performance of renewable diesel fuels · 7/8/2011 · advanced biofuel • 50% reduction in ghg...

Performance of Renewable Diesel Fuels

Bob McCormick

July 8, 2011Washington, DC

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

NREL Technology Areas

Advanced Vehicles and FuelsBiomass Buildings Ancillary

d d

Energy Storage

Buildings Electric Infrastructure Systems Energy Analysis

Batteries

UltraCaps

Loads ReductionCombustion and Fuel

End Use

Geothermal Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Solar

Plug‐In Hybrids

Solar Wind

Power Electronics

DOE EERE Vehicle Technologies ProgramFocus on reduction in petroleum consumption:• Improved vehicle efficiency

NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

Improved vehicle efficiency• Replace petroleum with electricity and biofuels

2

Non-Petroleum Based Fuels Program at NREL

Objective: Solve technical problems that are preventing expanded markets for current and future biofuels and biofuel blends

Solving problems for current biofuels and early identification of problems for

Ensuring that biofuels are Ongoing projects (partial list)

future/proposed biofuels – valuable information for planning future R&D

compatible with engines• Quality specifications (ASTM), test

methods, and surveys

• Biodiesel (B20) affect on emission control catalyst durability

• Biodiesel (B20) impact on engine lubricants

• Distribution and infrastructure• Fuel-wetted parts• Lubricant interactions

lubricants• Causes of cold weather operational

issues for biodiesel blends• Hydrocarbon renewable diesel

• Combustion and emissions formation

• Compatibility with emission control t t

chemistry, properties, and performance• Mid-level ethanol blends affects on

emissions and durability• Effect of cellulose-derived oxygenates


system components• Air quality impacts

Effect of cellulose derived oxygenates on gasoline properties and emissions

3

2007 EISA Renewable Fuel Standard

40Advanced Biofuel: UnspecifiedAd d Bi f l Bi B d Di l

30

35Advanced Biofuel: Biomass-Based DieselAdvanced Biofuel: Cellulosic BiofuelConventional Biofuel

20

25

on G

allo

ns

10

15Bill

i

0

5

9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

RFS1 – 7.5 bg in 2012


2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

4

Advanced & Cellulosic Diesel Biofuels

Advanced Biofuel• 50% reduction in GHG emissions, EPA approved

P d ti P P th F d t k P th• Production Process Path + Feedstock Path

• Biomass-based diesel—Approved by EPA• Biodiesel: from soy, canola, animal fat, waste greaseBiodiesel: from soy, canola, animal fat, waste grease• Hydrotreated Renewable Diesel: from same feedstocks

• Renewable fuel from coprocessing with petroleum from fapproved feedstock pathways

• Other future processes approved by EPAOther fuel derived from cellulosic biomass• Other fuel derived from cellulosic biomass

Cellulosic Biofuel• 60% reduction in GHG emission


• 60% reduction in GHG emission• Derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin

5

Biomass-Based Diesel Options

At commercial scale

BiodieselProductionOils and

Greases

Biodiesel

Hydrotreating(Algae) Renewable Diesel

d l

Sugar: corn, cane,

BiochemicalConversion

Renewable Diesel

Biodiesel

or biomass CatalyticReforming

Renewable Diesel Pilot scale

Ligno‐cellulosic Bi

Fast Pyrolysis‐Hydrotreating Renewable Diesel


Biomass Gasification‐FT Synthesis

FT‐Diesel/ Renewable Diesel

– Demonstrated

6

R hl 2 billi ll

Market Status of Biodiesel100•Roughly 2 billion gallon per

year current resource–Market demand is leading to lio

n G

allo

ns

80

100

Record volume in May 2011

gincreased grease collection

–Potential for new oil-seed crops or increased yield in conventional ro

duct

ion,

Mil

40

60

ycrops

–Corn oil recovery from ethanol production M

onth

ly P

r

0

20

2 3 4 5 6 8 9 0p

–Longer-term, algae may provide a large feedstock resource

•Renewable Fuel Standard

20012002

20032004

20052006

20072008

20092010

•Renewable Fuel Standard mandates 1 billion gallon market in 2012


•More than 800 million gallons anticipated in 2011

• Mature ASTM specification eliminates

Performance of Biodiesel• Mature ASTM specification eliminates

performance problems seen in the past• 90+% of volume meets ASTM (2009)( )

– 80% of production today is from BQ-9000 companies– Ensures B100 meets ASTM quality requirements

• Oxygen adds lubricity PM reduction• Oxygen adds lubricity, PM reduction, biodegradability vs. hydrocarbons

– Naturally high cetane, ultra-low sulfur

• Modern emission controls largely eliminate fuel effects on emissions

– No biodiesel effect on NOx even for– No biodiesel effect on NOx, even for B100 in some tests

• Ongoing research to ensure no effect t l t d bilit


on catalyst durability• B20 had no impact on fuel economy

2010 VW Jetta – 2.0L TDI, DOC+DPF+LNT, Tier II Bin 5

Market Status of Renewable DieselC i l d ti i US f lt f t t•Commercial production in US from poultry fat at one location

– 70 million gal/year capacityg y p y– Meets diesel properties outlined in ASTM D975 for petrodiesel

– ASTM may require additional controls for minor components– Hydrocarbon with very low oxygen sulfur and other impuritiesHydrocarbon with very low oxygen, sulfur, and other impurities– High cetane number– Cloud point can be varied seasonally

•Pilot scale production from sugar (via biochemical route)– Product is a single hydrocarbon compound– Excellent diesel fuel propertiesp p– Very low freezing point, potential use as jet fuel

•Smaller scale production from sugar (catalytic reforming) d bi (f t l i /h d t ti )


and biomass (fast pyrolysis/hydrotreating)– We have not yet been able to test these materials

9

Performance of Renewable Diesel2

• High cetane number and low aromatic content cause reduction in formation of NOx and fine particles

Rel

ativ

e to

ULS

Dyc

le

-4

-2

0

• Modern emissions controls eliminates fuel effects

• High purity materials: Perc

ent C

hang

e R

HD

DT

Cy

-8

-6

-4

High purity materials:• No impact on catalyst durability• Require additives for lubricity,

conductivity and corrosion

A RD20 A RD100 B RD20 B RD35 D RD20 D RD100

NO

x,

-12

-10

2008 Pickup Truck Engine, DOC-DPF HD i tifi ticonductivity, and corrosion

protection • As does conventional diesel

Will t i ll b d bl d

DPF, HD engine certification

• Will typically be used as a blend component because of high quality

• Small reduction in fuel economy in

NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 10

some engines• Lower btu/gal than petroleum diesel

Petroleum Use and GHG Emission Effects• RFS2 rulemaking certifies:

• Biodiesel and hydrotreated renewable diesel from soy, canola, waste oils, fats and greases as providing 50% GHG emission reductiong p g

• Comprehensive analysis by EPA

• Recent analysis (ANL/ESD/08-2):• Soy oil-derived biofuels• Potential for even larger GHG

emission reductions Emis

sion

s

-20

0

• 90% reduction in petroleum usage for both biodiesel and renewable diesel uc

tion

in G

HG

-60

-40

Rel

ativ

e R

edu

-100

-80

Energy allocation basis


Biodiesel RD I RD II100

SummaryRenewable Fuel Standard will require increasing amounts• Renewable Fuel Standard will require increasing amounts of biomass-based diesel/advanced biofuel

• Biodiesel and hydrocarbon renewable diesel y• Meet the greenhouse gas emission reduction requirements for

Advanced Biofuel under RFS2• Provide additional large petroleum displacement over thatProvide additional, large petroleum displacement over that

already provided by high efficiency of diesel engine

• Combined with modern engine and emission control t h l bi di l d bl di l idtechnology, biodiesel and renewable diesel provide:

• Fuel blends acceptable for legacy vehicles• High efficiency• Low petroleum usage• Low tailpipe emissions• Significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions


Significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions

Thank you! [email protected]

performance of renewable diesel fuels · 7/8/2011 · advanced biofuel • 50% reduction in ghg...

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