personality 17-9-11
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Personality
Do you have
one????
By: Prof. R K Suri
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Definition
"Personality" can be defined as a dynamic and organized set ofcharacteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his
or hercognitions, motivations, and behaviours in various
situations.[
According to Adams (1954, cited in Schultz & Schultz, 1994)personality is I.
Adams suggested that we get a good idea of what personality is
by listening to what we say when we use "I". When you say I,
you are, in effect, summing up everything about yourself - yourlikes and dislikes, fears and virtues, strengths and weaknesses.
The word I is what defined you as an individual, as a person
separate from all others.
psychological result of learning
and erce tion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology -
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Personality
Characteristic pattern of thinking,feeling and acting.
Four major perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivationsTrait - specific dimensions of personalityHumanistic - inner capacity for growthSocial-Cognitive - influence of environment
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Psychoanalytic Perspectivefirst comprehensive theory of personality
(1856-1939)
University of Vienna 1873Voracious Reader
Medical School Graduate
Specialized in NervousDisorders
Some patients disorders
had no physical cause!
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Psychoanalytic Perspectivefirst comprehensive theory of personality
Q: What caused neurologicalsymptoms in patients with no
neurological problems?
UnconsciousHypnosis
Free
Association
Psychoanalysis
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The Unconsciousthe mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden
Conscious Awareness
small part above surface
(Preconscious)
Unconscious
below the surface
(thoughts, feelings,
wishes, memories)
Repressionbanishing unacceptable
thoughts & passions to
unconscious
Dreams & Slips
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Freud & Personality Structure
Personality arises from conflict twixt agressive,
pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints
Satisfaction
without the guilt?
EgoSuperEgo
Id
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Freud & Personality Structure
Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drivesPleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways
Reality Principle
Super Ego
- voice of consciencethat focuses on how
we oughtto behave
EgoSuperEgo
Id
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Freud & Personality Development
personality forms during the first few years of life,
rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood
Psychosexual StagesOral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouthAnal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/Oedipus Complex
(Identification & Gender Identity)
Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormantGenital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others
Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3
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Defense Mechanisms
Id
Super
Ego
Ego
When the inner war
gets out of hand, the
result is Anxiety
Ego protects itself via
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms reduce/redirectanxiety by distorting reality
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Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from
consciousness (underlies all other defensemechanisms)
Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixateddevelopment
ReactionFormation - ego makes unacceptableimpulses appear as their opposites
Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others Rationalization - generate self-justifying explanations
to hide the real reasons for our actions Displacement - divert impulses toward a more
acceptable object
Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse intosomething socially valued
Defense Mechanisms
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Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Unconscious & Assessment
How can we assess personality?(i.e., the unconscious)
Objective Tests?No - tap the conscious
Projective Tests?
Yes - tap the unconscious
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Other Psychodynamics
Karl Jung
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes
Alder & Horney
Superiority
Role of gender and
socialization
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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Were Freuds theoriesthe best of his timeor were they simply
incorrect?
Current researchcontradicts
many of Freudsspecific ideas
Development does not
stop in childhood
Dreams may not be
unconscious
drives and wishes
Slips of the tongue are
likely competing
nodes in memory network
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Freuds Ideas as Scientific Theory
Theories must explain observationsand offer testable hypotheses
Few Objective Observations Few Hypotheses
(Freuds theories based on his recollections &interpretations of patients free associations,
dreams & slips o the tongue)
Does Not PREDICT Behavior or Traits
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Trait Perspective
No hidden personality dynamicsjust basic personality dimensions
Traits -peoples characteristicbehaviors & conscious motives
How do we describe & classify different personalities?
(Type A vs Type B orDepressed vs Cheerful?)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify people
based upon responses to 126 questions
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Are There Basic Traits?
What trait dimensions describe personality?
Combination of 2 or 3
genetically determined
dimensions
Expanded set of factors
The Big 5
Extraversion/IntroversionEmotional Stability/Instability
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The Big Five
Emotional Stability
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Calm/Anxious
Secure/Insecure
Sociable/Retiring
Fun Loving/Sober
Imaginative/Practical
Independent/Conforming
Soft-Hearted/Ruthless Trusting/Suspicious
Organized/Disorganized
Careful/Careless
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Assessing Traits
How can we assess traits?(aim to simplify a persons behavior patterns)
Personality Inventories
MMPI most widely used personality inventory
assess psychological disorders (not normal traits) empirically derived - test items selected based
upon how well they discriminate twixt groups
of traits
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Humanistic
Carl Rogers
Self-Concept
Unconditional Positive Regard
Fully functioning person
Self-concept
Experience
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The Humanistic Perspective
Maslows
Self-Actualizing
Person
Rogers
Person-Centered
Perspective
Healthy rather than Sick
Individual as greater than the sum of test scores
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Maslow & Self-Actualization
Physiological
Safety
Love Needs
Esteem
Self-Actualizationthe process of fufilling our potential
Studied healthy, creative people
Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &Eleanor Roosevelt
Self-Aware & Self-Accepting
Open & Spontaneous Loving & Caring
Problem-Centered not Self-Centered
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Rogers Person-Centered Perspective
People are basically good
with actualizing tendencies.
Given the right environmental
conditions, we will developto our full potentials
Genuineness, Acceptance, EmpathySelf Concept - central feature
of personality (+ or -)
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Assessing & Evaluating the Self
?Primarily through questionnaires in which
people report their self-concept.
?Also by understanding others subjective
personal experiences during therapy
XConcepts are vague & subjective.
Assumptions are navely optimistic.
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior learned throughconditioning & observation
What we think about our situation
affects our behavior
Interaction ofEnvironment & Intellect
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Reciprocal Determinism
Personal/CognitiveFactors
BehaviorEnvironmentFactors
Internal World + External World = Us
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Personal Control
Internal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of Control
Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of Study
Correlate feelings of control with behaviorExperiment by raising/lowering peoples sense of
control and noting effects
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Outcomes of Personal Control
Learned HelplessnessUncontrollable
bad events
Perceived
lack of control
Generalized
helpless behavior
Important IssueNursing Homes
Prisons
Colleges
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Personality Assessment
Clinical Interview
Objective Tests
MMPI
Myers-Briggs
Projective Tests
Rorschach Ink Blots
Thematic Apperception Test
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Meyer-Briggs
Extrovert
Sensing
Thinking Judging
vs. Introversion
vs. Intuition
vs. Feelingvs. Perceptive
Energy
Info
Decision MakingPrefer