- Slide 27
- Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitors
- Slide 29
- Beam Intensity
- Muon Detector Non-Linearity Puzzle
- Slide 32
- CNGS Polarity Puzzle
- Slide 34
- Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
- Summary
- Slide 37
- CNGS Performance - Reminder
- Helium Tube Entrance Window
- Slide 40
- CNGS Radiation Issues
- Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
- Neutrinos
- Neutrino Introduction
-