performance andperformance and operational experience ... · total: 1 78 ·1019pot cngs maintenance...
TRANSCRIPT
Performance andPerformance and Operational Experience ofOperational Experience of
the CNGS Facilityy
Edda GSCHWENDTNER Dario AUTIERO Karel CORNELIS Ilias EFTHYMIOPOULOS Alfredo FERRARI Alberto GUGLIELMI Ans PARDONS Paola SALA Heinz VINCKE Joerg WENNINGER
(October 20 2009)
22
Outline
bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Operational Experience and PerformanceOperational Experience and Performancebull Summary
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction
( )long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sasso
CERN bull OPERA(12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks
Gran Sasso bull ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
+ C K+
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday
500m
22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
22
Outline
bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Operational Experience and PerformanceOperational Experience and Performancebull Summary
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction
( )long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sasso
CERN bull OPERA(12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks
Gran Sasso bull ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
+ C K+
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday
500m
22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
3
CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)Introduction
( )long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy (732km) interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sasso
CERN bull OPERA(12kton) emulsion target detector~146000 lead-emulsion bricks
Gran Sasso bull ICARUS(600ton) liquid argon TPC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
+ C K+
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday
500m
22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
4CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
+ C K+
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
p + C (interactions) K+ (decay in flight)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday
500m
22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
5
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday
500m
22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
6
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoApproved for 225 1019 protons on targeti 5 ith 4 5 1019 t 500mie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday
500m
22 10 potday ~1017 day ~1011 day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 i t ti i OPERA 3600 interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)
2-3 interactions detectedyear in OPERA Typical size of a detector at Gran Sassodetector at Gran Sasso1000m 3000m
~1 observed interaction with 21019 pot
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Run 2009 today 2531019 pot
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
7
CNGS Proton Beam ParametersIntroduction
Beam parameters Nominal CNGS beamNominal energy [GeV] 400
Normalized emittance [m] H=12 V=7
Emittance [m] H=0028 V= 0016
Momentum spread pp 007 +- 20Momentum spread pp 007 20
extractions per cycle 2 separated by 50 ms
Batch length [s] 105500kW
beam power of bunches per pulse 2100
Intensity per extraction [1013 p] 24
Bunch length [ns] (4) 2g [ ] ( )
Bunch spacing [ns] 5
Beta at focus [m] hor 10 vert 20
G 0 5Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm] 05 mm
Beam divergence [mrad] hor 005 vert 003
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
8
CNGS ChallengesIntroduction
gbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)( )ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisendash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 s extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
9
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
10
CNGS Primary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towards Gran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorspndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 m carbon or 12 m titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
SPS t N fill d i i ti h b
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
11
Primary Beam Line
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
12
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
43 4m27m
TBID
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67mAir cooled graphite target
ndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
13
CNGS TargetTarget magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have beenTen targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
14
CNGS Horn and ReflectorCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
035 m
i d t
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thick
7
inner conductor
bull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stop
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
bull Remote and quick polarity change
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
15
Decay TubeDecay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbar
994m longndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Ti
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash exit window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
16CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
M M it270cmbull 2 x 41 fixed monitors
Muon Monitors
60cm270cm(Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
1125cm
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsypbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling2 g g
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105s
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
17
Operational Experience andOperational Experience and Performance
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
18
CNGS Timeline2000-2005 Civil Engineering amp Installation CERN
2006Beam Commissioning CERN
200610 July-27 Oct
g008 1019 potDetector electronics
commissioning Gran Sasso
2006 2007 f2006-2007Shutdown
Reflector Water Leak RepairImprovement CERN
Beam Commissioning at high CERN2007
17 Sept-20 Octintensity
008 1019potDetector commissioning with 60000 bricks Gran Sasso
2007-2008Shutdown
Additional shielding and electronics re-arrangement CERN
Finishing OPERA bricks Gran SassoFinishing OPERA bricks Gran Sasso
200818 June- 3 Nov
CNGS Physics Run 178 1019pot
2009
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20091 June-today
CNGS Physics Run 24 1019pot
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
19
CNGS PerformanceCNGS Performance
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS FacilityExcellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experiment10100 ti tbull 10100 on-time events
bull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May ndash 23 November 2009 16nd October 2009 253middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull gt15500 on-time eventsbull gt2500 candidate interaction in bricks
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
20
Supercycle 2008LHC
CNGS Performance
4x CNGS2xCNGS MTECNGS
LHC
504s supercycle 7 CNGS 1 LHC 83 CNGS duty cycle
SFTPRO 3xCNGS LHC MD
48s supercycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC 1MD 83 CNGS duty cycleNorth Area 3 CNGS 1LHC1MD 375 CNGS duty cycle
Supercycle 2009468s supercycle
4xCNGS
468s supercycleNorth Area 4 CNGS 1LHC 513 CNGS duty cycle
LHC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
SFTPROLHC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
21
CNGS Run 2008 18 June- 03 Nov 20081 8E 19
CNGS Performance
16E+19
18E+19
Total 1 781019 pot
CNGS maintenance
1 2E+19
14E+19Total 1781019 pot
Nominal 45 1019 potyr for 5 years
1E+19
12E+19
rate
d po
t SPS extraction line Magnet ground fault MD
6E+18
8E+18
inte
gr
18kV cable
SPS timing faultvacuum leak amp magnet exchange
CNGS maintenance
4E+18
repairPS magnet exchange septum bakeout MD
0
2E+18
MD
bakeout MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18-J
un
28-J
un
8-Ju
l
18-J
ul
28-J
ul
7-A
ug
17-A
ug
27-A
ug
6-Se
p
16-S
ep
26-S
ep
6-O
ct
16-O
ct
26-O
ct
5-N
ov
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
22
2009 Protons on TargetCNGS Performance
2009 protons on target36E+19
2009 Protons on TargetTotal POT expected 2009 322E19
28E+193E+19
32E+1934E+19
rget
Expected protons on targetAchieved protons on target
Current expected pot 247E19Current achieved pot 253 E19
T t l POT 2008 1 78E19
PS septum
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+19
ons
on ta
r Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS i t
Linac vacuum leak
repair
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
rate
d pr
oto
UA9 SPS magnet exchange
CNGSmaintenance
maintenance MD
4E+186E+188E+181E+19
inte
gr exchange kicker repair
MD
MD
02E+18
2-M
ay9-
May
5-Ju
n2-
Jun
9-Ju
n
6-Ju
n3-
Jul
0-Ju
l
7-Ju
l24
-Jul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug4-
Aug
1-A
ug
8-A
ug4-
Sep
1-Se
p
8-Se
p5-
Sep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct6-
Oct
3-O
ct
0-O
ct6-
Nov
3-N
ov
0-N
ov7-
Nov
MD
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22 29 5 12 19 26 1 1 2 3 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
23
SPS Efficiencies for CNGSCNGS Performance
SPS Efficiencies for CNGS2008 2009
Integrated efficiency 6094 Integrated efficiency 69
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
24
Total Protons on Targetg
40E+19
45E+19
2009
3 0E 19
35E+19
25E+19
30E+19
rated po
t
2008
15E+19
20E+19
integr
a
5 0E+18
10E+19
2006 2007
00E+00
50E+18
y-06
ul-06
g-06
ct-06
c-06
b-07
pr-07
n-07
g-07
ct-07
c-07
b-08
pr-08
n-08
g-08
ct-08
c-08
b-09
pr-09
n-09
g-09
ct-09
c-09
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
May Jul
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug Oct
Dec
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
25
Primary BeamCNGS Performance
bull Extraction interlock in LSS4 modified to accommodate the simultaneous operation of LHC and CNGS
ndash Good performance no incidentsbull No extraction and transfer line lossesbull Trajectory tolerance 4mm last monitors to +-2mm and +- 05mm (last 2 monitors)
ndash Largest excursion just exceed 2mmbull Total trajectory drift over 2008 is ~1mm rms in each plane
Horizontal plane
2mm
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
2mm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
26
Target Beam PositionCNGS Performance
gbull Excellent position stability ~50 (100) m horiz(vert) over entire runbull No active position feedback is necessaryp y
ndash 1-2 small steeringsweek only
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Horizontal and vertical beam position on the last BPM in front of the target
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
27
On-line Muon Profiles
Horizontal pit1 Horizontal pit2
Centroid for each profile and extraction
V ti l it1
bull bl
Vertical pit2Vertical pit1
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
28
Beam Stability seen on Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Beam Stability seen on Muon Monitorsbull Position stability of muon beam in pit 2 is ~2cm rmsbull Beam position correlated to beam position on targetBeam position correlated to beam position on target
ndash Parallel displacement of primary beam on T40
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
29
Muon MonitorsCNGS Performance
Very sensitive to any beam changes ndash Offset of beam vs target at 005mm level Muon Profiles Pit 2
1
2
3
Centroid of horizontal profile pit2
-2
-1
0
cm
5cm shift of muon profile centroid ~80m parallel beam shift
-5
-4
-3
c
-8
-7
-6
9 0
00
9 0
28
9 0
57
9 1
26
9 1
55
9 2
24
9 2
52
9 3
21
9 3
50
9 4
19
9 4
48
9 5
16
9 5
45
9 6
14
9 6
43
Muon Profiles Pit 1
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
1029
ndash Offset of target vs horn at 01mm levelbull Target table motorized
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
Muon Profiles Pit 1bull Horn and reflector tables not
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
30
Beam IntensityCNGS Performance
y
Typical transmission of the CNGS beam through the SPS cycle ~ 92Injection losses 6
Error rms spread
Injection losses ~ 6
x 1010
Protons on targetextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
31
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
y2007 observation non-linear muon detector signal in horizontal profile of pit 1
(not in vertical profile neither in profiles of pit 2)
Looks like saturation effect
ctor
sig
nal
saturation effect But
Checkm
uon
dete
c
TimingElectronics cardsBeam intensity
orm
aliz
ed m
chp
ote
xtr) Beam intensity
hellip
N (c
potextraction
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERNA Marsili et al AB-2008-044-BI
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
32
Muon Detector Non-Linearity PuzzleCNGS Performance
2008Wire topologyAll detectors are connected to readout cardvia a 750m long twisted multi-wire cable
2009
pote
xtr)
Horizontal profile detectors are inside themulti-wire cable
See different capacitances
sign
al (c
hp
on d
etec
tor
mal
ized
muo
Remedy
Nor
m
potextraction
yIncrease capacitance of all wires to a fixed value adding 220nF capacitor between each
ire and shielding
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
wire and shielding
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
33
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
yMuon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of
beam vs target at 50m level) Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
N t i (f i f ith iti h )270cm
q y
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)1125cm
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
34
CNGS Polarity PuzzleCNGS Performance
Explanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tubendash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steely g g y Results in shifts of the observed magnitude Measurements and simulations agree very well (absolute
comparison within 5 in first muon pit)p p )
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative chargepositive charge
negative charge
a et
al 2
008
Lines simulated flux
ulat
ions
P S
al
Points measurementsNormalized to max=1
FLU
KA
sim
uFermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
35
Muon Monitors Measurements vs SimulationsCNGS Performance
pit 1 Horizontal
0 3
035
04
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1pit 2 Horizontal
0012
0014
pot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
015
02
025
03
chp
ot
0006
0008
001 chp
08
0
005
01
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575 0
0002
0004
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cmMeasurements ulat
ions
200
cm
pit 1 Vertical
035
04
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0012
0014
t
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
cmMeasurementsSimulations
FLU
KA
sim
02
025
03
chp
ot
simulation
0006
0008
001 chp
o
Sala
et a
l F
0
005
01
015
0
0002
0004
P S
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN Excellent agreement
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
0-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
36
SummarySummarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Successful modifications in the CNGS facility and completion
of the OPERA Detector Ph i i 2008bull Physics run since 2008ndash 2008
1 78 1019 t t t t t lbull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 3 2 1019 protons on target totalbull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (16 October 2009) 253 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
37
bull Additional Slides
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
38
CNGS Performance - ReminderCNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
C GS e o a ce e de
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmoff axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
39
Helium Tube Entrance Window0 3 thi k
CNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
Temperature Measurements
ndash 03mm thickndash 08m inner
diameterndash Clamped with seal
shielding
ionization chamber
BPM w Clamped with seal between flanges
shielding
horntargetTBIDcollimator
BPM
beamHelium tube
Ti-w
indo
w
Temperature Measurement
ionization chamber Clampingbolt
SealTitanium Grade (Ti-6Al-4V)ndash Ultimate stress
ndash 20degC gt900MPa
Entrance window
ndash 100degC gt870MPandash 150degC gt850MPa
From calculations- When ventilation vs beam is such that temp at flange = 66degCWindow Temp lt100degC amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensuredWindow Temp lt100 C amp Stress lt250MPa Safety factor 3 ensured
From temperature measurements during operation (extrapolate)- If temp measured lt 85degC
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
pWindow Temp lt150degC amp Stress lt300MPa Safety factor 25 ensured
Courtesy of A Pardons
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
40
Helium Tube Entrance Window TemperatureCNGS Facility ndash Experience of Operating a 500kW Facility
CNGS duty cycle 375 54 375 43 3754554
56-83
p
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
41
CNGS Radiation IssuesOperational Experience
CNGS no surface building above CNGS target area many electronics in tunnel area
bull During CNGS run 2007During CNGS run 2007 ndash Failure in ventilation system installed in the CNGS tunnel area due to radiation effects in
electronics (SEU due to high energy hadron fluence)bull modifications during shutdown 200708
M f h l i f CNGS lndash Move most of the electronics out of CNGS tunnel areandash Create radiation safe area for electronics which needs to stay in CNGSndash Add shielding 53m3 concrete up to 6m3 thick shielding walls
106 hcm2yr2008++200607
109 hcm2yr10 hcm yr
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
p-beam target chamber p-beam target chamber
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
42
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle Physics
Introduction
If flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different neutrino oscillation
Mass states Flavor states
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles
~
m221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 m21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
m232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 m32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
sin2223 gt 093 23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing =45 degrees
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
43
NeutrinosIntroduction
Weakly interacting leptons e no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body 1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthNatural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinos330 neutrinoscm3ndash 330 neutrinoscm3
bull CNGS
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
ndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
44
Neutrino IntroductionIntroduction
m232hellip governs the to oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosP d t i b t i fl t d t tbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detector
bull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experimentg pp p
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino CERN Very convincing verification of the neutrino
oscillationCERN
Gran Sasso interaction in the target produces a lepton interaction in the target produces a lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
146000 l d l i b i k
FermiLab 20 October 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC