PersonalityPersonality

PersonalityPersonality Per sonare to speak throughPer sonare to speak through Persona an actor’s maskPersona an actor’s mask Persona grata an acceptable Persona grata an acceptable

personperson Persona non grata an unacceptable Persona non grata an unacceptable

personperson

PersonalityPersonality Personality “refers to the psychological Personality “refers to the psychological

qualities that influence an individual’s qualities that influence an individual’s characteristic behavior patterns in a characteristic behavior patterns in a broadly distinctive and consistent manner, broadly distinctive and consistent manner, across different situation and through across different situation and through timetime

The sum total of ways in which an The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with othersindividual reacts and interacts with others

Striking and habitual features of a Striking and habitual features of a person’s behaviorperson’s behavior

Content of PersonalityContent of Personality

Personality=an individual personal identity, Personality=an individual personal identity, assumed rolesassumed roles

Peripherical components: limited and Peripherical components: limited and subject to changesubject to change

Central components: core identity, more Central components: core identity, more enduring, characteristicenduring, characteristic

Stability and consistency: less agree aboutStability and consistency: less agree aboutwhich component of personality are which component of personality are

consistent and enduringconsistent and enduring

Determinants of PersonalityDeterminants of Personality

If we know how it develops, we will be in a If we know how it develops, we will be in a stronger position to change itstronger position to change it

Influences on personality:Influences on personality: EnvironmentEnvironment Biological determinants affect it’s Biological determinants affect it’s

functioningfunctioning Heredity fixes the limits of its’ developmentHeredity fixes the limits of its’ development Development takes places throughout lifeDevelopment takes places throughout life

TraitsTraits

Consistently found dimensions of Consistently found dimensions of thinking, behavior and feelingthinking, behavior and feeling

Allow individuals to be placed in a Allow individuals to be placed in a continuum with respect to different traits continuum with respect to different traits (e.g., introversion-extraversion, (e.g., introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability)neuroticism-emotional stability)

A trait is a temporally stable, cross A trait is a temporally stable, cross situational individual difference.situational individual difference.

Sixteen Primary Personality Sixteen Primary Personality TraitsTraits

Reserved VS Reserved VS

Less intelligent Less intelligent Affected by feelings Affected by feelings SubmissiveSubmissiveSeriousSeriousExpedientExpedientTimidTimidTough-mindedTough-mindedTrustingTrustingPracticalPracticalForthrightForthrightSelf-assuredSelf-assuredConservativeConservativeGroup-dependentGroup-dependentUncontrolledUncontrolledRelaxedRelaxed

OutgoingOutgoingMore intelligentMore intelligentEmotionally stableEmotionally stableDominantDominantHappy-go-luckyHappy-go-luckyConscientiousConscientiousVenturesomeVenturesomeSensitiveSensitiveSuspiciousSuspiciousImaginativeImaginativeShrewdShrewdApprehensiveApprehensiveExperimentingExperimentingSelf-sufficientSelf-sufficientControlledControlledTenseTense

Personality Type ApproachPersonality Type Approach Myers-Briggs Myers-Briggs

A person has: „primary” and second choice „auxiliary”A person has: „primary” and second choice „auxiliary” introvert introvert (I) or (I) or extravert extravert (E);(E); sensing sensing (S) or (S) or intuition intuition (N);(N); thinking thinking (T) or (T) or feeling feeling (F);(F); and two choices as to which function is used in the outer world,and two choices as to which function is used in the outer world, judgment judgment (J) -tend to set schedules and organize your life-, or(J) -tend to set schedules and organize your life-, or perception perception (P)- tend to leave the options open and see what (P)- tend to leave the options open and see what

happens-happens-

Hence there are 2x2x2x2=16 different MBTI personality types, as Hence there are 2x2x2x2=16 different MBTI personality types, as shownshown

ENTP ENFP ESTP ESFPENTP ENFP ESTP ESFP ENTJ ENFJ ESTJ ESFJENTJ ENFJ ESTJ ESFJ INTP INFP ISTP ISFPINTP INFP ISTP ISFP INTJ INFJ ISTJ ISFJINTJ INFJ ISTJ ISFJ

The Big Five ModelThe Big Five Model ClassificationsClassifications

– Extroversion Extroversion – Emotional StabilityEmotional Stability– Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience– AgreeablenessAgreeableness– ConscientiousnessConscientiousness

The Big FiveThe Big FiveEmotional Stability

Extraversion

Openness

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

• Calm/Anxious• Secure/Insecure

• Sociable/Retiring• Fun Loving/Sober

• Imaginative/Practical• Independent/Conforming

• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless• Trusting/Suspicious

• Organized/Disorganized• Careful/Careless

Introversion Vs. Introversion Vs. Extraversion Extraversion Reserved and shy in company Reserved and shy in company Open and talkative Open and talkative

Competitive, Competitive, Able to concentrate on long tasks Able to concentrate on long tasks enthusiastic and persuasive enthusiastic and persuasive

Prefers a calm environment Prefers a calm environment Enjoys a fast pace and variety at Enjoys a fast pace and variety at work work

Dislikes the limelight and Dislikes the limelight and attention attention

Gregarious Gregarious

Inhibited and somewhat reluctant Inhibited and somewhat reluctant in teams in teams

Socially active and energetic Socially active and energetic

Not a natural communicatorNot a natural communicator Can be impulsive or indiscreet Can be impulsive or indiscreet

Deliberate, and reflects on things Deliberate, and reflects on things Needs praise - enjoys attention Needs praise - enjoys attention

Lacks spontaneityLacks spontaneity Can lack concentration in routine Can lack concentration in routine or long tasks or long tasks

ConfidenceConfidence(Emotional Stability)(Emotional Stability)

low score (sensitive, aka low score (sensitive, aka neuroticism)neuroticism)

high score (confidence, aka high score (confidence, aka stability)stability)

Unsure of self, hesitant, Unsure of self, hesitant, checks with superiorschecks with superiors

Relaxed, calm under pressure Relaxed, calm under pressure

Prone to anxiety under pressureProne to anxiety under pressure High self esteem High self esteem

Dislikes making big/important Dislikes making big/important decisionsdecisions

Decisive, asserts him/herself Decisive, asserts him/herself

Not ambitious, somewhat Not ambitious, somewhat pessimistic pessimistic

Optimistic, enjoys taking lead Optimistic, enjoys taking lead

Concerned by change or the Concerned by change or the unexpected unexpected

Resilient to pressureResilient to pressure

May be temperamental, low May be temperamental, low emotional controlemotional control

Copes with the unexpected Copes with the unexpected

Nervous presenting self or own Nervous presenting self or own ideas ideas

Enjoys autonomy, ambitious Enjoys autonomy, ambitious

Detail-consciousDetail-consciousLow-score Low-score (unstructured)(unstructured)

High Score (detail-High Score (detail-conscious aka conscious aka conscientiousness)conscientiousness)

Flexible and informal approach to Flexible and informal approach to workwork

Structured approach to work Structured approach to work

Not detail conscious - expedient Not detail conscious - expedient Quality-conscious and detailedQuality-conscious and detailed

Prefers 'big picture' - strategic Prefers 'big picture' - strategic Plans and forecasts - organisedPlans and forecasts - organised

Less committed to formal tasks Less committed to formal tasks Reliable and efficientReliable and efficient

Works well in a chaotic Works well in a chaotic environmentenvironment

Persevering and dutiful Persevering and dutiful

Dislikes paper work - Dislikes paper work - unstructured unstructured

Committed to the job – striving Committed to the job – striving

Multi-tasker Multi-tasker Keen to achieve goals Reliable Keen to achieve goals Reliable and efficient and efficient

Tough-mindedTough-minded

low score (low score (agreeablenessagreeableness)) high score (tough-minded)high score (tough-minded)Empathetic and consensus Empathetic and consensus oriented oriented

Self reliant and independent - Self reliant and independent - pushy pushy

Enjoys team participation Enjoys team participation Not a natural team player - Not a natural team player - dominant dominant

Tolerant of others Tolerant of others Goal oriented - tough and Goal oriented - tough and determined determined

Seen as kind and generous Seen as kind and generous Capable of dealing with 'office Capable of dealing with 'office politics' politics'

Patient and democratic with Patient and democratic with others others

Drives through obstacles Drives through obstacles

Can find disciplining others Can find disciplining others difficult difficult

Somewhat impatient with Somewhat impatient with weaker colleagues weaker colleagues

Can be seen as too soft or Can be seen as too soft or submissive submissive

Able to make unpopular Able to make unpopular decisions decisions

Naturally democratic Naturally democratic management style management style

Autocratic management style Autocratic management style

ConformingConforming

low score (creative, aka low score (creative, aka opennessopenness//openness to openness to experienceexperience))

high score (conforming)high score (conforming)

Finds routines and systems Finds routines and systems constricting constricting

Follow rules and procedures Follow rules and procedures

Enjoys challenging the status Enjoys challenging the status quo quo

Risk-averse and cautious of Risk-averse and cautious of change change

Champions change - accepts Champions change - accepts risks risks

Adapts rather than creates new Adapts rather than creates new approaches approaches

Idealistic, with a variety of Idealistic, with a variety of interests interests

Conservative and serious Conservative and serious

Creative thinker and problem Creative thinker and problem solver solver

Obedient to corporate Obedient to corporate methodology methodology

Unconventional and intellectual Unconventional and intellectual Practical and down to earth Practical and down to earth Thinks on feet, improvises Thinks on feet, improvises Adheres to guidelines and Adheres to guidelines and

systems systems

Major Personality Attributes Major Personality Attributes Influencing OBInfluencing OB

Locus of ControlLocus of Control MachiavellianismMachiavellianism Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem Self-MonitoringSelf-Monitoring Risk TakingRisk Taking Type A and Type B PersonalitiesType A and Type B Personalities

Locus of ControlLocus of Control The degree to which people believe The degree to which people believe

they are in control of their own fatethey are in control of their own fate – InternalsInternals

Individuals who believe that they control Individuals who believe that they control what happens to themwhat happens to them

– ExternalsExternals Individuals who believe that what happens Individuals who believe that what happens

to them is controlled by outside forces such to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chanceas luck or chance

MachiavellianismMachiavellianism Degree to which an individual is Degree to which an individual is

pragmatic, maintains emotional pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can distance, and believes that ends can justify meansjustify means

Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem Individuals’ degree of liking or Individuals’ degree of liking or

disliking of themselvesdisliking of themselves

Self-MonitoringSelf-Monitoring A personality trait that measures an A personality trait that measures an

individual’s ability to adjust individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational behaviour to external situational factorsfactors

Risk-Taking Risk-Taking Refers to a person’s willingness to Refers to a person’s willingness to

take chances or riskstake chances or risks

Type A PersonalityType A Personality– Always moving, walking, and eating Always moving, walking, and eating

rapidly.rapidly.– Feel impatient with the rate at which most Feel impatient with the rate at which most

events take place.events take place.– Strive to think or do two or more things at Strive to think or do two or more things at

once.once.– Cannot cope with leisure time.Cannot cope with leisure time.– Are obsessed with numbers, measuring Are obsessed with numbers, measuring

their success in terms of how many or how their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.much of everything they acquire.

Type B PersonalityType B Personality– Never suffer from a sense of time urgency Never suffer from a sense of time urgency

with its accompanying impatience.with its accompanying impatience.– Feel no need to display or discuss either Feel no need to display or discuss either

their achievements or accomplishments their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.situation.

– Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost.exhibit their superiority at any cost.

– Can relax without guilt.Can relax without guilt.

MeasurementMeasurement • • Assessments can be structured or Assessments can be structured or

unstructuredunstructured– – Structured - long list of questions answered by Structured - long list of questions answered by

the person.the person.– – MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic PersonalityMMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality- Inventory - 550 questions directed at 10 scales Inventory - 550 questions directed at 10 scales

(subtests) each measuring a different aspect (subtests) each measuring a different aspect of personalityof personality

MMPI • Items on this test were selected MMPI • Items on this test were selected because the item distinguished between because the item distinguished between “normal” and hospitalized psychiatric “normal” and hospitalized psychiatric patients . Assumption is that psychiatric patients . Assumption is that psychiatric patients were just extreme examples of a patients were just extreme examples of a continuum of different personality types.continuum of different personality types.

MMPIMMPI Examples Examples

– – Depression - “I often feel that life is not worth Depression - “I often feel that life is not worth living”living”

– – Paranoia - “Several people are following me Paranoia - “Several people are following me everywhere”everywhere”

– – Schizophrenia - “I seem to hear things that Schizophrenia - “I seem to hear things that other people cannot hear”other people cannot hear”

– – Psychopathic deviance - “I often was in trouble Psychopathic deviance - “I often was in trouble in school although I did not understand for what in school although I did not understand for what reasons.reasons.

– “– “I sometimes gossip with other people”I sometimes gossip with other people”

Unstructured personality testsUnstructured personality tests

• • Projective techniques - present Projective techniques - present ambiguous stimulus and individual will ambiguous stimulus and individual will “project” some kind of structure that “project” some kind of structure that reflects underlying psychological reflects underlying psychological characteristicscharacteristics

• • Free associationFree association • • Rorschach Inkblot testsRorschach Inkblot tests • • Thematic Apperception TestThematic Apperception Test

Group ExerciseGroup Exercise Break off into grps of 5 or 6Break off into grps of 5 or 6 Identify personality characteristics Identify personality characteristics

associated with high performance associated with high performance teams and justify your choice.teams and justify your choice.

Identify personality ch. That hinder Identify personality ch. That hinder high performance teams and justify.high performance teams and justify.

A team with similar or dissimilar A team with similar or dissimilar traits. Which is better and why?traits. Which is better and why?