performance report - landsnet€¦ · authors: kjartan sigurjónsson, ragnar stefánsson,...

0

Landsnet-14011

Performance Report

2013

April 2014

2

Landsnet-14011

Performance report 2013

4

Upplýsingablað

Report nr: 14011 Date: 18. April 2014

Number of pages: 30 Copies: 30 Distribution: Open Closet to

Title: Performance report 2013

Authors: Kjartan Sigurjónsson, Ragnar Stefánsson, Hallgrímur Halldórsson og Jón Vilhjálmsson (Verkfræðistofan Efla)

Project manager: Íris Baldursdóttir

Prepared for: Landsnet

Collaborating:

Abstract: This report shows statistic about security of supply in the Icelandic power system, outages and voltage and frequency quality. Also general information on Landsnet and the transmission system in Iceland is shown here.

Lykilorð: Performance report 2013, disturbances, faults, system minutes, frequency, voltage, transmission system

ISBN nr:

ISSN nr:

Approved for publication

Date. 18.04.2014

6

Contents

Summary ............................................................................................................ 8 Iceland’s transmission system 2013 .................................................................. 8 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 Security of supply ............................................................................................. 10

Power Interruption Index ............................................................................................................. 12 Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes ............................................................................ 12 Sysem minutes ........................................................................................................................... 14 Power Energy Curtailment Index ................................................................................................... 14 Power Supply Average Curtailment er Disturbance .......................................................................... 14 Index of reliability ..................................................................................................................... 154

Grid disturbances ............................................................................................. 15 Number of faults ....................................................................................................................... 156 Faults in substations .................................................................................................................. 167 Faults on lines and cables ........................................................................................................... 168

Voltage and frequency quality .......................................................................... 19 Frequency .................................................................................................................................. 19 Voltage ...................................................................................................................................... 19

General information on Landsnet and the transmission system ....................... 21 Role........................................................................................................................................... 21 Vision for the future..................................................................................................................... 21 Values ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Landsnet’s Organisation ............................................................................................................... 22

Transmission system’s high-voltage transmissionlines .................................... 23 Transmission system’s substations .................................................................. 25 Annex 1. Definition of indexes for security of supply ........................................ 27

8

Summary

The following key figures apply to Landsnet's transmission system in 2013.

Goals for security of supply

2013 Target

Power Interruption Index 0,50 Under 0,85

Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes

17,9 Under 50

System Minutes One disturbance was longer

than 10 system minutes, see page 12

No disturbance longer than 10 system

minutes

Statistics from operations

Total feed-in to the transmission system 17.487 GWh

Highest average power of feed-in (hour value) 2.236 MW

Total load on the transmission system 17.113 GWh

Highest average power of the load (hour value) 2.193 MW

Transmission losses 374 GWh

Number of grid disturbances 52

Number of grid disturbances leading to curtailment 30

Number of faults 56

Number of faults leading to curtailment 30

Total energy not supplied due to faults 595,8 MWh

Reserve fossil fuel generation due to faults 1.379 MWh

Iceland's transmission system 2013

9

Introduction

Landsnet's 2013 Performance Report contains a summary of information from the transmission

system. The report, moreover, takes account of Landsnet's duties according to Regulation No.

1048/2004 on the quality of electricity and security of supply, contains statistics for 2013 and

compares these with statistics from the previous 10 years.

Registered grid disturbances decreased in 2013 as compared with the preceding year. The number

of grid disturbances was 85 in 2012, compared with 52 in 2013. There was also a decreased number

of faults ‒ from 98 in 2012 to 56 in 2013. The number of registered grid disturbances in substations

decreased, as did the number of grid disturbances in high-voltage power lines. The 10-year average

number of grid disturbances is 49.

The number of grid disturbances leading to curtailment of load was 30, as compared with 55 in the

year before. Energy not supplied due to grid disturbances in the transmission system totalled 596

MWh in 2013. Calculated outage duration was 17.9 minutes, much shorter than in 2012, when outage

minutes were 180.4. The year's goal was 50 minutes or less and was achieved.

Frequency in the electricity system was well within the tolerance margins defined in the Regulation.

Landsnet's internal goals as regards frequency quality state that in each month, 99.5% of frequency

measurements must be within limits that are 50 Hz +/- 0.2 Hz, taking account of a 10-second

average value. The frequency during all the months of the year was within these limits, meaning that

the target was achieved. For the whole year, 99.8% of the frequency measurements where within

those limits.

According to the Regulation on the quality of electricity and security of supply No. 1048/2004,

electricity companies must measure the voltage characteristics in accordance with the ÍST EN 50160

standard. Landsnet is under obligation to take sample measurements from at least 5 load points in

substations each year. At the 5 substations where Landsnet took sample measurements in 2013,

using precise quality measuring devices, the quality requirements were not met at Brennimelur 132

kV due to voltage flickers and at Laxárvatn 66 kV due to voltage harmonics.

According to the same Regulation, delivery voltage must be within limits that are +/-10%. More

stringent requirements are made to delivery voltage to power-intensive industries. Landsnet has

defined these limits as being -9% and +5%. These limits, therefore, are taken into account when

voltage quality in the 220kV system is assessed. The results from measurements in the energy

management system, which are continuous throughout the year, show that values exceeded limits

in some cases. These deviations can all be traced to lack of voltage due to malfunctions or

maintenance of the delivery location in question.

10

Security of supply

The year 2013 started in a similar manner as the year 2012 ended – with much work on repairing

transmission equipment but over the whole year the number of disturbances was similar to the long

term average. Landsnet’s staff was busy the whole year due to repairment of faulted equipment and

work on extension of the system. Despite the heavy load all traditional maintenance of substations

and transmission lines was performed. Maintenance and operational work also went well and it was

possible to perform scheduled inspections and adjustments.

A total of 52 disturbances were registered in 2013 with 56 faults, so more than one fault occurred in

some of the disturbances. The years´s largest disturbances occurred in January, September and

December and most often due to weather. Energy not supplied in 2013 due to unplanned grid

interruptions totalled 596 MWh or 17.9 outage minutes. Energy not supplied in disturbances

originating outside the transmission system totalled 160 MWh.

Main disturbances 2013

On 2 January, Táknafjarðarlína 1 tripped twice due to salt on insulators. Energy not supplied was assessed at 21 MWh.

On 3 January, a fault occurred on a current transformer on Selfosslína 1 at Ljósafoss and all load

supplied on 66 kV was disconnected. Energy not supplied was assessed at 16 MWh.

On 26 and 27 January, a storm hit the country with snowfall and ice build-up on transmission lines

especially on West Fjord and north-east Iceland. Both Bolungarvíkurlína 1 and Breiðadalslína 1 went

out of operation. The second line sustained heavy damage as one conductor was torn apart and a

few towers broke down. Energy not supplied was assessed at 391 MWh.

On 23 February, a heavy load, about 330 MW, went out of operation at an industrial user in south-

west Iceland. The transmission operation system met this by dividing the system into four island

systems. During the build-up phase when the south-west and north-west systems were connected

together one generator went out of operation and resulted in a blackout of the area from Blanda to

Hólar. The blackout was only for 12 seconds as synchronizing of Blanda was in operation and the

breaker there energized the system. Therefore the system from Blanda to Hólar was energized and

the voltage level in northern- and eastern Iceland was high for a while. Energy not supplied was

assessed at 62 MWh.

On 15 and 16 September, a very bad weather swept the country with northern wind, rain/snow

with ice build-up on transmission lines in Northeast Iceland. At the same time it was very windy in

southern Iceland near Vatnajökull. Extra manpower was prepared to be available if there would be

some outages. Also generation was set such that the system was in as good condition as possible to

be able to handle outages. First Laxárlína was disconnected from the system then Sigöldulína

4/Prestbakkalína 1 went out of operation twice in a short time interval. Due to high wind it was hard

to keep the lines in operation and in the end they had tripped 7-8 times. Also heavy ice was on

Kröflulína 1 resulting in an outage of the line. During this weather at least five towers in Laxárlína 1

broke down. Energy not supplied was assessed at 4 MWh.

On 25 September, a very large industrial user in south-western Iceland went out of operation

without any notice and due to that some other users in the area had part of their load curtailed. In

total 700 MW were disconnected from the system with large influence on the power system. The

transmission operation system met this by dividing the system into two island systems which saved

the north-eastern part of the system. The system frequency in the south-western island system

increased to 52.97 Hz and also the voltage increased. As a result a few generator went out of

operation in the south-west system such as two in the Þjórsá-Tungnaá area, six in Sog and three on

Reykjanes. This influenced some consumption such as traffic lights in Reykjavík and some backup

generators came into operation. Five hours later the system was again in normal condition. Energy

not supplied was assessed at 46.5 MWh.

On 13 December, Sigöldulína 4/Prestbakkalína 1 tripped in a storm with wind over 45 m/s. The

system operation split he system into two islands and low frequency in the south-west resulted in

tripping of loads at heavy industrial users. Energy not supplied was assessed at 11 MWh.

11

On 23 and 24 December, an adverse weather struck with heavy rainfall/snow and wind over 40

m/s in West Fjord. Geiradalslína 1 tripped resulting in blackout in the area. Electricity was soon

restored but the line tripped again. Until midnight the line tripped four times and then reserve diesel

generating units were put into operation and they were generating electricity until next morning

when the system was stable again. Energy not supplied was assessed at 6.65 MWh.

On 25 and 26 December, there was a heavy ice build-up on transmission lines in eastern Iceland

with damages on transmission lines resulting in grid disturbances that did not end until mid of January

2014. Stuðlalína 2 and Kópaskerslína 1 tripped on Christmas day and inspection on Stuðlalína 2

showed ten broken towers. On the second day of Christmas Vopnafjarðarlína 1 tripped due to ice

and one conductor had torn apart and one tower broke down. Repair was difficult due to bad weather,

heavy snow, continuous icing and fog. Landsnet’s employee and contractors did a remarkable work

on repairing the lines in difficult weather conditions. Energy not supplied was assessed at 1.9 MWh.

On 30 December, an adverse weather hit the country with heavy wind and ice build-up in West

Fjord resulted in tripping of Breidadalslina 1. Energy not supplied was assessed at 1.78 MWh.

Figure 1 shows the distribution of energy curtailment within the year. One curtailment is over

350 MWh and that was on January 26-27. Other curtailments were less than 100 MWh. In accordance

with Regulation No. 1048/2004 on the quality of electricity and security of supply, Landsnet's security

of delivery is assessed on the basis of the following indexes. Landsnet is under obligation to establish

goals for itself as regards the first three:

1) Power Interruption Index

2) Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes

3) System Minutes

4) Power Energy Curtailment Index

5) Power Supply Average Curtailment per Disturbance

6) Index of Reliability

Figure 1

These indexes have been calculated for 2013 and will be discussed below. Moreover, a comparison

will be made with the past 10 years. The calculations of the indexes include all grid disturbances in

the transmission system.

The origin of the grid disturbances is indicated in the following figures, showing whether they are in

Landsnet's system or originate in the systems of other utilities that have an effect on Landsnet's

system. These may involve grid disturbances in the systems of energy producers and energy users.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1.1.2013 1.2.2013 1.3.2013 1.4.2013 1.5.2013 1.6.2013 1.7.2013 1.8.2013 1.9.2013 1.10.2013 1.11.2013 1.12.2013

Curtailment MWh

Distribution of energy curtailment in 2013

Due to disurbances originating outside the transmission system

Due to disturbances in the tranmission system

12

Power Interruption Index (SRA)

The Power Interruption Index for 2013 is 0,50. Landsnet's goal of 0.85, therefore, was achieved.

Figure 2 shows the transmission system's Power Interruption Index over the past 10 years.

Figure 2

Figure 3


Outage minutes have hitherto been one of the main indicators of the transmission system's security

of supply. Over the past few years, Landsnet's goal has been to ensure that outage minutes do not

exceed 50 minutes per year. Outage minutes in 2013 were 17.9 minutes and the goal therefore

achieved as this is the lowest value over the last decade as can be seen in figure 3. Unsupplied

energy from the transmission system caused by disturbances in other systems, such as generation

systems, distribution systems or at major users, are not included in the main results for the

transmission system. Nevertheless, a proportion of these curtailments are shown separately in the

figures.

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Power Interruption Index in

Landsnet's transmission system

Due to disurbances originating

outside the transmission system

Due to disturbances in the

tranmission system

MW/MWár

SRA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Outage-

minutes

Outage minutes due to disturbances

Due to disurbances originating outside

the transmission systemDue to disturbances in the tranmission

system

SMS

13

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figures 4 and 5 show outage minutes calculated for power-intensive industries on the one hand and

distribution systems on the other. As the figures show, outages to power-intensive industries due to disturbances in the transmission system were few in 2009 to 2011 but increased in 2012 and decreased again in 2013. Outage minutes calculated for delivery to general distribution systems

decreased significantly in 2013. Figure 6 shows the division of outage minutes according to the causes of disturbances.

Figure 6

Figure 7a

Figure 7a shows how many curtailment cases

are within determined time limits. The first

column shows the number of curtailment

instances lasting between 0–3 minutes, the

next column shows the number of curtailment

instances lasting between 3–30 minutes, etc.

The comparison with the 10-year period is

shown in Fig. 7b.

Table 1 shows the curtailment and calculated

duration of outages for customers owing to

grid disturbances in Landsnet's transmission

system in 2013. The outage time is calculated

from the ratio of unsupplied energy and

energy sales to each customer over the year.

The year 2012 is shown for comparison.

Figure 7b

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Outage minutes - energy intensive

industies

Due to disurbances originating outside the transmission system

Due to disturbances in the transmission system

Outage

minutes

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Outage

minutes

Outage minutes - distribution

systems

Due to disurbances originating

outside the transmission system

Due to disturbances in thetransmission system

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Outage

minutes

Division of outage minutes by cause

Other Human

Technical Weather

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0-3 min 3-30min

30-60min

1-12 hrs 12-24hrs

1-7 days More

Number

Number of curtailment events in

2013 with a particular duration of

disturbances

Lines and cables Substations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0-3 min 3-30min

30-60min

1-12 hrs 12-24hrs

1-7 days More

Average

number

Average number of curtailment

events in 2004-2013 with a

particular duration of

disturbances

Lines and cables Substations

14

Table 1: Interruptions affecting individual customers due to grid disturbances.

System Minutes

The System Minutes Index shows how serious

each case is. The severity of each case is

categorized as follows:

Category 0, instances are < 1 min

Category 1, instances are ≥ 1 and < 10 min

Category 2, instances are ≥ 10 and <100 min

Figure 8

Figure 9

Category 3, instances are ≥ 100 and < 1000

min

Landsnet's goal is to ensure that no grid

disturbance lasts more than 10 system

minutes. This goal was not achieved in 2013

as there was one disturbances in this category.

This disturbance occurred on January 27 and

is discussed on pages 7-8. Figure 8 shows the

division of system minutes into the above

categories over the past 10 years.

Figures 9–11 show the indexes that the

National Energy Authority (Orkustofnun) has

decided that Landsnet must measure. No

requirements, however, are made for specific

goals for these indexes.

Power Energy Curtailment Index

The Power Energy Curtailment Index

measures curtailed energy delivery, which is

the ratio of energy curtailment if the power

had been unchanged during the entire

curtailment period and the total power in the

system.

Power Supply Average

Curtailment per Disturbance

The Power Supply Average Curtailment per

Disturbance Index measures the average

curtailment of load, which is an indicator of the

average curtailment in each disturbance.

Index of Reliability

The Index of Reliability shows the reliability of

the system as a proportion of the number of

curtailed hours during the year.

LN

system

Other

systems

LN

system

Other

systems

LN

system

Total LN

system

Other

systems

LN

system

Other

systems

LN

system

Total

[Fjöldi] [Fjöldi] [M Wh] [M Wh] [d klst:min] [d klst:min] [Fjöldi] [Fjöldi] [M Wh] [M Wh] [d klst:min] [d klst:min]

Power-intensive industries, total 12 2 236,5 23,3 0 00:08 0 00:09 9 1 2834,4 9,2 0 01:46 0 01:46

HS Veitur, primary energy 3 1 11,3 14,9 0 00:12 0 00:29 5 0 5,3 0,0 0 00:06 0 00:06

HS Veitur, secondary energy 1 1 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 6 0 24,5 0,0 0 01:51 0 01:51

Norðurorka, primary energy 1 0 0,1 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 1 0 31,4 0,0 0 02:57 0 02:57

Norðurorka, secondary energy 1 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 1 0 8,1 0,0 0 03:59 0 03:59

Orkubú Vestf jarða, primary energy 34 0 422,2 0,0 1 12:50 1 12:50 32 0 1132,8 0,0 4 06:58 4 06:58

Orkubú Vestf jarða, secondary energy 48 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 32 0 41,1 0,0 0 03:42 0 03:42

Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, primary energy 0 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 3 0 76,9 0,0 0 00:36 0 00:36

Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, secondary energy 0 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00

RARIK, primary energy 10 0 32,6 0,0 0 00:20 0 00:20 70 6 1551,5 20,5 0 16:10 0 16:23

RARIK, secondary energy 40 0 0,1 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 24 1 65,9 0,6 0 02:53 0 02:55

Rafveita Reyðarf jarðar, primary energy 1 0 3,2 0,0 0 01:06 0 01:06 1 0 6,5 0,0 0 02:18 0 02:18

C ust omer

N o . o f event s U nsupp lied energy Out age durat ion No. of events Unsupplied energy Outage durat ion

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number

Classification of disturbances

by system minutes

Category 3 Category 2

Category 1 Category 0

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

MWh/

MWyear

SSOLandsnet's system

Landsnet's system and others


15

Figure 10

Figure 11

Grid disturbances

A grid disturbance is an unexpected event that can cause automatic or manual disconnection of a

unit in the transmission system or in the event of a failed reconnection after a malfunction. Each grid

disturbance, therefore, may involve more than one fault. This means that the number of faults will

always be equal to or greater than the number of grid disturbances. On registering grid disturbances,

each fault is classified, e.g. according to type, unit that caused the failure and the cause.

There were considerably fewer grid disturbances in 2013 than in the preceding year, or a total of 52

disturbances involving 56 faults. The average number of grid disturbances over the last 10 years for

the same size of transmission system are 49 involving 61 faults.

Figure 12 shows the number of grid disturbances in the transmission system over the past 10 years.

The figure show the division of cases according to the location of the disturbance, i.e. in substations,

on lines/cables or whether system disturbances are involved. Figure 13 shows the division of grid

disturbances by cause.

System disturbance is defined as follows:

A forced outage which result from system effects or conditions and is not caused by an event directly

associated with the component or unit being reported. If, e.g., voltage fluctuations or deviations in

frequency cause units to disconnect from operation or if users are disconnected for such reasons,

then the event is a system disturbance. Non-selective tripping at customers for these reasons,

however, are not considered system malfunctions.

Figure 12

Figure 13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

MW/

disturbance

Landsnet's system


Average Curtailment Per Disturbance

SMA

0,9995

0,9996

0,9997

0,9998

0,9999

1,0000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Proportion

Landsnet's system


Index of reliability

AS

0

20

40

60

80

100

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number

Number of disturbances

Sysem failures

Lines and cables

Substations

0

20

40

60

80

100

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number


Other Human

Technical Weather

Mynd 9

16

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 17

Figure 19

Number of faults

A total of 56 faults were registered in 2013, up

from 98 faults in the previous year. The

following figures shows the faults last ten

years and comparison between different

categories.

Figure 16

Figure 18

Figure 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number

Numer of faults in the

transmission system

System failures

Lines and cables

Substations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

jan feb mar apr maí jún júl ágú sep okt nóv des

Average

number

No of faults in the transmission

system by months -

Average of past 10 years

System failures

Lines and cables

Substations

2004 - 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number

Number of faults by voltage

Without voltage 11 kV

66/33 kV 132 kV

220 kV

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0-3 min 3-30 min 30-60min

1-12 hrs 12-24hrs

1-7 days More

Number

Classification of faults by

duration

2013

Average 2004-2013

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

jan feb mar apr maí jún júl ágú sep okt nóv des

Number

Number of faults in the

transmission system by month

System failures

Lines and cables

Substations

2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number


Divided according to cause

Other Human

Technical Weather

0 10 20 30 40 50

Capacitors

Power…

Control…

Disconnect…

Circuit…

Bus bar

Surge…

Station,…

Overhead…

Cables

No unit

Number

Number of faults by types of

components

Meðal 2004-2013 2013

17

Faults in substations

There were 9 faults in substations in 2013, up

from 23 faults in the previous year. Faults in

substations are divided between stations as

shown by Figure 21. The 10-year average is

also shown for comparison. Figure 22 shows

the causes of faults in substations, as

compared with the 10-year average.

Figure 22

Figure 21

0

5

10

15

20

25

Number

Number of faults in substations

by cause

Average 2004-2013

2013

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Svartsengi

Rauðimelur

Öldugata

Rauðavatn

Sandskeið

Straumsvík -…

Varastöð -…

Geiradalur

Hrútatunga

Fljótsdalur

Prestbakki

Bessastaðir

Nesjavellir

Akranes

Andakíll

Hnoðraholt

Ólafsvík

Sauðárkrókur

Dalvík

Húsavík

Silfurstjarnan

Lindarbrekka

Seyðisfjörður

Neskaupstaður

Hvolsvöllur

Hveragerði

Stórurð

Vatnsfell -…

Korpa - aðveitustöð

Kolviðarhóll

Rauðimelur

Reykjanes

Varmahlíð

Teigarhorn

Grundarfjörður

Kópasker

Lagarfoss

Vopnafjörður

Fáskrúðsfjörður

Selfoss

Þorlákshöfn (…

Múrhúsaland

Sultartangi -…

Fitjar

Rangárvellir

Stuðlar

Hella

Keldeyri

Búrfell - aðveitustöð

Hrauneyjarfoss -…

Írafoss -…

Vatnshamrar

Laxárvatn

Vestmannaeyjar

Steingrímsstöð -…

Ljósafoss -…

Glerárskógar

Krafla - aðveitustöð

Vegamót

Vogaskeið

Rimakot

Breiðidalur

Flúðir

Geitháls

Eskifjörður

Laxá - aðveitustöð

Hólar

Mjólká

Hryggstekkur

Eyvindará

Blanda -…

Sigalda -…

Fljótsdalur

Brennimelur

Hamranes

Number of faults

Average 2004-2013

2013

18

Faults in lines and cables

There were 41 faults in overhead lines and

cables in 2013. The corresponding number for

2012 is 75. These faults are divided between operating voltage as shown by Figure 23. Figure 24 shows the cause of line faults in 2013, with the 10-year average shown for comparison.

Figures 25 to 27 show the average number of

faults per year for every 100 km over the past

10 years.

Figure 24

Figure 26

Figure 23

Figure 25

Figure 27

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Exernalinfluence

Technical Human Weather User'ssystem

Unknown

Number

Number of faults on overhead

lines and cables by cause

Average 2004-2013

2013

0 2 4 6 8

VA1MJ1GE1GL1

SI4, PB1SO2HT1SN1

KR2, FL2NE1

HO1, TE1NE2KR1BL2LV1RA1EY1BL1AD7RV1HF1KO1MF1RM1SM1RA2

Average number/100km/year

Average number of faults per

year on 132 kV lines per 100 km,

2004-2013

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Number

Number of faults on overhead lines

and cables per 100 km per year

33 kV 66 kV

132 kV 220 kV

0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4

NA1

BR1

KH1

HR1

FL3

FL4

HN1, HN2

SU1

BU2

BU3

SU3

BU1, SO3

IS1, IS2

JA1

SI2

SU2

SI3

VF1

NA2




2004-2013

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

HE2TA1BV2LA1IF1SE2GF1OL1FU1SF1BD1HV1SE1SA1SR1NK1KS1ES1TO1VP1LF1

HG1VE1FA1AN1SR2RI1VS1DA1HE1ST1VA2AK1LJ1




2004-2013

19

Voltage and frequency quality

Frequency

Landsnet monitors frequency and voltage quality

in the entire transmission system throughout the

year in the company's energy management

system. The system automatically registers

frequency values every two seconds. Results for

measurements at Geitháls have been processed,

as shown by Figure 28. The number of

measurement values is 2,723,368, the average

frequency value is 50.0 Hz and the standard

deviation of measurement values is 0.05250.

According to the Regulation on the quality of electricity and security of supply, the following

requirements on frequency in the electrical system apply:

System frequency shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions, the average operating

frequency measured over 10 seconds must be within the following limits:

50 Hz 1 % (þ.e. 49,5 – 50,5 Hz) 99,5 % of the time.

50 Hz +4 / -6 % (þ.e. 47 – 52 Hz) 100 % of the time.

The total time where frequency exceeded the 1% limit in 2013 is as follows:

>50.5 Hz = 21,3 minutes (0,0041 % of the time)

<49,5 Hz = 18,8 minutes (0,0036 % of the time).

According to this, the frequency was within limits 99.8159 % of the time, thereby meeting the

requirements.

In addition, Landsnet has set itself internal goals as regards frequency quality. These are:

The goal is to ensure that 99.5% of measurement values are within limits that are 50 Hz +/-

0.2 Hz in every month. A 10-second average value is used.

In 2013, frequencies were within these limits in every month of the year.

Voltage

Under the Regulation on the quality of electricity and security of supply No. 1048/2004, electricity

companies must measure voltage characteristics in accordance with the ÍST EN 50160 standard.

Landsnet is under obligation to take sample measurements from at least 5 delivery stations each

year. Special sample measurements were taken in 2013, using precise quality measuring

instruments, at the following delivery points:

Brennimelur, 132 kV

Laxárvatn, 132 kV

Fitjar, 132 kV

Hnoðraholt, 132 kV

Glerárskógar, 132 kV

Measurements were taken continuously for at least one week at each location. Quality requirements

were not met at Brennimelur and Laxárvatn. Requirements concerning voltage flicker were not met

at Brennimelur and at Laxárvatn harmonics requirements were not fulfilled.

Figure 28

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

49,00 49,20 49,40 49,60 49,80 50,00 50,20 50,40 50,60 50,80 51,00

Percentage

Hz

Frequency quality 2013 Ratio of measurement values

20

Figures 29 to 36 show the voltage values for delivery points in the transmission system. An

examination is made of the distribution of 5-minute values in all cases. The measurements are taken

from the energy management system.

According to the Regulation, delivery voltage must be within defined limits, which are ±10%. More

stringent requirements are made to delivery voltage for power-intensive industries. In such cases,

the limits of delivery voltage have been defined as +5%/-9%. These limits, therefore, are taken into

account when the 220kV system is assessed. The results show that values exceeded limits in some

cases. These deviations can all be traced to lack of voltage due to faults or maintenance at the

delivery point in question.

Fifure 29

Figure 30

Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Figure 34

Figure 35

Figure 36

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

35.000

40.000

45.000

200

202

204

206

208

210

212

214

216

218

220

222

224

226

228

230

232

234

BRE_AT

HAM_AT

FJA_AT

FJA_BT

Quality of voltage delivery,220 kV

2013

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

118

120

122

124

126

128

130

132

134

136

138

140

142

144

146

GED

GLE

HOL

HRU

HRY

LAV

PRE

TEH

VAR

Quality of voltage delivery

outside South-west Iceland, 132 kV

2013

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

35.000

40.000

45.000

50.000

118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146

FIT

GEH

HAM

KOR

OLD

SVA

Quality of voltage deliveryin South-west Iceland, 132 kV

2013

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

AND

BRE

GRU

OLA

VAT

VEG

VOG

Quality of voltage deliveryin West Iceland, 66 kV

2013

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

80.000

90.000

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

BOL

BRD

ISA

KEL

MJO

Quality of voltage deliveryin Westfjords, 66 kV

2013

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

DAL

KOP

LAX

LIN

RAN

SAU

SIS

Quality of voltage deliveryin North Iceland, 66 kV

2013

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

500.000

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

ESK

EYV

FAS

LAG

NKS

SEY

STU

VOP

Quality of voltage deliveryin East Iceland, 66 kV

2013

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

70.000

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

FLU

HLA

HVE

HVO

LJO

RIM

SEL

TOR

Qulity of voltage deliveryin South Iceland, 66 kV

2013

21

General information on Landsnet and the transmission

system

Role

Landsnet's role is defined by the Electricity Act No. 65/2003 as operating Iceland’s electricity

transmission system. This includes:

Ensuring and maintaining the transmission system´s capacities on a long-term basis and the

electricity system’s security

Maintaining a balance between electricity supply and demand

Administering the settlement of power transmitted in the Icelandic transmission system and

promoting an active electricity market.

Landsnet operates under a concession arrangement granted by the Ministry of Industries and

Innovation. The company’s activities are subject to regulation by the National Energy Authority,

which determines the revenue framework on which Landsnet’s tariff is based.

Future vision

Landsnet’s vision for the future is to be a responsible and cutting-edge service company delivering

macroeconomic benefits whilst minimising any adverse environmental impacts of our operations.

Landsnet’s main customers are electricity generating companies, distribution system operators and

suppliers as well as power-intensive industries and electricity sale companies. We strive to provide

all stakeholders in the electricity market with access to information and data relating to power

generation and supply. To ensure effective competition, we maintain utmost confidentiality and

information security. We also provide various useful information on power transmission and the

electricity system’s condition at any given time.

Values

Landsnet's values form the basis of all its activities and the actions of its employees. They reflect

Landsnet’s role and vision and provide the foundation for the corporate culture the company strives

for.

Landsnet's values:

Reliability

Progress

Economy

Respect

Mynd 28

Mynd 30

Mynd 32

Mynd 34

Gæði afhendingarspennu 220 kV

Gæði afhendingarspennu Byggðalína 132 kV

22

Landsnet's Organisation

Landsnet's organisational chart in 2013:

23

Transmission system's high-voltage transmission lines

Landsnet’s transmission line system, 31 December 2013

Voltage Line KKS

code

First

year in

Connected substations Length

[kV] service [km]

220 Brennimelslína 1 BR1 1977 Geitháls - Brennimelur 59

Búðarhálslína 1 BH1 2013 Búðarháls - Langalda 6

Búrfellslína 1 BU1 1969 Búrfell - Írafoss 61

Búrfellslína 2 BU2 1973 Búrfell - Kolviðarhóll 86

Búrfellslína 3 BU3 1992 Búrfell - Hamranes 119

Fljótsdalslína 3 FL3 2007 Fljótsdalur - Reyðarfjörður 49

Fljótsdalslína 4 FL4 2007 Fljótsdalur - Reyðarfjörður 53

Hamraneslína 1 HN1 1969 Geitháls - Hamranes 15

Hamraneslína 2 HN2 1969 Geitháls - Hamranes 15

Hrauneyjafosslína 1 HR1 1982 Hrauneyjafoss - Sultartangi 20

Ísallína 1 IS1 1969 Hamranes - Ísal 2

Ísallína 2 IS2 1969 Hamranes - Ísal 2

Járnblendilína 1 JA1 1978 Brennimelur - Járnblendiv. 5

Kolviðarhólslína 1 KH1 1973 Kolviðarhóll - Geitháls 17

Norðurálslína 1 NA1 1998 Brennimelur - Norðurál 4

Norðurálslína 2 NA2 1998 Brennimelur - Norðurál 4

Sigöldulína 2 SI2 1982 Sigalda - Hrauneyjafoss 9

Sigöldulína 3 SI3 1975 Sigalda - Búrfell 37

Sogslína 3 SO3 1969 Írafoss - Geitháls 36

Sultartangalína 1 SU1 1982 Sultartangi - Brennimelur 122

Sultartangalína 2 SU2 1999 Sultartangi - Búrfell 13

Sultartangalína 3 SU3 2006 Sultartangi - Brennimelur 119

Vatnsfellslína 1 VF1 2001 Vatnsfell - Sigalda 6

Samtals 220 kV 857

132 Aðveitustöð 7 (lína/jarðstrengur) AD7 1990 Hamranes - Hnoðraholt 10

Blöndulína 1 BL1 1977 Blanda - Laxárvatn 33

Blöndulína 2 BL2 1977 Blanda - Varmahlíð 32

Eyvindarárlína 1 EY1 1977 Hryggstekkur - Eyvindará 28

Fitjalína 1 MF1 1991 Rauðimelur - Fitjar 7

Fljótsdalslína 2 (lína/jarðstrengur) FL2 1978 Fljótsdalur - Hryggstekkur 25

Geiradalslína 1 GE1 1980 Glerárskógar - Geiradalur 47

Glerárskógalína 1 GL1 1983 Hrútatunga - Glerárskógar 34

Hafnarfjörður 1 (jarðstrengur) HF1 1989 Hamranes - Hafnarfjörður 4

Hólalína 1 HO1 1981 Teigarhorn - Hólar 75

Hrútatungulína 1 HT1 1976 Vatnshamrar - Hrútatunga 77

Korpulína 1 KO1 1974 Geitháls - Korpa 6

Kröflulína 1 KR1 1977 Krafla-Rangárvellir 82

Kröflulína 2 KR2 1978 Krafla - Fljótsdalur 123

Laxárvatnslína 1 LV1 1976 Hrútatunga - Laxárvatn 73

Mjólkárlína 1 MJ1 1981 Geiradalur - Mjólká 81

Nesjavallalína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) NE1 1998 Nesjavellir - Korpa 32

Nesjavallalína 2 (jarðstrengur) NE2 2010 Nesjavellir - Geitháls 25

Prestbakkalína 1 PB1 1984 Hólar- Prestbakki 171

Rangárvallalína 1 RA1 1974 Rangárvellir - Varmahlíð 88

Rangárvallalína 2 (jarðstrengur) RA2 2009 Rangárvellir - Krossanes 5

Rauðamelslína 1 RM1 2006 Reykjanes - Rauðimelur 15

Rauðavatnslína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) RV1 1953 Geitháls - A12 3

Sigöldulína 4 SI4 1984 Sigalda - Prestbakki 78

Sogslína 2 SO2 1953 Írafoss - Geitháls 44

Stuðlalína 1 (jarðstrengur) SR1 2005 Hryggstekkur - Stuðlar 16

Suðurnesjalína 1 SN1 1991 Hamranes - Fitjar 31

Svartsengislína 1 SM1 1991 Svartsengi - Rauðimelur 5

Teigarhornslína 1 TE1 1981 Hyggstekkur - Teigarhorn 50

Vatnshamralína 1 VA1 1977 Vatnshamrar - Brennimelur 20

Total 132 kV 1317

24

66 Akraneslína 1 (jarðstrengur) AK1 1996 Brennimelur - Akranes 17

Andakílslína 1 AN1 1966 Andakíll - Akranes 35

Bolungarvíkurlína 1 BV1 1979 Breiðidalur - Bolungarvík 17

Bolungarvíkurlína 2 (jarðstrengur) BV2 2010 Ísafjörður - Bolungarvík 12

Breiðadalslína 1 BD1 1975 Mjólká - Breiðidalur 36

Dalvíkurlína 1 DA1 1982 Rangárvellir - Dalvík 39

Eskifjarðarlína 1 ES1 2001 Eyvindará - Eskifjörður 29

Fáskrúðsfjarðarlína 1 FA1 1989 Stuðlar - Fáskrúðsfjörður 17

Flúðalína 1 FU1 1978 Búrfell - Flúðir 27

Grundarfjarðarlína 1 GF1 1985 Vogaskeið - Grundarfjörður 35

Hellulína 1 HE1 1995 Flúðir - Hella 34

Hellulína 2 HE2 1948 Hella - Hvolsvöllur 13

Hveragerðislína 1 HG1 1982 Ljósifoss - Hveragerði 15

Hvolsvallarlína 1 HV1 1972 Búrfell - Hvolsvöllur 45

Ísafjarðarlína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) IF1 1959 Breiðidalur - Ísafjörður 15

Kópaskerslína 1 KS1 1983 Laxá - Kópasker 83

Lagarfosslína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) LF1 1971 Lagarfoss - Eyvindará 28

Laxárlína 1 LA1 1953 Laxá - Rangárvellir 58

Ljósafosslína 1 (jarðstrengur) LJ1 2002 Ljósifoss - Írafoss 1

Neskaupsstaðalína 1 NK1 1985 Eskifjörður - Neskaupstaður 18

Ólafsvíkurlína 1 OL1 1978 Vegamót - Ólafsvík 49

Rimakotslína 1 RI1 1988 Hvolsvöllur - Rimakot 22

Sauðárkrókslína 1 SA1 1974 Varmahlíð - Sauðárkrókur 22

Selfosslína 1 SE1 1981 Ljósifoss - Selfoss 20

Selfosslína 2 SE2 1947 Selfoss - Hella 32

Seyðisfjarðarlína 1 SF1 1996 Eyvindará - Seyðisfjörður 20

Steingrímsstöðvarlína 1

(lína/jarðstrengur) ST1 2003 Steingrímsstöð - Ljósafoss 3

Stuðlalína 2 SR2 1983 Stuðlar - Eskifjörður 18

Tálknafjarðarlína 1 TA1 1985 Mjólká - Keldeyri 45

Vatnshamralína 2 VA2 1974 Andakíll - Vatnshamrar 2

Vegamótalína 1 VE1 1974 Vatnshamrar - Vegamót 64

Vogaskeiðslína 1 VS1 1974 Vegamót - Vogaskeið 25

Vopnafjarðarlína 1 VP1 1980 Lagarfoss - Vopnafjörður 58

Þeistareykjalína 2 TR2 2013

Þeistareykir -

Höfuðreyðarmúli 11

Þorlákshafnarlína 1 TO1 1991 Hveragerði - Þorlákhöfn 19

Total 66 kV 987

33 Húsavíkurlína 1 HU1 1964 Laxá - Húsavík 26

Vestmannaeyjalína 1 (sæstrengur) VM1 1978 Vestmannaeyjar - Rimakot 15



Total 33 kV 73

Total 3234

25

Transmission system's substations

Landsnet’s substations 31. December 2013

Substations KKS

code Co-

owner Voltage First year

in service No. of

switchyard Number of

trannsformers

[kV] bays

Aðveitustöð 12 A12 OR 132 2006 1 1

Akranes AKR OR 66 1987 4 2

Andakíll AND OR 66 1974 3 1

Ásbrú ASB 33 2011 6 2

Bessastaðir BES 132/33 2003 3/2/1 2

Blanda BLA LV 132 1991 6 3

Bolungarvík BOL OV 66/11 1977 2/6 1

Breiðidalur BRD OV 66/33/19/11 1959 4/2/2/1 1

Brennimelur BRE RA 220/132/66/11 1978 9/4/2/10 3

Búðarháls BUD 220 2013 2 0

Búrfell BUR 220/66 1999 10/4 3

Dalvík DAL RA 66/33/11 1981 2/3/8 1

Eskifjörður ESK RA 66/33/11 1993 5/-/7 2

Eyvindará EYV RA 132/66/33/11 1975 1/6/1/8 3

Fáskrúðsfjörður FAS RA 66/33/11 1998 3/1/5 2

Fitjar FIT HS 132 1990 4 2

Fljótsdalur FLJ 220/132 2007 4/10 2

Flúðir FLU RA 66/11 1995 3/7 1

Geiradalur GED OV 132/33/19 1983 3/1/4 1

Geitháls GEH 220/132 1969 8/9/2 2

Glerárskógar GLE RA 132/19 1980 3/4 1

Grundarfjörður GRU RA 66/19 1987 1/6 1

Hamranes HAM 220/132/11 1989 8/8/10 3

Hella HLA RA 66/11 1995 4/6 1

Hnoðraholt HNO OR 132 1990 4 2

Hólar HOL RA 132/19/11 1984 4/1/9 2

Hrauneyjafoss HRA LV 220 1981 6 3

Hrútatunga HRU RA 132/19 1980 4/5 1

Hryggstekkur HRY RA 132/66/11 1978 5/1/4 1

Húsavík HUS RA 33/11/6 1978 2/1/4 2

Hveragerði HVE RA 66/11 1983 3/6 1

Hvolsvöllur HVO RA 66/11 1995 5/7 1

Írafoss IRA LV 220/132/66/11 1953 2/7/-/7 5

Ísafjörður ISA OV 66/11 1959 4/9 2

Keldeyri KEL OV 66/33/11 1959 2/2/3 1

Klafastaðir KLA 220/16 2013 1/4 1

Kolviðarhóll KOL 220 2006 6 0

Korpa KOR OR 132/33/11 1976 7/6/- 3

Kópasker KOP RA 66/33/11 1980 1/3/5 3

Krafla KRA LV 132/11 1977 4/- 2

Lagarfoss LAG RA 66 2007 5 0

Laxá LAX 66/33/11 1937 10/1/4 6

Laxárvatn LAV RA 132/33/11 1977 3/4/8 1

Lindarbrekka LIN RA 66/11 1985 1/4 1

Ljósafoss LJO LV 66/11 1937 6/7 2

Mjólká (neðra virki) MJO OV 66/33/11 1980 2/1/- 1

Mjólká (efra virki) MJO OV 132/66 1980 2/2 1

Nesjavellir NES OR 132 1998 7 4

Neskaupstaður NKS RA 66/11 1994 2/7 2

Ólafsvík OLA RA 66/19 1980 1/5 1

Prestbakki PRB RA 132/19 1984 3/1 1

Rangárvellir RAN RA 132/66/11 1974 9/8/8 3

Rauðimelur RAU 132 2006 3 0

Reykjanes REY HS 132 2006 1 0

Rimakot RIM RA 66/33/11 1990 1/5/2 2

Sauðárkrókur SAU RA 66/33/11 1977 3/1/8 2

26

Selfoss SEL RA 66/11 2005 5/15 3

Seyðisfjörður SEY RA 66/11 1957 1/9 1

Sigalda SIG LV 220/132 1977 4/1 1

Silfurstjarnan SIL RA 66/11 1992 1/3 1

Steingrímsstöð STE LV 66/11 1959 1/1 1

Stuðlar STU RA 132/66/11 1980 3/4/6 3

Sultartangi SUL 220/11 1999 6/- 2

Svartsengi SVA HS 132 1997 4 2

Teigarhorn TEH RA 132/33/11 2005 3/2/- 1

Varmahlíð VAR RA 132/66/11 1977 3/1/5 1

Vatnsfell VAF 220/11 2001 2 2

Vatnshamrar VAT RA 132/66/19 1976 3/5/6 3

Vegamót VEG RA 66/19 1975 4/4 1

Vestmannaeyjar VEM RA 33 2002 2 2

Vogaskeið VOG RA 66/19 1975 3/6 1

Vopnafjörður VOP RA 66/11 1982 1/6 1

Þeistareykir THR 66 2013 1 1

Þorlákshöfn TOR RA 66/11 1991 1/6 1

Öldugata OLD 132 1989 5 2

RA=Rarik

OV=Orkubú Vestfjarða

HS=Hitaveita Suðurnesja

LV=Landsvirkjun

OR=Orkuveita Reykjavíkur

27

Annex 1 Definition of indexes for security of supply

Power Interruption Index

This index is the ratio of the aggregate power curtailment and highest load on the system. The

following equation applies to this index:

yearMWMWP

PSRA

Max

i/

Where:

Pi: Power curtailment in curtailment i [MW]

PMax: Maximum total feed-in of the year into the transmission system /

distribution system [MW].


This index assesses how long the curtailment has prevailed based on energy curtailment and total

energy delivery. The following equation applies to this index:

yearutesE

ESMS

Total

i/min608760

Where:

Ei : Energy curtailment in disturbance i [MWh].

ETotal: Total energy delivery to customers [MWh].

System Minutes

Index that indicates the severity of each case of curtailed energy delivery. The following equation

applies to this index:

utesP

EKM

Max

min60*

Where:

E: Energy curtailment in disturbance [MWh].

PMax: Maximum load on the system, transmission system / distribution system

[MW].

28


This index is the ratio of energy curtailment if the load had been unchanged over the whole

curtailment period and the total load on the system. The following equation applies to this index:

Max

ii

P

PTSSO

* MW hour / MW year

Where:

Pi: Power curtailment MW, in curtailment i.

Ti: Duration of curtailment, hours.

PMax: Maximum load (one hour average) of feed-in, MW.

Power Supply Average Curtailment per Disturbance

This index is an indication of the average curtailment of each disturbance. The following equation

applies to this index:

N

PSMA

i MW / disturbance

Where: Pi: Load curtailment, MW, in disturbance i. N: No. of disturbances.

Index of Reliability

Index that shows the reliability of the system as a proportion of the number of hours during the year.

760.8

)(760.8 inhrsoutagedurationofAS

Where: Duration of outage is defined according to the Average Outage Duration

Index, outage minutes.

29

Landsnet hf. Gylfaflöt 9, 112 Reykjavík Sími 563 9300 Fax 563 9309 [email protected] www.landsnet.is

performance report - landsnet€¦ · authors: kjartan sigurjónsson, ragnar stefánsson,...

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