performance andperformance and operational experience

44
Performance and Performance and Operational Experience of Operational Experience of the CNGS Facility Edda GSCHWENDTNER, Dario AUTIERO, Karel CORNELIS, Ilias EFTHYMIOPOULOS, Alfredo FERRARI, Alberto GUGLIELMI, Ans PARDONS, Paola SALA Heinz VINCKE, Joerg WENNINGER (October 20, 2009)

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Performance andPerformance and Operational Experience ofOperational Experience of

the CNGS Facilityy

Edda GSCHWENDTNER Dario AUTIERO Karel CORNELIS Ilias EFTHYMIOPOULOS Alfredo FERRARI Alberto GUGLIELMI Ans PARDONS Paola SALA Heinz VINCKE Joerg WENNINGER

(October 20 2009)

22

Outline

bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Operational Experience and PerformanceOperational Experience and Performancebull Summary

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

3

CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction

( )long base-line appearance experiment

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink

2 detectors in Gran Sasso

CERN bull OPERA(12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks

Gran Sasso bull ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams

+ C K+

Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos

p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

5

targetmagnetichorns

decay tunnel

hadron absorber

muon detector 1

muon detector 2

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year

(200 days nominal intensity)

221017 potday

500m

22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot

CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Run 2009 today 2531019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

22

Outline

bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Operational Experience and PerformanceOperational Experience and Performancebull Summary

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

3

CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction

( )long base-line appearance experiment

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink

2 detectors in Gran Sasso

CERN bull OPERA(12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks

Gran Sasso bull ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams

+ C K+

Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos

p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

5

targetmagnetichorns

decay tunnel

hadron absorber

muon detector 1

muon detector 2

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year

(200 days nominal intensity)

221017 potday

500m

22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot

CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Run 2009 today 2531019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

3

CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction

( )long base-line appearance experiment

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink

2 detectors in Gran Sasso

CERN bull OPERA(12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks

Gran Sasso bull ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams

+ C K+

Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos

p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

5

targetmagnetichorns

decay tunnel

hadron absorber

muon detector 1

muon detector 2

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year

(200 days nominal intensity)

221017 potday

500m

22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot

CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Run 2009 today 2531019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams

+ C K+

Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos

p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

5

targetmagnetichorns

decay tunnel

hadron absorber

muon detector 1

muon detector 2

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year

(200 days nominal intensity)

221017 potday

500m

22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot

CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Run 2009 today 2531019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

5

targetmagnetichorns

decay tunnel

hadron absorber

muon detector 1

muon detector 2

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year

(200 days nominal intensity)

221017 potday

500m

22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot

CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Run 2009 today 2531019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

6

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction

CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year

(200 days nominal intensity)

221017 potday

500m

22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso

3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)

2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m

~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot

CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Run 2009 today 2531019 pot

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

7

CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction

Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400

Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7

Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016

Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20

extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms

Batch length [s] 105500kW

beam power of bunches per pulse 2100

Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24

Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )

Bunch spacing [ns] 5

Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20

G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm

Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

8

CNGS ChallengesIntroduction

gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam

(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity

bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo

bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo

ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube

bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods

thin windows etchellip)

Proton beam Tuning Interlocks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

9

CNGS Layout and Main Parameters

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

10

CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section

Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles

ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets

ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets

Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)

ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target

bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens

bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors

SPS t N fill d i i ti h b

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

11

Primary Beam Line

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

12

CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

43 4m27m

TBID

434m100m

1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target

ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment

bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers

bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change

possible

bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

exit window

bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons

bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

13

CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout

13 graphite rods each 10cm long

Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm

27mm interaction length

Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

14

CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

035 m

i d t

bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick

7

inner conductor

bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)

Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit

ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop

ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections

ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

bull Remote and quick polarity change

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

15

Decay TubeDecay Tube

ndash steel pipendash 1mbar

994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm

surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters

M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors

Muon Monitors

60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)

bull 2 x 1 movable monitor

1125cm

LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS

bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

17

Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

18

CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN

2006Beam Commissioning CERN

200610 July-27 Oct

g008 1019 potDetector electronics

commissioning Gran Sasso

2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown

Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN

Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007

17 Sept-20 Octintensity

008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso

2007-2008Shutdown

Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN

Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso

200818 June- 3 Nov

CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot

2009

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20091 June-today

CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

19

CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance

CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable

178middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events

bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks

2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target

OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

20

Supercycle 2008LHC

CNGS Performance

4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS

LHC

504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle

SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD

48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle

Supercycle 2009468s supercycle

4xCNGS

468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle

LHC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

SFTPROLHC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

21

CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19

CNGS Performance

16E+19

18E+19

Total 1 781019 pot

CNGS maintenance

1 2E+19

14E+19Total 1781019 pot

Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years

1E+19

12E+19

rate

d po

t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD

6E+18

8E+18

inte

gr

18kV cable

SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange

CNGS maintenance

4E+18

repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD

0

2E+18

MD

bakeout MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

18-J

un

28-J

un

8-Ju

l

18-J

ul

28-J

ul

7-A

ug

17-A

ug

27-A

ug

6-Se

p

16-S

ep

26-S

ep

6-O

ct

16-O

ct

26-O

ct

5-N

ov

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

22

2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance

2009 protons on target36E+19

2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19

28E+193E+19

32E+1934E+19

rget

Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target

Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19

T t l POT 2008 1 78E19

PS septum

2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19

ons

on ta

r Total POT 2008 178E19

CNGS i t

Linac vacuum leak

repair

12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19

rate

d pr

oto

UA9 SPS magnet exchange

CNGSmaintenance

maintenance MD

4E+186E+188E+181E+19

inte

gr exchange kicker repair

MD

MD

02E+18

2-M

ay9-

May

5-Ju

n2-

Jun

9-Ju

n

6-Ju

n3-

Jul

0-Ju

l

7-Ju

l24

-Jul

31-J

ul

7-A

ug4-

Aug

1-A

ug

8-A

ug4-

Sep

1-Se

p

8-Se

p5-

Sep

2-O

ct

9-O

ct6-

Oct

3-O

ct

0-O

ct6-

Nov

3-N

ov

0-N

ov7-

Nov

MD

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

23

SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance

SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009

Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

24

Total Protons on Targetg

40E+19

45E+19

2009

3 0E 19

35E+19

25E+19

30E+19

rated po

t

2008

15E+19

20E+19

integr

a

5 0E+18

10E+19

2006 2007

00E+00

50E+18

y-06

ul-06

g-06

ct-06

c-06

b-07

pr-07

n-07

g-07

ct-07

c-07

b-08

pr-08

n-08

g-08

ct-08

c-08

b-09

pr-09

n-09

g-09

ct-09

c-09

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

May Jul

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec Feb

Apr

Jun

Aug Oct

Dec

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

25

Primary BeamCNGS Performance

bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS

ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)

ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane

Horizontal plane

2mm

Horizontal plane

Vertical plane

2mm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

26

Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance

gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y

ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

27

On-line Muon Profiles

Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2

Centroid for each profile and extraction

V ti l it1

bull bl

Vertical pit2Vertical pit1

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

28

Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target

ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

29

Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance

Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2

1

2

3

Centroid of horizontal profile pit2

-2

-1

0

cm

5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift

-5

-4

-3

c

-8

-7

-6

9 0

00

9 0

28

9 0

57

9 1

26

9 1

55

9 2

24

9 2

52

9 3

21

9 3

50

9 4

19

9 4

48

9 5

16

9 5

45

9 6

14

9 6

43

Muon Profiles Pit 1

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

1029

ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

30

Beam IntensityCNGS Performance

y

Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6

Error rms spread

Injection losses ~ 6

x 1010

Protons on targetextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

31

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1

(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)

Looks like saturation effect

ctor

sig

nal

saturation effect But

Checkm

uon

dete

c

TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity

orm

aliz

ed m

chp

ote

xtr) Beam intensity

hellip

N (c

potextraction

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

32

Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance

2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable

2009

pote

xtr)

Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable

See different capacitances

sign

al (c

hp

on d

etec

tor

mal

ized

muo

Remedy

Nor

m

potextraction

yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each

ire and shielding

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

wire and shielding

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

33

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of

beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam

bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between

N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm

q y

ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative

charge)1125cm

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

34

CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance

Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute

comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )

NeutrinoFocusing on

positive

Anti-neutrinoFocusing on

negative chargepositive charge

negative charge

a et

al 2

008

Lines simulated flux

ulat

ions

P S

al

Points measurementsNormalized to max=1

FLU

KA

sim

uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

35

Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance

pit 1 Horizontal

0 3

035

04

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal

0012

0014

pot

measurementsimulation

Horizontal Profile Pit 2

015

02

025

03

chp

ot

0006

0008

001 chp

08

0

005

01

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0

0002

0004

-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat

ions

200

cm

pit 1 Vertical

035

04

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical

0012

0014

t

measurementsimulation

Vertical Profile Pit 2

cmMeasurementsSimulations

FLU

KA

sim

02

025

03

chp

ot

simulation

0006

0008

001 chp

o

Sala

et a

l F

0

005

01

015

0

0002

0004

P S

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575

cm

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

36

SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion

of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008

1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total

ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target

Waiting for tau neutrino results

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

37

bull Additional Slides

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

38

CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008

C GS e o a ce e de

Examples effect on ντ cc events

horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

39

Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k

CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

Temperature Measurements

ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner

diameterndash Clamped with seal

shielding

ionization chamber

BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges

shielding

horntargetTBIDcollimator

BPM

beamHelium tube

Ti-w

indo

w

Temperature Measurement

ionization chamber Clampingbolt

SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress

ndash 20degC gt900MPa

Entrance window

ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa

From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured

From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured

Courtesy of A Pardons

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

40

Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility

CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554

56-83

p

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

41

CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience

CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area

bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in

electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708

M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls

106 hcm2yr2008++200607

109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

42

Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics

Introduction

If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation

Mass states Flavor states

Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles

~

m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos

m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

43

NeutrinosIntroduction

Weakly interacting leptons e no charge

bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2

Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos

bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2

bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday

bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3

bull CNGS

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC

44

Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction

m232hellip governs the to oscillation

Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector

bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI

CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p

bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy

(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino

oscillationCERN

Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector

146000 l d l i b i k

FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN

~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC