personal computer augmentative communication system on a ... · augmentative communication system...
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Assistive Technology
ISSN: 1040-0435 (Print) 1949-3614 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uaty20
Commercial Software as the Basis for anAugmentative Communication System on aPersonal Computer
Heidi M. Horstmann M.S. , Simon P. Levine Ph.D. & Ronald L. Kett M.S.
To cite this article: Heidi M. Horstmann M.S. , Simon P. Levine Ph.D. & Ronald L. Kett M.S.(1990) Commercial Software as the Basis for an Augmentative Communication System on aPersonal Computer, Assistive Technology, 2:1, 19-26, DOI: 10.1080/10400435.1990.10132143
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.1990.10132143
Published online: 22 Oct 2010.
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AP
PL
IED
RE
SE
AR
CH
Co
mm
erci
alS
oft
war
eas
the
Bas
isfo
ran
Au
gm
enta
tive
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
Sys
tem
on
aP
erso
nal
Co
mp
ute
r
Hei
diM
.Hor
stm
ann,
M.S
.,Si
mon
P.L
evin
e,Ph
.D.,
and
Ron
ald
L.K
ett,
M.S
.
Reh
abil
itat
ion
Eng
inee
ring
Pro
gram
,Dep
artm
ento
fPhy
sica
lM
edic
ine
and
Reh
abil
itat
ion,
Uni
vers
ity
ofM
ichi
gan,
An
nA
rbor
,M
ichi
gan
Ass
ist
Tec
hnoI
1990
;2:1
9-26
©19
90D
emos
Pub
lica
tion
s
Man
yse
ver
ely
spee
ch-i
mp
aire
din
div
idu
als
hav
ea
nee
do
rd
esir
eto
mai
nta
inth
eca
pab
ilit
yfo
rco
mp
u
teri
zed
spee
chg
ener
atio
nw
hil
ep
erfo
rmin
ga
var
iety
ofo
ther
com
pu
ter-
sup
po
rted
task
ssu
chas
wo
rdp
roc
essi
ng
,fi
nan
cial
anal
ysi
s,o
rd
atab
ase
man
agem
ent.
Cri
teri
aare
pre
sen
ted
for
aug
men
tati
ve
com
mu
nic
ati
on
syst
ems
that
bo
thin
corp
ora
tea
per
son
alco
m
pu
ter(
PC)
and
pro
vid
eca
pab
ilit
ies
forv
oic
eo
utp
utt
osa
tisf
yth
isre
qu
irem
ent.
Cu
rren
tap
pro
ach
esto
such
syst
ems
are
cate
go
rize
dan
dre
vie
wed
inli
gh
to
fth
ese
crit
eria
.A
new
met
ho
dis
then
des
crib
edin
wh
ich
wo
rdp
roce
ssin
go
ro
ther
app
rop
riat
eP
Cso
ft
war
eis
use
dfo
rsp
eech
pro
du
ctio
n,
pro
vid
ing
an
atu
ral
inte
gra
tio
no
fw
ritt
enan
dsp
ok
enco
mm
un
ica
tio
n.
Th
eap
pro
ach
sep
arat
esth
eco
mp
ute
rac
cess
and
vo
ice
ou
tpu
tfu
nct
ion
sto
allo
wg
reat
flex
ibil
ity
inth
ech
oic
eo
fan
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
stem
.T
his
flex
ib
ilit
yco
mb
ined
wit
hap
pro
pri
ate
exp
loit
atio
no
fP
Cso
ftw
are
feat
ure
sh
asth
ep
ote
nti
alto
yie
lda
hig
hco
mm
un
icat
ion
rate
asw
ella
sm
axim
um
com
pat
ibil
ity
wit
hap
pli
cati
on
soft
war
e.K
eyW
ords
:A
ug
men
tati
ve
com
mu
nic
atio
n-A
lter
n
ativ
eac
cess
syst
em-V
oic
eo
utp
ut-
Ap
pli
cati
on
sso
ftw
are.
Sev
erel
ysp
eech
-im
pair
edin
divi
dual
sw
hoha
vem
ulti
ple
phys
ical
disa
bili
ties
may
have
impa
irm
ents
inse
vera
lare
asof
com
mun
icat
ion,
part
icul
arly
spee
chan
dw
ritin
g.A
wid
eva
riet
yof
diag
nose
s,su
chas
cere
br
alpa
lsy,
amyo
trop
hic
late
ral
scle
rosi
s,st
roke
,an
d
Add
ress
corr
espo
nden
cean
dre
pri
nt
requ
ests
toH
.M.
Hor
stm
ann
atR
ehab
ilit
atio
nE
ngin
eeri
ngP
rogr
am,l
C33
5U
nive
rsit
yof
Mic
higa
nH
ospi
tal,
Ann
Arb
or,
MI
4810
900
32,U
.S.A
.
high
-lev
elsp
inal
cord
inju
ry,
can
affe
ctth
esp
eech
mec
hani
smas
wel
las
up
per
and
/or
low
erex
trem
ity
func
tion
,re
sult
ing
inse
vere
dysa
rthr
iaan
dan
inab
il
ityto
effi
cien
tly
perf
orm
wri
ting
oro
ther
man
ual
task
s.M
any
ofth
ese
indi
vidu
als
have
litt
leor
noco
gni
tive
impa
irm
ents
and
have
ast
rong
desi
reto
util
ize
thei
rin
tell
ectu
alab
ilit
ies.
How
ever
,th
eir
phys
ical
lim
itat
ions
rep
rese
nta
maj
orob
stac
leto
the
pu
rsu
itof
educ
atio
nal,
voca
tion
al,
and
per
sona
lgo
als.
An
appr
opri
ate
com
preh
ensi
veau
gmen
tati
veco
mm
uni
cati
onsy
stem
can
com
pens
ate
toso
me
degr
eefo
rth
ese
com
mun
icat
ive
impa
irm
ents
and
open
new
op
port
unit
ies
for
pers
onal
achi
evem
ent.
Aco
mpr
ehen
sive
augm
enta
tive
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
emsu
pp
ort
sm
any
form
sof
com
mun
icat
ion,
de
pend
ing
onth
eu
ser'
sne
eds.
Spo
ken
com
mun
icat
ion
isfr
eque
ntly
apr
imar
yfu
ncti
onof
thes
esy
stem
s.In
addi
tion
,a
nu
mb
erof
user
sca
npo
tent
iall
ybe
nefi
tfr
omac
cess
toa
vari
ety
ofdi
vers
eta
sks,
incl
udin
gw
ritt
enco
mm
unic
atio
n,te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns,
envi
ro
nmen
tal
cont
rol,
even
mus
ic,f
inan
cial
anal
ysis
,or
com
pu
ter
prog
ram
min
g.P
erso
nal
com
pute
rs(P
Cs)
prov
ide
apo
wer
fulw
ayto
achi
eve
com
mun
icat
ion
goal
sin
such
area
sbe
ca
use
ofth
ev
ast
nu
mb
erof
appl
icat
ion
prog
ram
sav
aila
ble
for
the
PC.
Indi
vidu
als
with
only
mo
der
ate
uppe
r-ex
trem
ity
defi
cits
may
no
tbe
able
toef
fici
ent
lype
rfor
mth
ese
task
sm
anua
lly
(e.g
.,us
ing
pap
eran
dpe
ncil
)b
ut
may
beab
leto
succ
essf
ully
use
the
PC
wit
hout
spec
iala
dap
tati
on
s.P
eopl
ew
ithm
ore
seve
reph
ysic
aldi
sabi
liti
esha
vedi
ffic
ulty
usin
ga
stan
dar
dco
mp
ute
rkey
boar
dor
may
no
tbe
able
tous
eit
atal
l.Fo
rth
ese
indi
vidu
als,
asp
ecia
luse
rin
terf
ace,
call
edan
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
stem
,mu
stbe
util
ized
togi
veco
mpl
ete
acce
ssto
com
pu
terh
ardw
are
and
soft
war
e.A
ltern
ativ
eac
cess
syst
ems
can
take
man
yfo
rms, 19
from
sing
le-s
wit
chsc
anni
ngto
head
-poi
ntin
gto
one
finge
rtyp
ing
syste
ms,
depe
ndin
gon
the
user
'sph
ysi
cala
bilit
ies.
Ake
yfe
atur
eof
allal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
syst
ems
for
the
PCis
that
they
allo
wac
cess
toan
yco
mm
erci
alap
plic
atio
npr
ogra
m,s
uch
asa
wor
dpr
oc
esso
ror
spre
adsh
eet.
For
the
seve
rely
spee
ch-i
mpa
ired
indi
vidu
al,
spo
ken
com
mun
icat
ion
can
bein
tegr
ated
with
the
othe
rfo
rms
ofco
mm
unic
atio
nin
the
syst
em,
togi
veth
eus
erth
eab
ilit
yto
"spe
ak"
whi
lepe
rfor
min
got
her
task
s.O
new
ayto
achi
eve
som
ede
gree
ofin
tegr
atio
nis
tous
ean
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
stem
that
has
voic
eo
utp
utc
apab
ilit
y.A
noth
erw
ayis
toex
ploi
tfea
ture
sof
the
com
mer
cial
appl
icat
ion
prog
ram
sth
atar
eal
re
ady
par
tof
the
augm
enta
tive
com
mun
icat
ion
sys
tem
.M
any
com
mer
cial
appl
icat
ion
prog
ram
sha
vefe
atur
esth
atgo
beyo
ndth
eba
sic
func
tion
ofth
epr
ogr
am,w
hich
can
prov
ide
sign
ific
antu
tili
tyif
they
are
iden
tifi
edan
dut
iliz
edpr
oper
ly.
Th
ese
feat
ures
can
com
plem
ent
orev
enre
plac
eso
me
ofth
efu
ncti
onal
ity
prov
ided
byan
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
stem
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,st
anda
rdw
ord-
proc
essi
ngso
ftw
are
can
beus
edto
prov
ide
spok
enas
wel
las
wri
tten
ou
tpu
t(1
). Thi
sp
aper
pres
ents
anim
plem
enta
tion
ofa
syst
emfo
rIB
M-c
ompa
tibl
eP
Cs
runn
ing
unde
rth
eD
OS
oper
atin
gsy
stem
,in
whi
chst
anda
rdw
ord-
proc
essi
ngso
ftw
are
isus
edto
prov
ide
both
spee
cho
utp
ut
and
wri
tten
com
mun
icat
ion.
Var
ious
feat
ures
ofth
ew
ord-
proc
essi
ngap
plic
atio
nar
eex
ploi
ted
toim
pr
ove
the
effi
cien
cyan
dfu
ncti
onal
ity
ofth
esy
stem
.If
nece
ssar
y,an
yal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
syst
emth
atis
com
pati
ble
with
the
wor
dpr
oces
sor
can
beus
ed.
Th
ispr
ovid
esfl
exib
ility
for
the
user
and
clin
icia
nsin
desi
gnin
ga
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
emth
atin
tegr
ates
com
pute
racc
ess
and
voic
eco
mm
unic
atio
n.T
he
effi
ca
cyof
this
appr
oach
isqu
alit
ativ
ely
disc
usse
dan
dco
mpa
red
toot
hera
ppro
ache
sth
atpr
ovid
em
ulti
ple
met
hods
ofco
mm
unic
atio
n.
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
AN
DR
EV
IEW
Aco
mpr
ehen
sive
com
pute
rsy
stem
for
the
non
voca
l use
rsho
uld
com
bine
the
abil
ity
tous
est
anda
rdso
ftw
are
with
conv
enie
ntac
cess
tosp
eech
outp
ut.
Th
em
ain
crit
eria
for
such
asy
stem
incl
ude:
(a)
effi
ci
entp
rodu
ctio
nof
spok
enan
dw
ritt
enco
mm
unic
atio
n,(
b)co
mpa
tibi
lity
with
any
com
mer
cial
soft
war
e,an
d(c
)fa
stan
dno
ndis
rupt
ive
swit
chin
gbe
twee
nsp
eech
ou
tpu
tan
dot
her
task
s.T
he
firs
tcr
iter
ion
refe
rsto
the
effi
cien
cyof
all
aspe
cts
ofco
mm
unic
atio
npr
oduc
tion
,di
scus
sed
inde
tail
belo
w.
Inth
ese
cond
crit
erio
n,"c
ompa
tibi
lity
"m
eans
that
all
com
pone
nts
ofth
esy
stem
will
wor
kw
ithan
yco
mm
erci
alap
plic
atio
npr
ogra
m,i
nor
dert
ogi
veth
eus
erfr
eedo
mto
choo
seth
em
osta
ppro
pria
te
20
appl
icat
ion
for
his
need
s.T
he
thir
dcr
iter
ion
ac
know
ledg
esth
efa
ctth
at,a
lthou
ghit
isna
tura
land
som
etim
esne
cess
ary
toco
mm
unic
ate
verb
ally
whi
lepe
rfor
min
go
ther
task
s,it
isim
poss
ible
for
aus
erto
perf
orm
mor
eth
anon
ein
tera
ctiv
eac
tivi
tyco
ncur
re
ntly
ona
sing
leco
mpu
ter.
One
solu
tion
toth
ispr
oble
mis
topr
ovid
ea
mea
nsto
swit
chea
sily
be
twee
nvo
ice
ou
tpu
tand
othe
rco
mpu
tert
asks
.Id
eal
ly,t
his
appr
oach
allo
ws
au
ser
toru
nan
yst
anda
rdap
plic
atio
nso
ftw
are,
quic
kly
swit
chto
spok
eno
utp
ut
asde
sire
d,th
enre
turn
toth
esa
me
plac
ein
the
orig
ina
lta
sk.
Cur
rent
appr
oach
esto
com
preh
ensi
veau
gmen
ta
tive
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
can
becl
assi
fied
into
thre
eca
tego
ries
.T
he
firs
tcom
bine
sde
dica
ted
voic
eo
utp
ut
com
mun
icat
ion
aid
hard
war
ew
ithth
ePC
.T
he
com
mun
icat
ion
aid
prov
ides
am
eans
ofal
tern
ativ
ete
xten
try
asw
ella
ssp
oken
ou
tpu
toft
ext.
Itca
nbe
conn
ecte
dto
the
PCvi
aa
keyb
oard
emul
ator
toal
low
use
ofst
anda
rdso
ftw
are.
As
ast
and-
alon
evo
ice-
outp
utde
vice
,th
ede
dica
ted
com
mun
icat
ion
aid
prov
ides
ahi
ghde
gree
ofpo
rtab
ilit
yan
dca
nbe
conf
igur
edfo
reff
icie
ntsp
oken
com
mun
icat
ion.
How
ev
er,t
oac
cess
appl
icat
ion
soft
war
e,bo
tha
com
mun
ica
tion
aid
and
aco
mpu
tera
rere
quir
ed,w
hich
esse
ntia
llypr
ohib
its
port
abil
ity
and
incr
ease
sco
st.
Th
ese
cond
appr
oach
uses
asi
ngle
piec
eof
dedi
ca
ted
soft
war
efo
rsp
oken
com
mun
icat
ion,
wri
tten
com
mun
icat
ion,
and
/or
othe
rfu
ncti
ons.
Th
eso
ft
war
eca
nbe
run
ona
lapt
opPC
topr
ovid
ea
degr
eeof
port
abil
ity
that
appr
oach
esth
atof
ade
dica
ted
com
m
unic
atio
nai
d.In
tegr
atin
gse
vera
lus
erta
sks
into
one
pack
age
can
mak
eit
effi
cien
tto
switc
hbe
twee
nac
tivi
ties
.H
owev
er, t
hepe
rfor
man
ceof
each
indi
vid
ualf
unct
ion
cann
otm
atch
the
pow
ero
fth
ean
alog
ous
com
mer
cial
soft
war
e,an
dm
any
task
s,su
chas
busi
ne
ssan
alys
isor
prep
arat
ion
ofhi
gh-q
uali
tygr
aphi
cs,
sim
ply
cann
otbe
acco
mpl
ishe
dw
ithsu
chde
dica
ted
pack
ages
.A
noth
erdr
awba
ckof
this
appr
oach
isth
atth
eal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
met
hod
isbu
ndle
dw
ithth
ede
dica
ted
soft
war
e,so
use
ofo
ther
soft
war
ere
quir
esa
seco
ndm
eans
ofal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
,whi
chca
nad
dex
pens
ean
dco
mpl
exit
y.A
thir
dca
tego
ryis
com
pris
edof
mem
ory-
resi
dent
prog
ram
sth
atco
mbi
neal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
and
spee
chou
tput
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,in
man
yW
ords
+1
syst
ems,
the
user
can
acce
ssa
"pop
-up"
spee
chw
indo
wby
ente
rin
ga
spec
ific
com
man
d.A
nyte
xtth
atth
eus
eren
ters
into
the
spee
chw
indo
wca
nbe
sen
tto
the
spee
chsy
nthe
size
rw
itha
sing
lese
lect
ion.
Th
esy
stem
can
bepo
rtab
leif
anap
prop
riat
ela
ptop
PCan
dpo
rtab
lesp
eech
synt
hesi
zer
are
used
.Id
eall
y,su
cha
syst
empr
ovid
estr
ansp
aren
tac
cess
toal
lco
mm
erci
also
ft
war
ean
dm
akes
spee
cho
utp
uta
vail
able
from
with
in
lWo
rds+
,In
c.,
P.O
.Box
1229
,Lan
cast
er,
CA
9353
4.
AS
SIS
TIV
ET
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y,
VO
L.2
,NO
.1
any
prog
ram
wit
hout
disr
upti
ngth
ecu
rren
tta
sk.
Ali
mit
atio
nof
curr
enti
mpl
emen
tati
ons
isth
atth
ere
isno
prov
isio
nfo
rsto
ring
orre
trie
ving
text
inth
esp
eech
win
dow
.T
his
mea
nsth
atm
essa
ges
mu
stbe
ente
red,
then
spok
enim
med
iate
ly;a
mes
sage
cann
otbe
stor
edan
dsp
oken
ata
late
rtim
e.In
addi
tion
,bec
ause
thes
esy
stem
sar
em
emor
y-re
side
nt,
they
disp
lay
inco
m
pati
bili
ties
with
som
eap
plic
atio
nso
ftw
are
and
even
som
eP
Cs,
whi
chli
mit
sth
eco
mm
erci
also
ftw
are
and
hard
war
eth
atca
nbe
used
.A
noth
erli
mit
atio
nis
that
ther
eis
only
asm
alln
um
ber
ofav
aila
ble
syst
ems
that
sup
po
rtsp
eech
outp
ut,s
oa
wid
ech
oice
ofal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
inte
rfac
esis
no
tava
ilab
le.
Fina
lly,
the
cost
toth
eus
erin
clud
esbo
thth
atof
the
com
mer
cial
appl
ica
tion
prog
ram
sas
wel
las
the
alte
rnat
ive
acce
ss/
spee
cho
utp
uts
oftw
are,
whi
chal
one
can
bein
exce
ssof
$1,0
00.
ME
TH
OD
S
We
have
deve
lope
dan
alte
rnat
ive
appr
oach
that
elim
inat
esth
ene
edfo
rsp
ecia
lize
dsp
eech
ou
tpu
tso
ftw
are.
Th
epr
imar
yus
eof
this
syst
emis
asth
eba
sis
ofan
inte
grat
edw
orks
tati
onfo
rsp
oken
and
wri
tten
com
mun
icat
ion.
Sta
nd
ard
wor
d-pr
oces
sing
soft
war
eis
used
for
spee
chou
tput
,whi
chpr
ovid
esa
natu
ral
inte
grat
ion
ofw
ritt
enan
dsp
oken
com
mun
ica
tion
.T
he
mea
nsfo
rim
plem
enti
ngth
ism
etho
dis
the
capa
bili
tyof
mos
tw
ord
proc
esso
rsto
dire
ctpr
int
ou
tpu
tto
any
inp
ut/
ou
tpu
t(I
/O)
po
rtus
ing
ach
oice
ofp
rin
ter
driv
ers.
Thi
sal
low
svo
ice
ou
tpu
tfro
mth
esy
stem
tobe
sen
tto
asp
eech
synt
hesi
zer
usin
gth
e"p
rin
t"co
mm
and
prov
ided
byth
ew
ord
proc
esso
rin
the
sam
ew
ayth
atw
ritt
eno
utp
uti
sse
ntt
oth
epr
int
er.
Th
ede
stin
atio
nof
ou
tpu
tca
nbe
sele
cted
byth
eus
er;
bych
angi
ngth
ew
ord
proc
esso
r's
prin
ter
set
ting
s(p
rint
opti
ons)
appr
opri
atel
y,te
xt
ente
red
byth
eus
erca
nbe
sen
teit
her
toth
esp
eech
synt
hesi
zer
orpr
inte
r.Fo
rex
ampl
e,a
typi
calc
onfi
gura
tion
mig
htin
clud
ean
Eps
orr'
prin
tera
ttac
hed
toth
epa
rall
elp
ort
ofth
eco
mpu
ter
(kno
wn
asL
PT
l),w
itha
DE
CT
alk3
spee
chsy
nthe
size
rat
tach
edto
the
seri
alp
ort
(kno
wn
asC
OM
1).
To
gene
rate
hard
copy
ou
tpu
ton
the
prin
ter,
the
user
sele
cts
the
pri
ntc
omm
and
with
the
pri
nto
pti
ons
set
to:
(a)
the
Ep
son
prin
ter
driv
eran
d(b
)th
eL
PT
Ipo
rt.
To
gene
rate
spee
chon
the
DE
CT
alk,
the
use
rex
ecut
esth
epr
int
com
man
dw
ithth
epr
into
p
tion
sse
tto:
(a)
the
AS
CII
pri
nte
rdr
iver
and
(b)
the
CO
MI
port
.O
nead
vant
age
ofth
iste
chni
que
isth
atan
yal
ter-
2Eps
on,3
415
Kas
hiw
aSt
reet
,T
orra
nce,
CA
9050
5.3D
igita
lE
quip
men
tC
orp.
,III
Pow
derm
illR
oad,
May
na
rd,M
A01
754-
1418
.
CO
MM
ER
CIA
LS
OF
TW
AR
EFO
RC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
nati
veac
cess
syst
emca
nbe
used
,as
long
asit
isco
m
pati
ble
with
the
wor
dpr
oces
sor.
Sinc
eth
ew
ord
-pro
ces
sing
appl
icat
ion
isso
lely
resp
onsi
ble
for
prin
ted
and
spok
enou
tput
,th
eal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
met
hod
used
for
text
entr
yne
edn
ot
beli
mit
edto
thos
eth
atsu
pp
ort
spee
cho
utp
uto
nth
eiro
wn.
Thi
sm
eans
that
text
entr
yca
nbe
acco
mpl
ishe
dth
roug
hth
eha
rdw
are
orso
ftw
are
that
sup
po
rts
the
mo
stef
fici
ent
tech
ni
que
for
the
user
.T
hes
eca
nin
clud
esu
chte
ch
niqu
esas
stan
dar
dke
yboa
rdac
cess
,opt
ical
poin
ting
,M
orse
code
,an
dsi
ngle
-or
dual
-sw
itch
scan
ning
,and
may
inco
rpor
ate
any
appr
opri
ate
rate
enha
nce
men
tte
chni
que,
such
asab
brev
iati
onex
pans
ion
orw
ord
pred
icti
on.
Thi
sba
sic
appr
oach
may
begr
eatl
yen
hanc
edby
expl
oiti
ngso
me
addi
tion
alfe
atur
esof
the
wor
d-pr
oc
essi
ngap
plic
atio
n.F
irst
,m
any
com
mer
cial
wor
dpr
oces
sors
can
disp
lay
mor
eth
anon
ew
indo
wof
tex
ton
the
scre
ensi
mul
tane
ousl
y.W
ithtw
ow
indo
ws
onth
esc
reen
,one
win
dow
can
beus
edm
ainl
yfo
rwri
tten
text
(e.g
.,bu
sine
ssco
rres
pond
ence
,pe
rson
alw
rit
ing)
,and
the
oth
erca
nbe
used
fort
hede
velo
pmen
tof
com
mun
icat
ion
for
voca
liza
tion
.T
ext
inei
ther
win
do
wca
nbe
dire
cted
toth
epr
inte
ror
spee
chsy
nthe
si
zer
byse
ttin
gth
epr
int
opti
ons
appr
opri
atel
yan
dex
ecut
ing
apr
intc
omm
and
.T
ypic
ally
,how
ever
,the
prin
top
tion
sfo
rea
chw
indo
war
ese
tau
tom
atic
ally
whe
nth
ew
indo
wis
open
ed,s
oth
eu
serd
oes
no
thav
eto
take
the
tim
eto
sett
hem
expl
icit
ly.
Whe
nth
epr
int
opti
ons
are
seta
utom
atic
ally
,tex
tin
the
wri
ting
win
do
wis
sen
tto
the
hard
copy
prin
ter,
and
text
inth
esp
eech
win
dow
isdi
rect
edto
the
spee
chsy
nthe
size
r.W
hile
the
user
isw
orki
ngin
the
wri
ting
win
dow
,a
sing
lese
lect
ion
can
beus
edto
swit
chto
the
spee
chw
indo
w.
Thi
sal
low
sth
eus
erto
leav
eth
ew
riti
ng
task
tem
pora
rily
,hav
ea
conv
ersa
tion
,an
dre
turn
toth
ew
riti
ngw
indo
w,w
itho
utaf
fect
ing
the
cont
ents
ofth
ew
ritt
ente
xt.
Fig
ure
1il
lust
rate
sth
isco
ncep
t.A
seco
ndde
sira
ble
feat
ure
ofth
ew
ord
proc
esso
ris
the
abil
ity
to"p
rin
tby
sele
ctio
n,"
i.e.,
topr
int
orsp
eak
apa
rtic
ular
sect
ion
ofth
ew
indo
w,r
ath
erth
anal
lth
ete
xti
nth
ew
indo
w.
Onc
eth
eus
erha
spl
aced
oren
tere
dte
xtin
toa
win
dow
,an
ypo
rtio
nof
itca
nbe
sele
cted
for
outp
ut.
Thi
sis
espe
cial
lyim
po
rtan
tfor
spok
eno
utp
ut
ino
rder
togi
veth
eu
ser
cont
rol
over
wha
tis
spok
enan
dto
avoi
dun
nece
ssar
yre
peti
tion
ofit
ems
that
have
alre
ady
been
spok
en.
Th
isfe
atur
eca
nbe
com
bine
dw
ithsp
ecia
led
itin
gfe
atur
esin
the
wor
dpr
oces
sor
toau
tom
atic
ally
sele
cta
part
icul
arun
itof
tex
tfo
rsp
eech
ou
tpu
t,su
chas
asi
ngle
line,
sent
ence
,or
para
grap
h."M
acro
"fe
atur
esth
atar
est
and
ard
with
mo
stw
ord
proc
esso
rsca
nbe
used
toin
crea
sesy
stem
effi
cien
cy.
Mac
ros
prov
ide
aw
ayto
abbr
evia
tefr
eque
ntly
used
stri
ngs
ofch
arac
ters
orco
mm
ands
.B
ycr
eati
ngm
acro
s,lo
ngco
mm
and
sequ
ence
s,su
chas
thos
ere
- 21
FIG
.1.
Tw
ote
xt
win
dow
son
the
scre
enpr
ovid
ein
tegr
atio
nof
bo
thsp
oken
and
prin
ted
outp
ut.
quir
edto
sele
cta
line
and
send
itto
the
spee
chsy
nth
esiz
er,c
anbe
redu
ced
toa
sing
lese
lect
ion
form
axi
mum
effi
cien
cy.
Inad
diti
on,m
acro
sca
nbe
used
asa
mea
nsof
abbr
evia
tion
expa
nsio
nw
hen
wri
ting
orsp
eaki
ngto
enha
nce
text
entr
yra
te.
Fina
lly,
the
abil
ity
tost
ore
and
retr
ieve
text
file
s
allo
ws
the
user
toen
tera
ndst
ore
text
rele
vant
topa
rti
cula
ren
viro
nmen
tsor
inpr
epar
atio
nfo
ra
spec
ific
futu
reco
nver
sati
on.
By
load
ing
the
desi
red
file
into
the
voic
eco
mm
unic
atio
nw
indo
w,
the
user
can
then
retr
ieve
port
ions
oft
he
pres
tore
dte
xt.
Figu
re2
show
san
exam
ple
ofth
iste
chni
que
ina
scho
olse
ttin
g.A
s
FIG
.2.
Exa
mpl
eof
usin
gtw
ote
xtw
indo
ws
inan
educ
atio
nala
ppli
cati
on.T
he
top
win
dow
isu
sed
top
rep
are
aw
ritt
enho
me
wor
kas
sign
men
t,w
hile
the
bo
tto
mw
indo
wis
use
dto
jot
dow
nqu
esti
ons
tobe
aske
din
scho
olth
ene
xtda
y.
22A
SS
IST
IVE
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
,VO
L.2
,NO
.1
the
use
ris
wri
ting
aho
mew
ork
assi
gnm
enti
nth
eto
pw
indo
w,
she
ente
rsqu
esti
ons
abo
ut
the
assi
gnm
ent
inth
eb
ott
om
win
dow
.S
he
can
then
stor
equ
esti
ons
ina
file
and
retr
ieve
them
for
spea
king
incl
ass
the
next
day
.O
nce
the
ques
tion
sha
veb
een
plac
edin
the
win
dow
,in
divi
dual
ques
tion
sca
nbe
auto
mat
ical
lyse
lect
edfo
rsp
eech
,as
disc
usse
dab
ove.
Thi
ste
ch
niqu
eca
nal
sobe
used
toge
nera
tem
ore
gene
ric
com
m
unic
atio
nfi
les
onco
mm
onto
pics
tobe
retr
ieve
das
appr
opri
ate.
Insu
mm
ary,
any
soft
war
epa
ckag
ew
itha
min
imum
ofth
efo
llow
ing
feat
ures
can
beus
edas
the
basi
sof
aw
orks
tati
onth
atin
tegr
ates
both
wri
tten
and
spok
en
com
mun
icatio
n:(a)
word
-pro
cess
ing
ortex
t-edi
ting
capa
bilit
ies,
with
file
stor
age/
retri
eval
,(b)
supp
orto
fse
rial
I/O
po
rtfo
rou
tput
,an
d(c
)su
pp
ort
ofA
SC
IIte
xto
utp
utd
rive
r.T
he
follo
win
gad
diti
onal
feat
ures
are
sugg
este
d,si
nce
they
can
incr
ease
the
effi
cien
cyof
the
syst
em:
(a)s
up
po
rtof
mor
eth
anon
eon
-scr
een
text
win
dow
,(b
)abi
lity
to"p
rin
tby
sele
ctio
n,"
and
(c)
sup
po
rtfo
rm
acro
s.M
any
com
mer
cial
wor
dpr
oces
sors
,suc
has
Wor
d
Per
fect
"or
Mic
roso
ftW
ord
''hav
eal
loft
hes
efe
atur
es.
Inad
diti
on,
an
um
ber
ofso
-cal
led
"in
teg
rate
d"
soft
w
are
pack
ages
,suc
has
Mic
roso
ftW
orks
5 ,whi
chco
m
bine
wor
dpr
oces
sing
with
spre
adsh
eet,
data
base
,an
d/o
ro
ther
capa
bili
ties
,may
have
thes
efe
atur
esas
wel
l.
CA
SE
ST
UD
Y
S.P.
isa
45-y
ear-
old
wom
anw
itha
prog
ress
ive
mov
emen
tdi
sord
erof
unkn
own
etio
logy
.S
heis
se
vere
lydy
sart
hric
and
ther
efor
ere
quir
esan
alte
rna
tive
mea
nsof
spok
enco
mm
unic
atio
n.H
erpr
evio
usm
eans
ofco
mm
unic
atio
nw
asa
Sh
arp
Mem
owri
ter"
that
prov
ided
prin
ted
ou
tpu
toft
yped
mes
sage
s.S
heis
wel
l-ed
ucat
edan
dha
sa
grea
tin
tere
stin
wri
ting,
with
ago
alof
publ
ishi
nga
coll
ecti
onof
her
poem
san
dst
orie
s.A
port
able
syst
emth
atco
mbi
nes
high
-qua
lity
ou
tpu
tof
both
wri
tten
and
spok
enco
mm
unic
atio
nis
requ
ired
tom
eeth
erne
eds.
AZ
enit
hS
up
ersP
ort
AT
co
mpa
tibl
ela
ptop
com
pu
ter"
and
mod
ifie
dD
EC
Tal
ksp
eech
synt
hesi
zer"
,bo
thb
atte
ryop
erat
ed,
wer
ech
osen
asth
eha
rdw
are
plat
form
for
her
syst
em.
S.P
.al
soha
sa
desk
top
prin
ter,
whi
chsh
eus
esfo
rha
rd-
"Wor
dPer
fect
Cor
p.,
1555
N.T
echn
olog
yW
ay,O
rem
,UT
8405
7.5M
icro
soft
Cor
p.,
1601
1N
E36
thW
ay,
Box
9701
7,R
ed
mon
d,W
A98
073-
7017
.6S
harp
Ele
ctro
nics
nolo
nger
man
ufac
ture
sth
ispr
od
uct. 7Z
enit
hD
ata
Sys
tem
s,H
illt
opR
oad,
St.
Jose
ph,
MI
4908
5.8I
nsti
tute
onT
echn
olog
y,30
0L
ongw
ood
Ave
nue
,Feg
an9,
Bos
ton,
MA
0211
5.
CO
MM
ER
CIA
LS
OF
TW
AR
EFO
RC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
copy
outp
ut.
An
opti
onal
bat
tery
-op
erat
edp
rin
ter
was
no
tser
ious
lyco
nsid
ered
inth
isca
se,b
ecau
seth
ere
lati
vely
low
impo
rtan
ceof
port
able
prin
ting
for
S.P
.di
dn
ot
war
rant
addi
ngit
toth
esy
stem
.B
ecau
sesh
eha
sth
eab
ilit
yto
use
ast
and
ard
key
boar
dw
ithon
efi
nger
,her
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
stem
isqu
ite
sim
ple
and
inex
pens
ive.
She
uses
the
l-fi
nger
"pr
ogra
mto
allo
wh
erto
latc
h"s
hift
"ke
ys,
such
asC
ontr
ol,A
lt,an
dS
hift
,and
the
Qui
ckey
9pr
ogra
mfo
rab
brev
iati
onex
pans
ion
toin
crea
sete
xt
entr
yra
te.
She
uses
the
Wor
dPer
fect
wor
d-pr
oces
sing
prog
ram
ash
erm
eans
ofbo
thsp
oken
and
wri
tten
com
mun
ica
tion.
Tw
om
acro
sw
ere
crea
ted
inW
ordP
erfe
ctas
her
prim
arym
eans
ofco
ntro
lling
hert
extw
indow
san
dou
tput
dest
inat
ions
.T
hefir
st,i
nitia
ted
byse
lect
ing
Alt-
W,o
pens
two
win
dow
san
dse
tsth
eto
pw
indo
wfo
rpr
into
utp
uta
ndth
ebo
ttom
win
dow
for
spee
chou
tpu
t.T
he
seco
nd,
init
iate
dby
sele
ctin
gA
lt-S
,sel
ects
the
curr
entl
ine
ofte
xt
and
send
sit
toth
eD
EC
Tal
kfo
rsp
eech
outp
ut.
For
exam
ple,
tosp
eak
am
essa
ge,
S.P
.fir
stty
pes
inth
em
essa
gete
xto
na
sing
lelin
eof
the
spee
chw
indo
w,
usin
gab
brev
iati
onex
pans
ion
whe
repo
ssib
le.
Sh
eth
enty
pes
Alt-
Sto
sele
ctth
ete
xt
ofth
em
essa
gean
dse
ndit
toth
eD
EC
Tal
k.S
heca
nal
sosp
eak
mes
sage
son
oth
erlin
esof
the
win
dow
bym
ovin
gto
the
desi
red
line,
usin
gth
ecu
rsor
key
s,th
enty
ping
A1t-s
.T
wo
addi
tion
alm
acro
sw
ere
crea
ted
togi
veh
erfr
eedo
mto
chan
geth
eau
tom
atic
prin
top
tion
sse
ttin
gsif
need
ed;
thes
ear
eus
edin
freq
uent
ly,b
utt
hey
are
nece
ssar
yto
give
her
com
plet
eco
ntro
lov
erh
ersy
stem
.T
rain
ing
S.P
.to
use
this
syst
empr
ofic
ient
lyre
qu
ired
seve
ralw
eeks
ofda
ily2
-3-h
ours
essi
ons
with
asp
eech
-lan
guag
epa
thol
ogis
tan
dre
habi
lita
tion
en
gine
er.
Mo
stof
the
trai
ning
tim
ew
assp
ent
onde
ve
lopi
ngab
brev
iati
onex
pans
ion
stra
tegi
esw
ithQ
uick
eyan
dun
ders
tand
ing
the
DO
Sop
erat
ing
sys
tem
.O
nly
aco
uple
ofse
ssio
nsw
ere
nee
ded
forh
erto
init
iall
yu
nd
erst
and
the
impo
rtan
ceof
pri
nt
opti
ons
and
tex
tw
indo
ws
and
tobe
able
tous
eth
em
acro
sap
prop
riat
ely
for
spea
king
and
prin
ting
.H
owev
er,
she
has
had
som
edi
ffic
ulty
inre
tain
ing
the
mac
roin
form
atio
n,s
osh
efr
eque
ntly
uses
only
one
win
dow
onh
ersc
reen
,fo
rsp
eech
ou
tpu
ton
ly.
Whi
lesh
eco
uld
pote
ntia
lly
bem
ore
effe
ctiv
eus
ing
atw
o-w
in
dow
syst
em,s
heis
still
able
tom
ixw
ritt
enan
dsp
oken
com
mun
icat
ion
toso
me
degr
eew
ithh
eron
e-w
indo
wte
chni
que,
byca
lling
upst
ored
file
sas
desi
red
for
wri
ting.
Fut
ure
wor
kw
ithS
.P.
isfo
cuse
don
cont
inue
dtr
aini
ngon
the
adva
nced
feat
ures
ofth
esy
stem
asw
ell
asim
prov
ing
itspo
rtab
ilit
y.
Alt
houg
hbo
thth
e
!Tra
ceR
esea
rch
and
Dev
elop
men
tC
ente
r,15
00H
igh
la
ndA
venu
e,M
adis
on,W
I53
706.
23
com
pute
ran
dth
esp
eech
synt
hesi
zer
are
batt
ery
oper
ated
inor
der
tobe
port
able
,it
isan
ongo
ing
chal
leng
eto
mou
ntth
emsu
cces
sful
lyto
S.P
.'sth
ree
whe
elsc
oote
r.T
he
com
pute
r,in
part
icul
ar,m
ustb
eea
sily
acce
ssib
lean
dpr
otec
ted
from
poss
ible
dam
ag
edu
ring
driv
ing,
yet
noti
nter
fere
with
the
driv
ing
tille
r.W
hile
wor
kre
mai
nsto
bedo
neto
mak
eS
.P.'s
syst
emas
func
tion
alas
poss
ible
,it
iscu
rren
tly
pro
vidi
ngh
erw
ithca
pabi
liti
es,s
uch
asab
brev
iati
onex
pa
nsio
n,vo
ice
ou
tpu
t,w
ritt
enco
mm
unic
atio
n,an
d
file
stor
age/
retr
ieva
l,th
ath
erM
emow
rite
rco
uld
not
supp
ly.
DIS
CU
SS
ION
By
empl
oyin
gth
ete
chni
ques
desc
ribe
dab
ove
,a
syst
emth
atpr
ovid
esbo
thsp
oken
and
prin
ted
outp
utfr
oma
stan
dard
wor
dpr
oces
sor
can
bede
velo
ped.
As
men
tion
ed,
itm
ayal
sobe
poss
ible
tous
eot
her
com
mer
cial
soft
war
epa
ckag
esas
the
basi
sfo
rth
issy
stem
.T
his
disc
ussi
onfo
cuse
son
issu
esaf
fect
ing
the
effi
cacy
ofth
isap
proa
ch,i
nclu
ding
how
wel
lsuc
ha
syst
emca
nm
eett
heth
ree
crit
eria
prev
ious
lyin
tro
duce
dfo
ra
mul
tipu
rpos
ew
orks
tati
onus
edby
se
vere
lysp
eech
-im
pair
edin
divi
dual
s.
Effi
cien
tPro
duct
ion
ofSp
oken
and
Wri
tten
Com
mun
icat
ion
Fir
st,
the
effi
cien
cyof
spok
enan
dw
ritt
enco
m
mun
icat
ion
isde
term
ined
inp
artb
yho
wqu
ickl
yth
eus
erca
nen
ter
text
.T
his
com
pone
ntof
effi
cien
cyde
pend
son
the
alte
rnat
ive
acce
ssan
dra
teen
hanc
em
ent
met
hods
used
.Si
nce
the
syst
emca
nbe
used
with
any
avai
labl
eac
cess
syst
emfo
rIB
M-c
ompa
tibl
ePC
s,no
ton
lyth
ose
that
inco
rpor
ate
voic
eou
tput
,th
ere
are
ala
rger
num
ber
ofal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
and
rate
enha
ncem
entm
etho
dsto
choo
sefr
om.
Cho
osin
gfr
omth
isw
ide
rang
eof
opti
ons
impr
oves
the
likel
iho
odof
max
imiz
ing
the
text
-ent
ryra
te.
Ano
ther
fact
orin
com
mun
icat
ion
effi
cien
cyis
the
abili
tyto
stor
ean
dre
trie
vefi
les
ofte
xtde
sign
edfo
rsp
ecif
icco
nver
sati
on,
asdi
scus
sed
abov
e.T
his
isa
met
hod
ofra
teen
hanc
emen
tth
atis
curr
entl
yav
ail
able
only
whe
nus
ing
aw
ord
proc
esso
rto
prov
ide
voic
eou
tput
.It
isno
teq
uiva
lent
toab
brev
iati
onex
pans
ion,
sinc
eth
est
ored
tex
t(su
chas
ques
tion
son
apa
rtic
ular
hom
ewor
kas
sign
men
t)m
ight
beus
edin
only
one
conv
ersa
tion
and
isth
eref
ore
notw
orth
com
m
itti
ngto
mem
ory
asan
abbr
evia
tion
.T
he
effe
ctof
this
type
ofte
xts
tora
ge/r
etri
eval
onco
mm
unic
atio
nef
fici
ency
depe
nds
onth
eex
tent
tow
hich
itis
used
.It
can
bequ
ite
effe
ctiv
efo
rus
ers
who
can
freq
uent
lyan
tici
pate
wha
tth
eyw
illw
antt
osa
yin
som
efu
ture
sett
ing,
such
asin
the
scho
olex
ampl
eab
ove
orin
a
24
doct
or's
offi
ce.
Th
ete
chni
que
allo
ws
the
user
to
spen
dtim
efo
rmul
atin
gh
erw
ords
whe
nno
one
isw
aitin
gto
hear
her
mes
sage
,the
nsp
eak
the
mes
sage
quic
kly
whe
nli
sten
ers
are
wai
ting.
Th
eab
ilit
yto
retr
ieve
file
sal
sosu
ppor
tsth
ede
vel
opm
ent
ofa
com
mun
icat
ion
libr
ary
whe
rege
nera
lte
xtre
leva
ntto
part
icul
arsi
tuat
ions
oren
viro
nmen
tsm
aybe
stor
edin
anu
mbe
roff
iles.
Th
epo
wer
ofth
iste
chni
que,
how
ever
, has
not
been
wel
lex
plor
edan
dne
eds
furt
her
inve
stig
atio
n.
Ath
ird
fact
oraf
fect
ing
com
mun
icat
ion
effi
cien
cy
isth
eov
erhe
adas
soci
ated
with
sele
ctin
gth
ete
xtto
besp
oken
and
exec
utin
ga
"pri
nt"
com
man
dto
send
the
text
toth
esp
eech
synt
hesi
zer.
Thi
sfa
ctor
mus
tbe
care
full
yco
nsid
ered
befo
reus
ing
aco
mm
erci
also
ftw
are
pack
age
for
voic
eou
tput
.W
ord
proc
esso
rfe
atur
esth
atau
tom
ate
the
proc
ess
ofse
lect
ing
and
spea
king
tex
t,su
chas
sing
lelin
epr
inti
ngan
dm
acro
crea
tion
,ca
nm
inim
ize
this
over
head
.It
shou
ldbe
note
dth
atth
ere
are
usua
lly
natu
ralu
nits
ofte
xtt
hat
can
bem
ost
effi
cien
tly
spok
enfr
oma
wor
d-pr
oces
si
ngpr
ogra
msu
chas
asi
ngle
line
(up
toab
ou
t80
char
acte
rs),
sent
ence
,pa
ragr
aph,
oran
enti
rete
xt
win
dow
.O
ther
unit
so
ftex
tcan
bese
lect
edex
plic
itly,
bu
tmay
requ
ire
mul
tipl
eus
eof
curs
orke
ysor
mou
se,
whi
chca
nbe
inef
fici
ent.
The
refo
re,i
tis
impo
rtan
tto
orga
nize
mes
sage
sin
tose
gmen
tsth
atco
rres
pond
toa
natu
ral
wor
dpr
oces
sor
unit
ofte
xt.
Note
that
autom
atic
texts
electi
onpla
cesn
ore
stri
ctio
non
the
cont
ent
ofsp
oken
text
;an
yde
sire
dte
xtca
nbe
prod
uced
,the
nse
lect
edfo
rsp
eech
out
put.
For
grea
test
effi
cien
cy,
how
ever
,th
eus
eris
enco
urag
edto
ente
rhis
tex
tin
unit
sth
atca
nbe
auto
m
atic
ally
sele
cted
.Fo
rex
ampl
e,in
divi
dual
shor
tut
tera
nces
,su
chas
"Id
on
'tkn
ow"
or"L
et's
go,"
coul
dbe
ente
red
onse
para
telin
esof
the
win
dow
tobe
se
lect
edan
dsp
oken
sepa
rate
ly.
As
disc
usse
dab
ove,
the
effi
cien
cyof
spok
enco
m
mun
icat
ion
isa
func
tion
oft
he
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
ste
mus
ed,a
sw
ella
sap
prop
riat
eex
ploi
tati
onof
num
er
ous
feat
ures
inth
ew
ord
proc
essi
ngso
ftw
are.
Fora
give
nac
cess
tech
niqu
e(e
.g.,
sing
le-s
wit
chsc
anni
ng),
itis
no
tyet
know
nho
wsp
oken
com
mun
icat
ion
rate
sat
tain
able
with
aw
ord-
proc
essi
ng-b
ased
syst
emco
mpa
requ
anti
tati
vely
with
thos
eac
hiev
edus
ing
othe
rPC
-bas
edso
ftw
are
orde
dica
ted
com
mun
icat
ion
aids
.H
owev
er,
qual
itat
ivel
y,th
ere
are
noes
peci
ally
time
-con
sum
ing
acti
ons
requ
ired
tous
ea
wor
d-pr
oc
essi
ng-b
ased
syst
emas
com
pare
dto
othe
rsy
stem
s.T
here
fore
,th
ere
isre
ason
toex
pect
that
ahi
ghly
skill
edus
erco
uld
achi
eve
asp
oken
com
mun
icat
ion
rate
that
isco
mpa
rabl
eto
othe
rsy
stem
s,if
the
rate
en
hanc
ing
feat
ures
ofth
ew
ord-
proc
essi
ngso
ftw
are
are
used
effe
ctiv
ely
and
the
appr
opri
ate
alte
rnat
ive
acce
ssis
used
.T
his
ques
tion
will
bea
focu
sof
futu
rew
ork.
AS
SIS
TIV
ET
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y,
VO
L.2
,NO
.1
Com
pat
ibil
ity
wit
han
yC
omm
erci
alS
oftw
are
Inco
nsid
erin
gth
ese
cond
crit
erio
nre
gard
ing
com
pa
tibi
lity
with
oth
erco
mm
erci
also
ftw
are,
the
ap
proa
chde
scri
bed
inth
isp
aper
does
no
tim
pose
any
addi
tion
alli
mit
atio
nsbe
yond
thos
ear
isin
gfr
omth
ech
osen
alte
rnat
ive
acce
sssy
stem
.In
fact
,a
rela
tive
lyhi
ghde
gree
ofco
mpa
tibi
lity
can
beex
pect
ed,
sinc
eal
mos
tan
yal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
syst
emca
nbe
chos
enfo
ral
tern
ativ
eke
yboa
rdin
put.
Fas
tan
dN
ond
isru
pti
veS
wit
chin
gB
etw
een
Sp
eech
Ou
tpu
tan
dO
ther
Tas
ks
Fina
lly,
the
thir
dcr
iter
ion
for
fast
task
swit
chin
gis
addr
esse
d,pa
rtic
ular
lyw
hen
the
user
ison
lyus
ing
the
com
pu
ter
for
the
two
task
sof
wri
tten
and
spok
enco
mm
unic
atio
n.W
hen
two
win
dow
sar
eus
edin
the
wor
d-pr
oces
sing
appl
icat
ion
tose
par
ate
wri
tten
and
spok
ente
xt,
swit
chin
gbe
twee
nsp
eaki
ngan
dw
riti
ngre
quir
eson
lya
sing
lese
lect
ion.
Th
eti
me
requ
ired
tom
ake
this
sele
ctio
nd
epen
ds
only
onth
em
eans
ofal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
bein
gus
edby
the
user
.If
aus
ern
eed
sto
run
oth
erap
plic
atio
npr
ogra
ms
inad
diti
onto
aw
ord
proc
esso
r,it
isst
illpo
ssib
leto
pro
vi
deco
nven
ient
and
rapi
dac
cess
toa
mea
nsof
spo
ken
com
mun
icat
ion.
Th
eid
eal
situ
atio
nis
tora
pidl
ysw
itch
betw
een
the
spee
cho
utp
utw
indo
wan
do
ther
appl
icat
ion
prog
ram
sus
ing
one
ortw
ose
lect
ions
,w
itho
utth
eov
erhe
adof
exit
ing
one
prog
ram
and
runn
ing
anot
her
one
.T
his
can
beac
hiev
edus
ing
one
oftw
ote
chni
ques
.T
he
firs
tuse
sth
e"D
OS
shel
l"fe
atu
reof
man
yw
ord
proc
esso
rs,w
hich
allo
ws
ase
cond
prog
ram
toru
nw
hile
the
wor
dpr
oces
sor
rem
ains
inm
emor
y.W
hen
the
use
rexi
tsth
ese
cond
prog
ram
,he
isau
tom
atic
ally
retu
rned
toth
eor
igin
alpl
ace
inth
ew
ord
proc
esso
r.T
he
seco
ndap
proa
chen
tails
the
use
ofan
exte
nded
DO
Sen
viro
nmen
tsuc
has
DE
SQ
Vie
wlO
•
Th
ese
envi
ronm
ents
prov
ide
fast
swit
chin
gam
ong
appl
icat
ions
.Whe
nth
eus
erle
aves
one
appl
icat
ion
togo
toan
othe
r,th
est
ate
ofth
epr
ogra
mis
save
d,so
the
user
retu
rns
tohi
sor
igin
alpl
ace.
Ali
mit
atio
nof
both
ofth
ese
tech
niqu
esis
that
all
appl
icat
ions
bein
gus
edm
ust
fit
sim
ulta
neou
sly
inth
eco
mpu
ter'
sR
AM
(ran
dom
acce
ssm
emor
y).
Th
est
and
ard
capa
city
of64
0Kis
ofte
nen
ough
for
two
larg
eap
plic
atio
ns(e
.g.,
wor
dpr
oces
sor
and
spre
ad
shee
t).
How
ever
,if
oth
erap
plic
atio
nsar
elo
aded
,or
ifth
eal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
met
hod
requ
ires
too
muc
hR
AM
,add
itio
nal
mem
ory
may
bere
quir
ed.
An
addi
tion
alis
sue
inus
ing
aw
ord
proc
esso
rfo
rbo
thsp
oken
and
prin
ted
ou
tpu
tis
user
trai
ning
.T
he
IOQ
uarte
rdec
kO
ffic
eSy
stem
s,15
0Pi
caB
oule
vard
Sant
aM
onic
a,C
A90
405.
'
CO
MM
ER
CIA
LS
OF
TW
AR
EFO
RC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
user
does
no
tne
cess
aril
yne
edto
thor
ough
lyun
der
stan
dth
esp
ecif
ics
ofth
edi
ffer
ent
pri
nt
opti
ons
expl
icit
ly,
sinc
eth
ese
opti
ons
can
bech
ange
dby
ex
ecut
ing
prep
rogr
amm
edm
acro
s.H
owev
er,
the
use
rdo
esne
edto
un
der
stan
dth
eba
sic
prin
cipl
esbe
hind
the
syst
emin
orde
rto
beab
leto
inde
pend
entl
ytr
oubl
esh
oott
ypic
alpr
oble
ms
that
may
occu
r.T
hes
ear
en
ot
espe
cial
lydi
ffic
ult
conc
epts
,b
ut
itca
nta
keso
me
time
for
som
eone
who
isn
otf
amil
iar
with
com
pute
rsto
un
der
stan
dth
em.
Sin
ceth
esy
stem
ison
lyap
pro
pria
tefo
rin
divi
dual
sw
hoha
veth
eab
ilit
yan
dde
sire
tole
arn
atle
ast
one
com
pu
ter
appl
icat
ion
(i.e
.,th
ew
ord
proc
esso
r),
the
addi
tion
alle
arni
ngre
quir
edto
un
der
stan
dth
eim
port
ance
ofp
rin
top
tion
ssh
ould
easi
lybe
inra
nge
ofth
eca
pabi
liti
esof
the
targ
etu
ser
grou
p.F
inal
ly,s
yste
mpo
rtab
ilit
yis
anim
po
rtan
tiss
uefo
rso
me
user
s,pa
rtic
ular
lyto
prov
ide
spok
eno
utp
uti
na
vari
ety
ofen
viro
nmen
ts.
Any
PC-b
ased
syst
emca
nbe
run
ona
batt
ery-
oper
ated
lapt
opPC
toac
hiev
eso
me
degr
eeof
port
abil
ity
whe
nco
mbi
ned
with
aba
tter
y-op
erat
edsp
eech
syn
thes
izer
.If
the
user
isno
tin
depe
nden
tly
mob
ile,
itis
rela
tive
lysi
mpl
eto
mo
un
tth
ela
ptop
PCan
dsy
nthe
size
ron
am
anua
lw
heel
chai
ror
ona
bed.
For
inde
pend
entl
ym
obil
eus
ers,
the
lapt
opPC
and
synt
hesi
zerm
ust
bem
ou
nt
edon
the
user
'spo
wer
edm
obil
ity
syst
emto
prov
ide
ind
epen
den
tan
dco
nven
ient
acce
ssto
the
PCw
ith
ou
tre
stri
ctin
gm
obil
ity.
As
show
nin
the
case
stud
yab
ove,
itca
nbe
diff
icul
tto
achi
eve
this
idea
lwith
cer
tain
com
bina
tion
sof
mob
ilit
ysy
stem
and
lapt
opPC
.In
addi
tion
,som
eim
po
rtan
tfa
ctor
s,su
chas
qual
ity
ofdi
spla
yor
proc
essi
ngpo
wer
,may
beco
mpr
omis
edto
achi
eve
max
imum
port
abil
ity,
and
thes
etr
adeo
ffs
mu
stbe
take
nin
toco
nsid
erat
ion
befo
rea
fina
lch
oice
ism
ade.
How
ever
,as
lapt
opP
Cs
evol
ve,t
here
will
bem
ore
and
mor
efe
atur
esin
asm
alle
rand
ligh
ter
pack
ag
e,w
hich
will
min
imiz
eth
ese
trad
eoff
san
dim
prov
eth
e"m
ount
abil
ity"
ofa
PC
-bas
edsy
stem
.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
Th
esy
stem
pre
sen
ted
prov
ides
anex
ampl
eof
anap
proa
chth
atin
tegr
ates
voic
eo
utp
ut
with
oth
erta
sks,
part
icul
arly
wri
tten
com
mun
icat
ion
,us
ing
com
mer
cial
wor
d-pr
oces
sing
soft
war
e.T
his
syst
emse
par
ates
the
voic
eo
utp
utf
unct
ion
from
the
alte
rna
tive
acce
ssm
etho
d,un
like
oth
erap
proa
ches
that
may
bund
leth
ose
two
feat
ures
toge
ther
.T
hu
s,th
isap
pr
oach
wor
ksw
ithan
yde
sire
dal
tern
ativ
eac
cess
sys
tem
.T
his
prov
ides
the
user
and
clin
icia
nsw
itha
grea
terd
egre
eof
flex
ibil
ity
inco
nfig
urin
gth
esy
stem
,w
hich
can
have
am
ajor
impa
cton
the
com
mun
icat
ion
rate
atta
inab
lew
ithth
esy
stem
and
itsco
mpa
tibi
lity
with
oth
erap
plic
atio
ns.
25
Ack
now
ledgm
ent:
The
auth
ors
wou
ldlik
eto
than
kA
delia
van
Met
er,M
.S.,
CCC
,fro
mth
eD
ivi
sion
ofSp
eech
-Lan
guag
ePa
thol
ogy
inth
eD
epar
tm
ento
fPhy
sica
lMed
icin
ean
dR
ehab
ilit
atio
nat
the
Uni
vers
ityof
Mic
higa
nfo
rhe
rim
port
ant
cont
ribu
tio
nsto
the
deve
lopm
enta
ndde
liver
yof
the
syst
emde
scri
bed
inth
eca
sest
udy.
26
REFE
RENC
E
1.H
orst
man
nH
M,
Ket
tRL,
Levi
neSP
.In
tegr
atin
gvo
ice
ou
tpu
tw
ithst
and
ard
appl
icat
ions
usin
gco
m
mer
cial
soft
war
eon
the
IBM
PC.
In:P
roce
edin
gso
fthe
12th
An
nu
al
RE
SN
AC
onfe
renc
e.W
ashi
ngto
n,D
C:
RE
SN
A,
1989
:50-
51.
AS
SIS
TIV
ET
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y,
VO
L.2
,NO
.1