performance and strategies for development of …apjor.com/ijrp/downloads/1001201718.pdftamil nadu...

International Journal of World Research, Vol: I Issue XXXVI, December 2016, Print ISSN: 2347-937X

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PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

IN TAMILNADU

1Dr. M. RAJARAJAN

1Assistant Professor, Commerce Wing, DDE,

Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002

2Dr. T. MALATHI

2Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Commerce,

Poompuhar College (Autonomous), Melaiyur-Post,

Sirkali- Taluk, Nagapattinam- Dist, Pin -609 107

3Dr. V. PALANISAMY

3Assistant Professor, PG Department of Commerce,

Government Thirumagal Mills College, Gudiyatham, Vellore dist.

ABSTRACT

India is fast emerging as an important tourism destination in the World. International arrivals touched 5 million per year.

The campaign “Incredible India” which showcases the best that India has to offer to the tourists has now attracted worldwide

attention. The proactive policies of the Government of India are encouraging tourism in India. Andhra Pradesh is the leading

State in the country in attracting maximum number of domestic tourists. In 2012, 157 million domestic tourists visited Andhra

Pradesh. This marks an increase of 14% over 2011. The next four states after Andhra Pradesh along with 2012 domestic visitors‟

figures are Uttar Pradesh (134 million), Tamil Nadu (115 million), Karnataka (32.8 million) and Rajasthan (25.9 million). These

five states accounted for about 72% of the total domestic tourist visits in 2012. The top five states for international visitors are

New Delhi, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Andhra Pradesh for the first time in 2012 figures in the top

10 states at number 7 in terms of international arrivals.


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INTRODUCTION

Human civilization has been associated with a number of activities, invention and innovation results in the changes of the

man life, such aspects of life got strengthened and sophisticated over the decades. The inventions like money and printing press

come up, through men worked hard to ensure and excel in a good number of awareness; he had a wonder last too. After hard

work, man felt the necessity for some relaxation, leisure times have been spent in a variety of ways, modes and musings.

Logically the development of the several types of transport and system, schemes and attractions influenced travel and tours, in due

course, the tourism industry was born.

Tourism industry is one of the growth engines for economic development in terms of providing employment opportunity

and eradication of poverty. The economic importance of tourism in terms of income, foreign exchange earnings, employment and

regional development is the important driving force to place tourism approximately in development. The liberlisation, luxury

cruisers, open-sky activation policy, improved surface transport, tourist trains, increased business travel and internet facilities have

shaped a standard change in the tourism sector. From a mere service industry, tourism has transformed into a major revenue

generating industry.

Tourism refreshes the mind, brings happiness, relaxation, employment and gives new experience to the tourists. Tourism

ensures an all round growth through economic multiplier effect which percolates to various stake-holding sectors like the airlines,

railways, surface transport, hotels, telecommunication. From a service sector, tourism has emerged as leading export industry like

Gems and Jewellery Industry, Information Technology and Engineering Products.

DEFINITION OF TOURISM

According to Macintosh and Goeldner (1986) tourism is “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the

interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these

tourists and other visitors”

Matheson and Wall (1982) created a good working definition of tourism as “the temporary movement of people to

destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations,

and the facilities created to cater to their needs.”

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

Tourism is a highly labour intensive industry offering employment to both the semi-skilled and unskilled human beings. It is a

source of income and employment for individuals. This aspect of provision of employment becomes more important in a

developing country where the level of unemployment and under-employment tends to be high. In addition to providing

employment to a large number of people, tourism can be the instrument of regional development aimed at achieving an equitable

balance between major industrial areas and the rest of the country. Tourism enables the earned in one part of the country to be

transferred to another part of the country.

Today tourism is a major item for international trade perhaps the biggest international business activity. International tourism is

the largest single item in the world foreign trade and for some countries; it is already the most important export industry and

earner of foreign exchange.

FEATURES OF TOURISM

It is important to understand the features of tourism. Tourism can be an engine of growth capable of dynamizing and

rejuvenating other sectors of the economy for a number of reasons:

Tourism Industry provide Employment Opportunity

This industry properly organised and focused, the tourism sector can create many jobs within a short period.

Tourism Sector is a Labour-Intensive

The tourism industry has the lowest ratio of investment to job creation. This sector creates more jobs with less capital

invested and many tourism activities are within the reach of the small operator.

Tourism Employs a Multiplicity of Skills

Tourism industry employs many skills like accountants, hairdressers to tour guides, trackers etc. industry draws upon a

multiplicity of skills. Moreover, the potential for on-the job training is enormous.

The Tourism Industry builds Entrepreneurial Opportunities

The tourism industry accommodates a thriving and dynamic informal sector - from craft and fruit vendors to beach

vendors, chair rentals, and others. This sector also provided opportunities to many businesses such as: entertainment, laundry and

transportation services, craft rental; craft and curios tour guides and walking tours of places of interest; teaching of languages and

customs to interested visitors; restaurants; guest houses; beach manicures and pedicures; and much more.

Tourism Industry Brings the Development of Rural Areas

Many of the important tourism attractions are not located in the city centres but in the rural areas. Tourism industry

allows rural peoples to share in the benefits of tourism development, promoting more balanced and sustainable forms of

development. Tourism provides an alternative to urbanisation, permitting people to continue a rural family existence,

enfranchising both women and the youth.

Well-Managed Tourism is kind to the Environment

The well-managed tourism industry is to help to save the environment unlike the mining and other smoke stack industry.

Many forms of tourism development rely on maintaining and even repairing the landscape and its natural features such as lakes,

rivers, and wildlife areas. Many state and private sector projects have spent large amounts on rehabilitating land damaged by

commercial farming and other forms of land-use. Tourism industry is responsibility for the protection of biodiversity on land used

for its purpose.



Tourism builds Cross-Cultural Relations and is a Valid Force for Peace Through its inherent message of goodwill, hospitality, trust, service without servility, tolerance, interaction and

communication, tourism is a most effective mechanism for fostering national and international cultural exchange and

understanding among people. It is therefore an effective nation-builder and a strong incentive and reason for peace.

REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LITERATURE

Satya Suresh (2011), in his study on “Promoting Health Tourism in India an exploratory Study on the Role of Special

and corporate hospitals in Bangalore” concluded that the role of hospital management in promoting medical Tourism is vital.

Their interface with the various stakeholders can create synergy and common platform for promoting medical tourism to India.

Doctor‟s expertise and their networking can enhance the scope of this field.

Manish Srivastava (2009), in his study found there is tremendous hike in tourism in all over the world. Even tourism

has got the status of largest export industry of the world. The estimates about tourism says that the number of tourists leaving their

home is 898 million in 2007 and this number is likely to swell to 1600 million by 2020 and the receipts from it are estimated to

cross $ 2000 billion. Although the benefits of tourism are not to be judged in terms of economic benefits alone, tourism has wider

implications encompassing not only economic benefits but also social and cultural benefits as Well.

Vikas Sharma and Sunil Giri (2009), in their study stated that the pilgrims of all castes and classes of different states

and countries have devotion and faith in the matter of religious worship. It is believed that there is a sacred aim being this and that

aim is to fulfill the desire of obtaining “Punya” (merit) and to get rid of „Paap” (sin) apart from their personal motives. They

concluded from the analysis that the pilgrim tourists to Shiv Kkhori and Jwalaji have been facing many problems regarding

transport infrastructure facilities during their pilgrimage to these Holy shrines.

Sheaba Rani, (2007), opines that marketing is a critical aspect of tourism development plans as it links the supply of

tourism product to demand for the same and thus facilitates the capturing value. Marketing includes identification of the target

market, creating awareness of the destination and specific sites, dissemination information to the target customers to facilities

itinerary planning and promoting tourism demand through various mean. So the author suggests that in-order to attract the target

segment, an aggressive marketing and promotional plan should be implemented using a media.

PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY

This as a fact growing sector and has been endowed with vast and inexhaustible potentials to enhance national income,

foreign exchange and employment opportunities. The system and style of travel and tour have duly attracted the attention of both

developed and developing economies of the world.

The main reason for such an emphasis has been the vast benefits made available by this sector. There is a strong

complementary inter-linking between the endowments. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) - (1998) has recognized the

potentials of the tourism sector for the purpose of poverty alleviation, and employment generation. The almost all the countries in

the world moped up the resources to give a big push to tourism industry.

Tourism has emerged as a major socio-economic factor in the world and is the1 second largest industry in the world next

only to oil. Tourism has been identified as one of the world‟s largest industries having an annual growth of 5 per cent and more

during the past two decades.

Tamil Nadu is the southern state of India is described as a microcosm of the Nation. The Tami Nadu has diverse

geographical and physical features such as lofty mountains and low plains, rivers and cascades, seacoast and inland forests, sandy,

soils and fertile lands, a variety of flora and fauna and protected wild life. The glory of Tamil Nadu is the pride of the Tamils. The

crawling clouds on the Western Ghats, Picturesque Pothigai hills, Hogenakkal Waterfalls and the Courtallam Waterfalls are the

special features which make Tamil Nadu unique. The Western Ghats are the origin of a number of rivers having their course in

Tamil Nadu and they are Kaveri, Thenpennai, Palar, Thamirabarani, Kundaru, Pachaiaru, and Manimuthar. As a result of these

rivers, the Tamil Nadu is fertile and prosperous. Across these rivers several dams have been constructed for irrigation purpose.

Many factors hamper the development of tourism in Tamil Nadu. Tourism in Tamil Nadu has not much more attention

by the government. The avenues for the various kinds of tourism in this Tamil Nadu are not fully explored and deficiencies and

problems are not much assessed. An in depth study on the demographic profile of tourists, various tourism avenues, tourism

amenities and facilities and tourism related issues and problems in this Tamil Nadu will help promote tourism. This study makes

an attempt to analyse the pace and pattern of inflow of tourist into Tamil Nadu and to estimate the growth and development of

tourism industry in the study area during the study period.

TYPES OF TOURISM

The tourism based on the purpose and areas of visit can be classified into several types. The process of evolution has kept

a fast pace with tourism. Consequently, a number of types of tourism came into vogue over the years. The major types of tourism

are the following:

Cultural Tourism

Its aim is to experience new cultural activities and aspects namely, folklore, art, music. It is undertaken to gain more

knowledge about people around and their respective culture. India is known for its rich cultural heritage that is foreign tourists

also come to India to experience it for them. The various fairs and festivals that tourists can visit in India are the pusher fair, Taj

Mahotsav, and Suraj Kund mela. This type of tourism in India has boosted the Indian economy.

International Tourism

This involves visiting the place in foreign countries. People involved in this tourism manly seek a change and rest. It

earns foreign exchange for a country.



Historical Tourism/Heritage Tourism

This involves visit to heritage locations, museums, monuments etc. Visiting of Agra Fort, Mysore Palace, Thanjavur Art

Gallery etc. are the example of this kind of tourisms.

Inter- Regional Tourism

This involves visiting the places within a country by its own people.

Environmental Tourism

The higher income groups in particular are interested in visiting remote environments with scenic beauty, serenity and

calmness. In this type of tourism, the tourists mainly seek relaxation and rest.

Adventure Tourism

As a kind of tourism, adventure tourism has recently grown in India. This involves exploration of remote areas and exotic

locales and engaging in various activities. It is a tourism involving travel to rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as

mountaineering and hiking (tramping). The lush greenery of the valleys, splendid sites, the hill tops, blue water, sunny days and

starry nights, boating, canoeing, trekking, rock climbing and parasailing are the different branches of adventure.

Medical Tourism/ Health Care tourism

Medical tourism is a concept that is attractive to visitors who love combining well being and life style, health care service

with the strong desire to travel overseas. With the cost of medical care being about 10 times cheaper in India, health tourism is

also emerging as an important segment. Tourists from all over the world have been thronging India to avail themselves of cost-

effective but superior quality healthcare in terms of surgical procedures and general medical attention. There are several medical

institutes in the country that cater to foreign patients and impart top-quality healthcare at a fraction of what it would have cost in

developed nations such as USA and UK. It is expected that medical tourism India will hold a value around US$ 2billion by

2012.The city of Chennai attracts around 45 per cent of medical tourists from foreign countries. The advanced care that is not

available in one‟s own country, long waiting lists in one‟s own country and use of free or cheap health care organizations are the

grounds in which medical tourism gets its attraction.

Eco Tourism

Eco tourism is a purposeful travel to nature‟s lap within a country to understand its nature and nature and natural history.

It is management of ecology in such a way as to obtain maximum pleasure with an eye on conservation need. Countries like

Kenya, Costa Rice Canada and the United states have made concerted effort to promote eco tourism. Eco tourism also involves

participation of the local community in nature tourism project. Eco systems have to become major eco tourism centres. These

include biosphere, reserves, mangroves, coral reefs, deserts, mountains and forests, flora and fauna lakes and caves, sustainable

tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as safaris in Kenya Rainforests

Rural Tourism

In a country like India, rural tourism deserves special attention. It signifies the tourist‟s interest in the customs of the

indigenous and exotic people. Foreign tourists are deeply interested in local customs, festival, dances, and rituals and in fact the

very life style of the indigenous people intrigues them. Rural tourism development is community-based.it benefits the local

community in more than one way, but cross commercialization. It should help revive local people‟s interest and pride in their

culture traditions and to sustain the environment.

Pilgrimage Tourism /Spiritual Tourism

Pilgrimages have created a variety of tourist opportunities in medieval period and even in today‟s modern tourism, they

stand as an important stream of tourism. From time immemorial man has been an eye witness to all kinds of religious activities

and expeditions to holy shrines and sacred places.

Health Tourism

Health tourism aims usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some „fun in the sun‟. As number of

doctors have highlighted the benefits of bathing in sea water, even sea bathing has become a part of health tourism. Even though

health tourism existed long before, it gained importance during eighteenth century.

Winter Tourism

Winter sports and snows contribute to winter tourism. Many water sports holiday packages are available at places in

many countries apart from Ski and Snow festival tours organized annually.

Wildlife Tourism

India has a rich forest cover which has some beautiful and exotic species of wildlife- some of which that are even

endangered and very rare. This has boosted wildlife tourism in India.

STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

To develop the Rural Tourism to generate rural employment and provide alternative tourist attractions.

To develop the major destinations to the level of international standards for attracting foreign tourists.

To develop less known tourism place, waterfalls and dam sites to attract both domestic and foreign tourists.

Developing pilgrim by providing infrastructure facilities.

Encouraging Medical Tourism by providing quality services at affordable cost in the super specialty Hospitals.

Developing Tamil Nadu as a MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions) destination to attract group

tourists.

Publicizing the festivals Like Pongal, Indian Dance Festival, Chithirai festival, Heritage festival etc.

To promote Arts, Crafts, Folklore, Rural Cuisine through Tourism.

Conducting Publicity campaigns in all major cities in India and abroad and participating in the International Travel

Marts.

To encourage the participating of corporate sector, oil companies for increasing certain tourist infrastructure facilities like

adventure tourism, cruses, star hotels, resorts, air- charter tours, heli-taxi and wayside facilities close to petrol- pumps.



Human Resource Development in Tourism and Hospitality sector by conducting management courses at various

educational institutions and training programmes for tourist for tourist guides.

TOURISM IN TAMIL NADU - SCENARIO Tamil Nadu has excellent hill stations like Ooty, kodaikanal, yercaud, yelagiri, Javvadhu Hills, Kovil Hills, Sirumalai

Hills, Vaparai, Topslip, Parvathamalai Hills and Pachamalai Hills. It has silvery cascades in Courtallam, Hogenakkal,

Thiruparappu, Money falls, Thirumurthi Malai, Akasa Gangai and papanasam. It has excellent National parks like Guindy

National park and Anamalai National park. It has wildlife sanctuaries in Mudumalai, Kodiakarai, Kalakkad, Mundanthurai and

Berijam. It has Botanic Gardens in Ooty, Kodaikanal and Coimbatore.

It has UNESCO declared monuments like living Chola temple at Thanjavur, Darasuram and Gangaikondacholapuram,

monuments at Mamallapuram and Nilgiris Heritage Train. The vast coastline of Tamil Nadu has many silvery beaches like the

Marina, Elliots, Thiruvanmiyua, Tiruchendur, Rameswaram and Kanniyakumari. The temple of Tamil Nadu reverberates with

spirituality and music. Madurai, Rameswaram, Kumbakonam, Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli have innumerable

temple with different deities. The finely hewn grandeurs reflect artistic excellence and cultural splendor.

As Tamil Nadu has its unique culture and abundant tourism potential, domestic tourists and tourist from abroad throng

the tourist sports throughout the year. The spot get overcrowded during the seasons. To facilitate the tourists, Tamil Nadu Tourism

Development Corporation has been taking enduring efforts to promote tourist place by providing basic infrastructure like

publication convenience, rest shed, drinking water, road improvement, car parking and creation of parks, boat house development

and illumination for the benefit of tourists.

TAMIL NADU TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (TNTDC)

The Tamil Nadu Tourism comprises of organizational structure of the Department of Tourism and a Directorate of

Tourism. The Department formulates polices and implements programmes for the development of tourism sector in the State.

Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation is a state owned public sector undertaking to initiate novel ventures and

innovative new schemes for providing demonstration effect to the private sector. In performing this role, Tamil Nadu Tourism

coordinates the activities of various Government Department and agencies and the private sector for the development of tourism.

Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC) has been operating Hotels, Youth Hostels, Restaurants, Boat houses,

Telescope house houses as a forerunner for the private sector to emulate as ne areas of business proposition.

IMPORTANT PLACES IN TAMIL NADU AND FEATURES

Kanchipuram Kanchipuram city is located on the shores of the Vegavathy River. The city alsi ruled by various dynasties of the Pandya,

Cholas, the Vijaynagar Empire, the Carnatic kingdom and the British monarchy. The Kamatchi Ammam is one of the important

temples in this and also various famous temples that are built in the Dravidian style of architecture and display amazing stone

carvings. Kanchipuram has been an important city Apart from its various temples it is also for its medicinal herbs, specialized

silk known as “Kanchipuram silk Saris” and more than 5000 families residing here are involved in silk weaving.

Mahabalipuram

Also known as Mamallapuram, the city ofMahabalipuram is famous for its ancient and cultural heritage. The city of

Mahabalipuram was a prominent sea port dating back to 7th century AD and was ruled by the Pallava Dynasty. The place is

famous for its monuments and is classified among the UNESCO world heritage sites. Almost all of the monuments are carved out

of Granite and display the brilliance of Dravidian style architecture.

Courtallam

Nestled in the Western Ghats, Courtallam has exquisite surroundings. The charming hillocks which dominate the scenery

disappear into the blue mist of Agasthiarmalai, the mountain bearing the name of a sage who made immense contributions to

Tamil literature and is believed to have lived in the area. The closest towns to Courtallam are Shenkottai and Tenkasi at 5 km

respectively. The closest airport is Tuticorin Airport (TCR) 90km away and nearest railway station is Tenkasi 5 km away.

Courtallam has nine waterfalls, Peraruvi (main falls) the biggest falls courtallam is about 60 m high. The flow of water is

interrupted by the Ponmakadal, a 19 m deep crater and comes down with greatly reduced impact, making a bath safe. In Chitraruvi

(small falls), the flow is thin. Here naturally separate places for men and women are there to bathe. Chitraruvi leads to other

waterfalls such as Shenbagadevi and Thenaruvi and the herbal farm. At Shenbagadevi falls, the water flows through shenbaga

(Michaelia champak) trees. There is also a temple there, dedicated to Shenbagadevi Amman. About 3 km from this is Thenaruvi

(honey falls), 40 m high and cascading between two large stones. In places where there is no water, one see big honeycombs.

Aintharuvi (five falls) is one where one where one where one thoroughly enjoys being in a crowd of bathers. Five separate

cascades of water from this water from falls. From the orchard above flows pazhathotta Aruvi, the „VIP falls‟. The Pazhaya

Courtalla Aruvi (OId Courtallam falls) used to fall into a valley from between two rocks. The valley was closed and the rocks

were broken to change the course of water and make bathing easier. It was reopened later. The artificial puli Aruvi (Tiger falls)

has a moderate flow of water which collects in a lake and is diverted for irrigation; sometimes tigers visit this place for water.

There is another small falls inside the Government Horticulture Park above Five falls, but it is off limits to the public. The three

major waterfalls reachable by road are the Main falls, Five falls, and old Courtallam Falls. Other waterfalls like shenbaga Devi

falls and Honey falls are reachable only by trekking on the mountain.

Courtallam is not just waterfalls; its temples too attract visitors. The most important among these is the chitra sabha, one

of the five sabhas with nataraja, Shiva in the dancing posture as the main deity. The paintings at the chitra sabha were renovated

about 100 years ago. The other are the rathna sabha were at Madurai and the Thamira sabha at Tirunelveli. The temple at the foot

of hill is conch- shaped which has special significance in Hindu tradition.



Kanyakumari

The southernmost tip of mainland India, Kanyakumari was formerly known by the name Cape Comorin. The ancient

town of Kanyakumari was an important site during the Reign of the Chola, Chera and Pandya dynasty. The town is famous for its

beautiful beaches, temples, monuments and cultural centers. The town is also famous for its distinctive culture and hospitable

people. This place due to its unique location witnesses a wonderful place in the world and it has seen the sunrise and the sunset

can be viewed at the same beach. The palce lays at the confluence of three bodies of water namely the Indian Ocean, the Arabian

Sea and the Bay of Bengal and also it is a important pilgrimage place in India.

Madurai

Madurai is the one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. The place has been mentioned by many such as Kautilya

and Megasthenes. The city has been ruled by both the Pandya and the Chola dynasties. This city lies on the fertile plains near the

river Vaigai which divides the city in two parts. The majority of tourists come to Madurai to visit the various temples in this

ancient city. The Meenakshi Ammam is one of the important temples and it consists of temple complex of 27 different temples and

the highest tower with the height of 51.9 meters high crowns the place.

Kodaikanal

Kodaikanal attracts many tourists due to its scenic beauty lakes, parks and different waterfalls along with the rich

abundance of flora and fauna, and in it‟s indeed the gift of the forests. In this is a home of many natural marvels and phenomena

such as the blooming of the rare Kurinji (which only blooms once in 12 years) and is said to cover the entire valley in blue.

Ooty

Ooty or Ootacamund is one of the important top hill stations in India. The place lies in the heart of the Nilgiris Mountains

with an average elevation of 2,240 meters above sea level. In this place has blue smoky mist from the thick eucalyptus forests and

also the house of the kurunji flower. Ooty is located in the tropical region in Tamil Nadu and mild climate throughout the year,

with chilly nights. During the month of December to February is the best time to visit the place. In this place there are many lakes,

mountains, gardens and valleys are amazing places to visit.

Vellore

Vellore is also known as Fort city and it is located at the banks of Palar River at the North-eastern part of Tamil Nadu.

This city ruled by various kingdoms such as the Pallava, the Chola, the Carnatic Kingdom and the British. In this place a

Monolithic fort which was built in the 16th century by the Vijaynagar Kings and it is constructed out of granite. In this fort

complex has a Christian church, a Mosque and an old Hindu Temple which has some of the most magnificent carvings. This place

has so many historic relevance and also the fort used by Tipu sultan‟s family during the British Rule.

Vellankanni

Vellankanni is the one of the important tourist place situated in Nagapattinam district. It is the Christian Pilgrim

Center of the Tamil Nadu. There are many Pilgrims from all faiths and religion come to this church to get the blessings. The

Vellankanni festival is famous one it attracts millions of pilgrims in different part of the world during the month of August to

September in every year. In this place a Small Museum is attached to the church, which displays collection of the offerings made

by the faithful devotees.

Temples around Poompuhar

Thirusaikkadu (Sayavanam)

Thirusaikkadu is situated 2 kms away from Poompuhar estuary. The temple is dedicated to Thiru Sayavaneswarar and

Iraivi Kuyiliamman Nanmozhi Ammai. This is a Padal Petra Sthalam where the Nayanmars [saivaite Saints] had sung Hymns in

praise of Lord Siva. Chola inscriptions are found in the temple.

Keezhaperumpallam

Keezhaperumpallam is 3 kms from Poompuhar and this temple is dedicated to Lord Siva named Naganathar, enshrines

Lord KETHU, an incarnation of one of the Planetary God.

Thiruvengadu

Thiruvengadu is 7 Kms from Poompuhar. The Presiding deity here is Lord Siva named as Swetharanyeswarar. A separate

Shrine of Budhan also called as Saumyan is the planet Jupiter in English, located inside the Thiruvenkadu Temple. This temple

has reference in Valmiki Ramayanam too and believed to be over 3000 years old. Lord Budhan is said to bestow wisdom and

intellect.

Thirukkadaiyur

Thirukkadaiyur is 16 kms from Poompuhar on the Tharangambadi Mayiladuthurai road. This is exactly the place where

Lord Siva prevented Yama from extracting the life of 16 year old Markandeyan, hence Siva is also called as Kala Samhara

Murthy. Here devotees celebrate their, Ukra Radha Shanti (completing 59 years), Sashti Aptha Poorthi (completing 60 years)

Beemaradha Shanti (completing 70 years), Sathabishekam (completing 80 years) are the important stages of the life, pray to the

Lord and to seek Mother‟s blessings for Longevity and Good Health.

Anantha Mangalam

Anantha Mangalam is near Thirukkadaiyur, here, the Dasabuja Veera Anjaneyar with 10 hands is located and visited by

thousands of Pilgrims.

Vaitheswaran Koil

Vaitheswaran Koil is located on the Mayiladuthurai - Sirkazhi road, 24 kms from Poompuhar. Saivaite Hymns refer this

place as Pullirikkuvolur. Vaithyanathan, Thaiyal Nayaki and Muthukumarasamy or Murugan are the important Deities of this

Temple. This is worshiped as the ANGARAGA/ SEVVAI Navagraha Sthalam. A dip in the Sidhamirtham tank in this temple is

believed to cure all the diseases.

Sirkazhi



This is the birth place of Saivite Saint Thirugnana Sambandar. Goddess Parvathi is said to have fed milk to Divine Child

Prodigy Thirugnana Sambandar. This event is observed annually in the Popular Sattainathar Temple located here. Lord is also

called as Brahmapureswarar and Thoniyappar too.

Thirunallaru

Thirunallaru is the the Popular Darbharanyeswarar Temple is located here. Lord Saneeswaran is enshrined here in a

separate Sannidhi. Emerald Lingam in this temple is the special attraction and devotees attend the regular Puja to this lingam in

the morning‟s every day. This is a Navagraha Parihara Thalam, for Saturn visited by thousands of people during Saturdays and

also on Saturn‟s Transition or periodical day to other zodiac signs.

Thiruvarur

Thiruvaruris also called as Aroor and assumed the present name later. It is 65kms from Poompuhar and 20 kms from

Nagapattinam. Thyagaraja Swamy Temple is the popular temple and more famous is the 96 feet tall AZHI THER or CHARIOT

weighing 300 tons and the Grand Car Festival of Thiruvarur. Lakhs of people turn out for this famous car festival. Lord is also

worshipped as Moolanathar.

Tranquebar

Tranquebar is 25 kms from Poompuhar and popularly called as Tharangambadi, it means „Village of Dancing

Waves‟, located near the mouth of Cauvery River flowing through this land. Christian Missionaries concentrated in spreading

Christianity in this region. Danish Fort and buildings of Danish architecture are the main attraction of Tharangambadi. The Danish

Structures were converted into Educational Institutions by the Christian Missionaries.

Chidambaram - Natarajar Temple

Chidambaram is a town in the Cuddalore District. It is 235 Km from Chennai and 78 km South of Pondicherry.

Pitchavaram wetlands, the second largest mangrove forests in the world have a large presence of the ancient Tillai Trees,

surrounding the temple town. It is the location of the popular CHIDAMBARAM NATARAJAR temple also called as Thillai

Natarajar Temple. This temple dedicated to Lord Shiva called as Natarajar is one of the Five Sabhas where the Lord Siva

performed the Cosmic Dance. The traditional name of the temple is Tillai Nataraja-koothan Kovil. Chidambaram is a Pancha

Bootha Sthalam, representing Akasam [Sky], one of the five elements of nature. The other four being Tiruvanaikoil [water],

Kanchi Ekambareswarar [earth], Tiruvannamalai [fire] and Kalahasthi [air], and it is believed that Viduvelvidugu

Perumtaccan, respected clan of traditional Vishwakarmas, was the chief architect of the temple‟s renovation. This temple has 9

gateways, four majestic 7 tiered towers and Sikaram covered with Gold Plates. The architecture of this temple is unique and

dedicated to the art of Bharatha Natyam, a classical dance form of the State of Tamil Nadu. Lord Shiva the Nataraja and

Lord Govindaraja Perumal enshrined in one complex facing each other, emphasizing siva-vishnu concept is a special feature of

this temple. Natyanjali Festival has started in 1981 as an annual event, to revive and consolidate the art of Bharatha Natyam and it

takes place in front of the Sanctum Sanctorum of the temple. The Five Days event now features about 300 to 400

dancers performing Bharatha Natyam, Kuchupudi, Mohini Attam, Kathak, and Odissi. 300 or more accompanying artistes also

converge at Chidambaram. The festival organized by the Trust known as „Natyanjali Trust‟ attracts International attention. Kali

Temple is just a walking distance from Natarajar Temple and it is popularly called as the Thillai Kali Amman temple

demonstrates the importance of Siva-Sakti concept. The Chola period‟s inscriptions are found in this temple.

Palani

Palani is located at an altitude of 150m, and one of the special Abode of Murugan called Arupadaiveedu. This was built

by King Cheraman Peruman. The special feature of the main deity is that, it is made of Nava Pashanam or Nine Herbal poisons. It

is one of the Sidha Elixirs available for us. Electrically operated Winch service is available to transport devotees up the hill. Thai

Poosam and Panguni Uthiram are important festivals of this temple.

Valparai

Valparai is 100 kms from Coimbatore and 60 kms from Pollachi. Azhiyar to Valparai route has 40 hair pin bends. This

Hill Station located at an altitude of 3500ft on the Anamalai Hills Range of the Western Ghats.

Hogenakkal Falls

HOGENAKKAL is majestic and beautiful water falls from an altitude of 750 ft and is called Niagara of India. It is 46

kms from Dharmapuri with Melagiri Hills in its backdrop. Cauvery is the one of the major and perennial rivers of Tamil Nadu in

India flows through this town. It is a perfect visual Treat with gushing Cauvery and lush green hilly area. The water fall rushes

through many medicinal herbs and shrubs. Bathing underneath gives a refreshing feeling and also cures many diseases. Hence

local boats called parisal gives the tourists an opportunity to go for a ride around the waters for thrill and also experience the

scenic beauty. Fish caught from the waters here is tastily cooked by the locals and served to the visiting tourists. In this place oil

massage units by the locals around and many tourists use them too. The Forest department maintains a Zoo and a Crocodile park

here. In the month of January to February full Moon day and in the month of July to Agugust Adi Perukku festival attracts more

crowds to this area.

Anamalai Wildlife Santuary

Anamalai Wildlife Santuary is located at an altitude of 1400 meters at the Top Slip. This was notified as Wild life

Sanctuary in the year 1974 and established in the year 1976 and it is now called as INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

and NATIONAL PARK. This was declared as Project Tiger in the year 2008. Elephants, Gaur, Tiger, Panther, Sloth Bear,

Pangolin, Black Headed Oriole, Green Pigeon and Civet cat can be seen in this Sanctuary. Waterfalls, Grass Hills, Groves, Teak

forests, Estates, Dams and Reservoirs add beauty to Anamalai Hills and attract visitors in large numbers. Elephant Safari and Van

services are available at the Top Slip to take the tourists around the Sanctuary.

Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple

Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple is 50 Kms from Chidambaram and it is also called as Gangai kondan. This temple was

built by first Rajendra Chola, is considered to be the equal of Thanjavur Brihadeeswarar temple or Big Temple. A big Nandi made



of brick and Mortar, a Lion Head well with steps leading down to the water level, majestic Dwarapalakas are the other special

features of this temple.

GINGEE (132 kms)

GINGEE is a Fort on three Hillocksat an altitude of 800 ft and it is 132 kms from Chidambaram and 25 kms from

Tindivanam on Tindivanam –Tiruvannamalai Road. GINGEE fort was built by Ananda Kone, Chief of the Local Shepherd

community. Kurumbars, Cholas, Nayaks, Marathas, Mugals and British followed them.Venkataramana Temple, Kalyan Mahal,

Horse stables, Granary, Mosque and Prisoner's Cell may not be in the same shape as before, but it speaks of the richness of the

past. Rajagiri and Krishnagiri are two important fortifications located here and they are popular picnic spots.

TOURISM INDUSTRY IN INDIA

India has emerged as the fastest- growing market in term of international tourist spending. India has incredible

Monuments, Forts, Palaces, Temples, Beaches, Water Falls, Wild Life Sanctuaries, Memorials, Music, Dance and Culture. There

is vibrancy of the culture, both ancient and modern.

The Tourism Ministry has launched the “Clean India Campaign” recently. The objective of the Campaign is to ensure an

acceptable level of cleanliness and hygiene at various public places. It involves sensitizing all sections of the society will be a

blend of persuasion, education, training, demonstration and sensitization of all segment of our society.

The tourism industry in India is substantial and vibrant and the country is fast becoming a major global destination.

India‟s travel industry and tourism is one of the most profitable industries in the country, and also credited with contributing a

substantial amount of foreign exchange.

Tourism provides the second highest net foreign exchange earnings to our economy. Tourism is the totality of

relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided the stay does not imply the establishment of

permanent residence and is not connected with a remunerated activity.

The tourism potential of our country, especially in a global context, remains far from realized. Towards realization of this

potential, the Ministry of Tourism envisages a target of 12% growth rate in inbound as well as domestic tourists for the 12th

Five

year plan period. It is projected that with this growth rate, the sector will generate 2.5 crore additional jobs.

Foreign Exchange Earnings

The foreign exchange is the most important sector in the country. The foreign exchange earnings in India is presented in

the Table 1.

Table1: Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism in India during 1991-2014

Year

Fee in Rs. Terms Fee in US$ Terms

Rs. Crore % of Changes to the previous Year US$ Million % of Changes to the

previous Year

1991 4318 - 1861 -

1992 5951 37.8 2126 14.2

1993 6611 11.1 2124 -0.1

1994 7129 7.8 2272 7.0

1995 8430 18.2 2583 13.7

1996 10046 19.2 2832 9.6

1997 10511 4.6 2889 2.0

1998 12150 15.6 2948 2.0

1999 12951 6.6 3009 2.1

2000 15626 20.7 3460 15.0

2001 15083 -3.5 3198 -7.6

2002 15064 -0.1 3103 -3.0

2003 20729 37.6 4463 43.8

2004 27944 34.8 6170 38.2

2005 33123 18.5 7493 21.4

2006 39025 17.8 8634 15.2

2007 44360 13.7 10729 24.3

2008 51294 15.6 11832 10.3

2009 57300 4.7 11136 -5.9

2010 64889 20.8 14193 27.5

2011 77591 19.6 16564 16.7

2012 94487 21.8 17737 7.1

2013 107671 14 18445 4.0

2014 123320 14.5 20236 9.7

Source: India Tourism statistics 2014

Table 1 depicts the Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism in India during the period from 1991 to 2014. It shows

Rs.4318 crore in 1991 continuously increased to Rs. 15626 crore in 2000. The earnings decreased in 2001 and 2002 to Rs. 15083

crore and Rs.15064 crore respectively. However, after 2002 it has continuously increased from Rs.20,729 crore to 1,23,320 crore

during the period from 2003 to 2014.



The year to year growth rate indicates that the highest growth rate of 43.8 and 38.2 per cent in 2003 and 2004

respectively. However, the growth rate shows negative per cent of -0.1, -7.6, -3.0 and -5.9 in the years 1993, 2001, 2002, and 2009

respectively.

Domestic and Foreign Tourist Visits in India

Tourism promotes exchange of ideas and views and facilitates interaction of people and their culture. Tourism acts as an

instrument for achieving national integration, better international understanding and gives a direct stimulus to socio - economic

development. Recognizing the importance of Tourism, Government is giving a major thrust to the Tourism Sector. The number of

tourists visit in domestic and foreign India is presented The Table 1.

Table 2: Domestic and Foreign Tourist Visits to India, 1991-2014

Year

Tourist Visits

(in Millions) Annual Growth Rate (in %)

Domestic Foreign Domestic Foreign

1991 66.67 3.14 - -

1992 81.45 3.09 22.2 -1.6

1993 105.81 3.54 29.9 14.4

1994 127.11 4.03 20.1 13.8

1995 136.64 4.64 7.5 155.2

1996 140.11 5.03 2.5 8.4

1997 159.87 5.50 14.1 9.3

1998 168.19 5.53 5.2 -0.7

1999 190.67 5.83 13.4 5.3

2000 220.10 5.89 15.4 1.1

2001 236.46 5.43 7.4 -7.8

2002 269.59 5.15 14.0 -5.1

2003 309.03 6.70 14.6 30.1

2004 366.26 8.36 18.5 24.6

2005 392.01 9.94 7.0 190

2006 462.32 11.73 17.9 18.0

2007 526.56 13.25 13.9 12.9

2008 563.03 14.38 6.9 8.5

2009 668.80 14.37 18.8 -0.1

2010 747.70 17.91 11.8 24.6

2011 864.53 19.50 15.6 8.9

2012 1045.05 18.26 20.9 -6.3

2013 1145.28 19.95 9.6 9.2

2014 1281.95 22.57 11.9 13.11

Source: India Tourism statistics 2014

Table 2 reveals that the domestic and foreign tourist visit in India has tremendous increase in the period from 1991 to

2014. The domestic tourist visit in 66.67 million in the year 1991 increased to 1281.95 million in the year 2014. In the case of

foreign tourist visit 3.14 million in 1991 increased to 22.57 million in the year 2014. It is inferred from the table domestic tourists

visit shows continuous positive growth for all the year from 1991 to 2014. Whereas in the case of foreign tourists visit negative

per cent of 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2009 and 2012 and positive growth remaining years during the period from 1991 to 2004. It is

concluded that the government of Indian and also government of Tamil Nadu is should more concentration in the foreign tourist is

important.

TOURISM IN TAMIL NADU

Tourism Nadu is a state with several distinguished tourism centre. It has cerulean mountains, silver falls, verdant

vegetations, sandy beaches, mammoth monuments, timeless temples, fabulous wildlife, scintillating sculptures and reverberating

rural life. It has picturesque sports, continuing heritage, cultural confluence and aesthetic magnificence.

Tamil Nadu or” the land of Tamil” a beautiful state nestled in the southern Indian peninsula, on the shores of the Bay of

Bengal and the deep blue Indian ocean is known for its cultural heritage and temple architecture. Tamil literature is amongst the

oldest in India and in the world. According to history the ancient Tamil had traded more than 2000 year ago with civilizations of

East and West Asia who sought its spices, sea wealth, silk and textiles. Tamil Nadu is a land of all kind of tourism.

Tamil Nadu has recognized the importance of tourism long ago and facilitated its development in desired directions.

Aggressive marketing, synergized development of tourist infrastructure, dovetailing the resources of various departments,

motivating stakeholders, inculcating tourist friendly culture, exploring new avenues like medical tourism and adventure tourism in

the last four years have helped Tamil Nadu tourism to achieve tremendous growth.



Table 3: Number of Tourist Visited in Tamil Nadu from 2001-2014

Year Domestic (in

lakhs)

Annual Growth

Rate (in %)

Foreign (in

lakhs)

Annual Growth

Rate (in %)

Total (in

lakhs)

Annual Growth

Rate (in %)

2001 238.12 3.6 7.73 -1.7 245.85 3.4

2002 246.61 3.6 8.05 4.1 254.66 3.6

2003 270.59 9.7 9.02 12 279.61 9.8

2004 300.77 11.2 10.58 17.3 311.35 11.4

2005 323.39 7.5 11.79 11.4 335.18 7.7

2006 392.14 21.3 13.35 13.2 405.5 21

2007 506.47 29.2 17.53 31.3 524 29.2

2008 626.18 23.6 20.4 16.4 646.58 23.4

2009 780.38 24.6 23.69 16.1 804.07 24.4

2010 976.37 25.1 28.05 18.4 1004.4 24.9

2011 1217.6 24.7 33.08 17.9 1250.6 24.5

2012 1623.5 33.3 36.03 8.9 1659.5 32.7

2013 2442.3 50.4 39.9 10.7 2482.2 49.6

2014 3275.6 34.1 46.57 16.7 3322.1 33.8

Source: Tourism statistical Handbook, Tamil Nadu

It is illustrated from Table 3 that there is an extraordinary increase in the number of foreign and domestic tourists‟ arrival

in Tamil Nadu during the period under the study, that is, the number of foreign tourists arrival was 7.73 lakhs in the year 2001 and

it increased to 46.57 in the year 2014. Whereas in case of domestic tourists, the arrival of tourist was 238.12 lakhs in the year 2001

and it increased to 32.75.6 lakhs in the year 2014. It is inferred from the above analysis that the percentage increase of number of

foreign tourists arrival and domestic tourist arrival continuously increased during the period from 2001 to 2014.

Table 4: Share of Top 10 States/UTs of India in Number of Domestic Tourist Visits – 2014

Domestic Tourist Visits in 2014

Rank State/UT Number Percentage Share (%)

1 Tamil Nadu 327555233 25.6

2 Uttar Pradesh 182820108 14.3

3 Karnataka 118283220 9.2

4 Maharashtra 94127124 7.3

5 Andhra Pradesh 93306974 7.3

6 Telengana 72399113 5.6

7 Madhya Pradesh 63614525 5

8 West Bengal 49029590 3.8

9 Jharkhand 33427144 2.6

10 Rajasthan 33076491 2.6

Total of top 10 States 1067639522 83.3

Others states 214312733 16.7

Total 1281952255 100

Source: State/ UT Tourism Departments

The share of domestic tourists visit is highest level of 32.75 crore tourist visited in Tamil Nadu and it constitutes of 25.6

per cent of the total tourist in India. It is the highest contribution of total tourist in India followed by Uttar Pradesh 14.3 per cent,

Karnataka 9.2 per cent, Maharashtra 7.3 per cent, Andhra Pradesh 7.3 per cent, Telengana 5.6 per cent, Madhya Pradesh 5 per

cent, West Bengal 3.8 per cent, Jharkhand 2.6 per cent, Rajasthan 2.6 and Others states 16.7 per cent towards the domestic tourist

visits in India.


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Table 5: Share of Top 10 States/UTs of India in Number of Foreign Tourist Visits in 2014

Rank State/UT Number Percentage Share (%)

1 Tamil Nadu 4657630 20.6

2 Maharashtra 4389098 19.4

3 Uttar Pradesh 2909735 12.9

4 Delhi 2319046 10.3

5 Rajasthan 1525574 6.8

6 West Bengal 1375740 6.1

7 Kerala 923366 4.1

8 Bihar 829508 3.7

9 Karnataka 561870 2.5

10 Haryana 547367 2.4

Total of Top 10 20038934 88.8

Others states 2528716 11.2

Total 22567650 100.0

Source: State/ UT Tourism Departments.

The number of foreign tourist arrival in Tamil Nadu is also highest of 4.6 crore constitutes of 20.36 per cent, followed by

Maharashtra 19.4 per cent, Uttar Pradesh 12.9 per cent, Delhi 10.3 per cent, Rajasthan 6.8 per cent, West Bengal 6.1 per cent,

Kerala 4.1 per cent, Bihar 3.7 per cent, Karnataka 2.5 per cent, and Haryana 2.4 per cent and other states 11.2 per cent towards the

foreign tourist arrival in India.

Table 6: Airport of Arrival of Tourists availing E - Tourist Visas during 2014

S. No. Name of Airport 2014 Percentage Share (%)

1 New Delhi 16618 42.56

2 Mumbai 7861 20.13

3 Chennai 4522 11.58

4 Goa 2569 6.58

5 Bengaluru 2509 6.43

6 Kolkata 1931 4.95

7 Kochi 1478 3.79

8 Hyderabad 1041 2.67

9 Thiruvananthapuram 517 1.32

Total 39046 100.00

Source: State/ UT Tourism Departments.

The number of airport arrival tourist is highest of 16619 tourists in New Delhi of constitute 42.56 per cent, followed by

7861 tourists in Mumbai of constitute of 20.13 per cent, 4522 tourists in Chennai of constitute 11.58 per cent. These three airports

are dominant level of tourist arrival in India. The number of tourist arrival in Goa 2569 tourist constitute of 6.58 per cent, in

Bengaluru 2509 tourists constitute of 6.43 per cent, in Kolkata 1931 tourist constitute of 4.95 per cent, in Kochi 1478 tourist

constitute of 3.49 per cent, in Hyderabad 1041 tourist constitute of 2.67 per cent and in Thiruvananthapuram 517 tourists

constitute of 1.32 per cent towards the tourist arrival in Airports of India.

SUGGESTIONS

The Tamil Nadu Tourism Department must have an independent research, development and analysis wing to research

tourist demand and tourism structure in Tamil Nadu so as to develop the prospects of tourism in the state.

The Government of Tamil Nadu must also develop an institute of hotel management and tourism guidance in the state to

have better trained and equipped units like tourist bungalows, hotels, midways night resorts etc.

All the tourist information bureaus must be adequately staffed and equipped to satisfactorily perform their functions.

The state government must encourage its employees to undertake journeys providing concessions on the Central

Government pattern.

State Government should send proposals to the center for developing tourism in Tamil Nadu and the center should

provide adequate assistance to complete them.

The Tamil Nadu government must enact a comprehensive Tourist Act to direct and regulate the activities of the

governmental and non – governmental sectors of this trade at the earliest.

The transport services to the tourist place and standard of room services etc. should be improved for tourists‟ satisfaction.

Promotion prospects in Tamil Nadu Tourism Department should be improved to attract the right type of personnel.



CONCUSION

There are various forms of ecotourism in India that attract an increasing number of tourists each year. Some of the most

prominent forms include Wildlife tourism, Agro tourism, Village tourism and even Religious tourism. Of these, wildlife tourism is

emerging as one of the most popular forms of ecotourism in India. India has an unbelievable diversity with respect to flora and

fauna and has some of the most renowned national parks and tiger reserves. Apart from this, agro tourism is making its own mark

and tourists are flocking to India to get a taste of the natural life of the countryside. These are some of the aspects that have

promoted ecotourism in India to a great extent. However, India's full potential is yet to be realized and in the future years the

country can expect to reap some great rewards. The fourth chapter discuses about the significance of eco-tourism in India,

especially at Tamilnadu, the home to many natural resources, grand Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach

resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and state has eight UNESCO World Heritage sites. The fifth chapter draws an analysis and

interpretation on the growth and development of tourism in India and tourists perception and understanding about eco-tourism.

REFERENCES

1. Bhatia, A.K. Tourism Development; Principles and Practices, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1986, pp. 263.

2. Batra, G.S. and Chawla, A.S. Dynamics of Tourism Marketing, Deep and Deep Publications, Private Limited, New

Delhi, 1998, pp.1-12.

3. Bipin Ch.Goswami, “Eco tourism and India”, Third Concept, August, 2003 pp. 53-54.

4. Ganesan, G “Imperatives of Tamil Nadu Tourism Sector”, Kisan World, December-2005,pp. 11-13.

5. Gopalsamy, M. and Ganesamoorhty, V.S. (2003), “Tourism Potential at Kanyakumari”, Facts for You, Vol.48, pp. 8-11.

6. Government of Tamil Nadu, Tourism and Culture Department, Policy Note, 2012-13,pp. 1-4.

7. Government of Tamil Nadu, Tourism and Culture Development Policy Note 2012-2013, pp.1-2.

8. Nicole Koenig (2004), “The Social and Economic Impact on Tourism”, Tourism Marketing, Vol.23, pp. 35-37.

9. Velmurugan. The economics of Tourists Van Operators in Tamil Nadu Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Madurai

Kamaraj University, 1992. pp. 31-34.

10. Satya Suresh, “Promoting Health Tourism in India: An exploratory Study on the Role of Specialty and Corporate

Hospital in Bangalore‟, Indian Journal of marketing, March, 2011, p.3.

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