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Performance of Biodiesel Fuel in cold weather condition
Mechanical Engineering Graduation Thesis 25.416/25.475Presented by: Zeloon Lye 6805215
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Introduction of biodiesel fuel
• Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from vegetable, animal fat and waste vegetable oils.
• It contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend.
Biodiesel Fuel
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Introduction of biodiesel fuel
• transesterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the animal fat or vegetable oil, yielding methyl ester (Biodiesel fuel)
• Smaller molecule size
Biodiesel fuelVegetable Oil
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Benefit of biodiesel fuel
• Energy: Energy content comparable to diesel fuel
• It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications.
• Society: Produced from a renewable resource, reducing dependency from fossil fuel
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Benefit of biodiesel fuel
• Economy: price is comparable to diesel fuel, and it is produced locally
• Environment: green house gas neutral, produce minimum amount of SOx and produce lower particulate matter but slightly higher NOx
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Terminology
• Blending Proportion– B20: 20 percent of biodiesel fuel blend with
80 percent of diesel fuel, widely used in Europe
– B5: 5 percent of biodiesel fuel blend with 95 percent of diesel fuel
• WVO: waste vegetable oil• Diesel #1: standard diesel fuel that used
during winter
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Challenge of Biodiesel Fuel
• Viscosity is higher than diesel• More difficult to flow at lower temperature• Not readily available in Canada yet• Engine manufacturer only support B5
blend in USA/ Canada and B20/B30 blend in Europe
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Scope
Making of biodiesel fuel from WVO
Steps of makingGlycerin level
Property of biodiesel fuel
ViscosityHeat Value
Engine performance test
Fuel consumption, exhaust temperatureMaintenance
UBC biodiesel project
http://www.eya.ca/biodiesel/
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Purpose
• Understand the impact of cold weather condition to the biodiesel fuel
• Suggest improvement in its use in cold weather
• Look at the long term future of biodiesel fuel
Montreal Biobus Project
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Making of Biodiesel Fuel from WVO
Steps in making, Glycerine level
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Making of BiodieselWaste Vegetable Oil Methanol
+ Lye
#1 Filter #2 Heat (35 °C)
Sodium Methoxide
Mixed oil (methyl esters and glycerine)
Stirring #3
Settling and filtering #4 Glycerine
Methyl esters
Washing #5
Drying #6
Biodiesel Fuel B100
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Steps in making
Waste Vegetable Oil
Methanol with Lye
react
stirring
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Steps in making
Mixed Oil
Methyl Esters is separated from glycerine
Filtration
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Steps in making
Ready Biodiesel1.75L yield of Biodiesel fuel from 2L of waste vegetable oil
Water washing
Drying
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Glycerine level
• Increase the viscosity in biodiesel fuel and lower yield of biodiesel fuel
• Viscosity of glycerine is 5000(SSU) compared to 240(SSU) for Biodiesel B100 at 20 °C
*SSU - saybolt second universal
Glycerine
Biodiesel
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Glycerine level
• A) Providing heat when waste vegetable oil is mixed with sodium methoxide produces a low yield of biodiesel.
# Volume of Voume of Ratio of WVO Heating WVO Final volume Yield percentageWVO (L) methanol (mL) to methanol and sodium of biodiesel of biodiesel
methanol fuel (L) fuel (%)1 1 50 0.05 no 0.6 602 0.5 100 0.2 no 0.37 743 1 250 0.25 no 0.72 724 1 250 0.25 yes,35 degree celcius 0.375 37.55 2 500 0.25 no 1.75 87.56 2 500 0.25 no 1.75 87.5
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Glycerine Level
• B) The ratio of methanol and waste vegetable oil is found to be 25 percent to give the highest yield of biodiesel fuel.
# Volume of Voume of Ratio of WVO Final volume Yield percentageWVO (L) methanol (mL) to methanol of biodiesel of biodiesel
fuel (L) fuel (%)1 1 50 0.05 0.6 602 0.5 100 0.2 0.37 745 2 500 0.25 1.75 87.56 2 500 0.25 1.75 87.5
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Glycerine
C) Multi step filtration needed in order to remove the glycerine in biodiesel fuel content, give highest yield of biodiesel fuel
# Volume of Voume of Ratio of WVO Cycle of Final volume Yield percentageWVO (L) methanol (mL) to methanol filtering of biodiesel of biodiesel
oil (L) fuel (%)1 1 50 0.05 1 0.6 602 0.5 100 0.2 2 0.37 743 1 250 0.25 2 0.72 724 1 250 0.25 2 0.35 355 2 500 0.25 3 1.75 87.56 2 500 0.25 3 1.75 87.5
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Properties of Biodiesel Fuel
Viscosity, Heat value
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Fact Sheet
• Important property
• Higher viscosity
• lower density• Lower heat
combustion 130,0006.610.88Biodiesel
B100
138,0002.430.85Biodiesel B20
140,0001.9060.846Diesel #1
Heat Value BTU/gal(From reference)
kinematicviscositycSt(From test data)
DensityKg/L(From reference)
At 20 degree Celsius
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Viscosity
• Impact atomization of the fuel being injected into the engine combustion chamber
• Large drop of fuel caused by high viscosity affect to combustion quality
• Burn not clean• Build up in the engine around valve, injector
tips and on piston sidewalls and ring• Fuel does not flow properly through filter and
engine injection system
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Viscosity
• Causes:Glycerine particlesFood particle
• Blend with diesel , viscosity is closer to diesel #1
6.609Biodiesel B100
2.431Biodiesel B20
2.038Biodiesel B51.906Diesel #1
Kinematics ViscositycSt
Fuel
After B
lending
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Viscosity versus Temperature
• B100 increase faster than biodiesel blend and diesel
• B5/B20 behave similar to Diesel #1
Viscosity versus Temperature (from test data)
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.0
0 20 40 60 80
temperature (degree celcius)
kine
mat
ic v
isco
sity
(cts
)
B100B20B5Diesel #1water
24-18°C
26.6°C 65.5°C
Viscosity
SSU
Temperature F
Diesel NO.1 Biodiesel B100
Limit of easy pump ability
17°C
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Heating Block
• Heat block can be provided to heat up the fuel to operating temperature
• E.g. Heat up the fuel tank to 17°C when ambient temperature is -18°C to ensure flowing of biodiesel fuel B100
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Engine Performance TestExhaust temperature, Fuel consumption, maintenance
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Introduction
• Further determine the performance of biodiesel fuel in a real engine running situation.
• B5, B20 and diesel • Fuel consumption,
exhaust temperature
Testing machine
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Test Description
• Diesel Engine, 28hp, 10 years
• used for clearing light snow during winter
• runs in idle state for at least two hours daily
Testing machine
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A. Fuel Consumption
• Volume of the fuel used in per minute engine running (L/min)
Fuel consumption versus ambient temperature
00.0050.01
0.0150.02
0.0250.03
0.0350.04
0.0450.05
-30 -20 -10 0 10Ambient Temperature, C ©
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n, L
/min
Biodiesel B5DieselBiodiesel B20
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• Not causing increase of fuel consumption
• low fuel consumption around -20°C to -5°C
• Behave the same as diesel
Fuel tank
A. Fuel Consumption
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B. Exhaust pipe temperature
• Temperature of gases from exhaust pipe
Exhaust temperature versus ambient temperature
110115120125130135140145150155160
-30 -20 -10 0 10Ambient Temperature (C)
Exha
ust T
empe
ratu
re (C
)
Biodiesel B5DieselBiodiesel B20
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B. Exhaust pipe temperature
• high exhaust temperature at lower ambient temperature
• Lower exhaust temperature with higher blend with constant ambient temperature
132°C-13°CBiodiesel B5
130°C-13°CBiodiesel B20
139°C-13°CDiesel
Exhaust Temperature
Ambient T
Exhaust Pipe
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Maintenance
• Diesel equipment can run with biodiesel fuel without creating engine problem– Filter behaves like normal condition– Filter has less water – Engine Oil is cleaner– No congestion along fuel lines
Inside the filter Outside the filter Engine oil
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Drivers feedback
• No problem with clearing the snow
• No problem with starting the machine
• No problem in running under temperature -20 degree Celsius
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Comparing with other report
• Montreal Biobus Report• Testing during a whole year
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Overall recommendation
• Good Quality of filtering and right recipe• Heating Block Concept for using high
blend biodiesel fuel • B20 is feasible under -20 degree Celsius
– However, take certain precautions – Adequate training for technical worker
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Acknowledgements
• Advisors: Dr. Eric Bibeau and Mr. D. Paul Zanetel, M.A.Sc., P.Eng
• Chemistry Department– Dr. Norman R. Hunter, Professor and Head of Chemistry
Department– Dr. Hultin, Professor of Chemistry Department
• Physical Plant General service– Mr. Ed Rzeszutek, B.A., Manager – Mr. Larry Rudniski, assistance manager – Mr. Dave Wikdahl, Senior Groundskeeper– Mr. Wally Enonchuk, Mechanic,
• Daily Bread Café & Catering: Mr. Ian Park ,Manager • Amy Jenkins, Environmental Science final year student
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Q & A
Thanks