pests of mango ( dks cars bhatapara)

INSECTS PESTS OF MANGO

&THEIR MANAGEMENT

AENT-321–CROPS PESTS AND MANAGEMENT-2

2015-

16

AN ASSIGNMENT ON

DAU KALYAN

SINGH

COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE

and

RESEARCH

STATION

BHATAPARA

SUBMITTED TO

MR. VIKAS SINGH ASSIST. PROF. OF ENTOMOLOGY

DKS CARS, BHATAPARA

SUBMITTED BY

VIKRAM

ID-110713043

B.SC.(AG) 3rd YEAR 2nd SEM

INSECTS PESTS OF MANGO &THEIR MANAGEMENT 2015-16

A E N T - 3 2 1 C R O P S P E S T S A N D M A N A G E M E N T - 2 - V I K R A M

INDEX

S.NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

1.

Inroduction

3-4

2.

Mango Hopper

5-9

3.

Mango Mealy Bug

10-15

4.

Stem Borer

16-20

5.

Stone Weevil

21-24

6.

Shoot Gall Psylla

25-28

7.

Inflorescence Midge

29-31

8.

References

32



Scientific name - Mangifera indica

Family - Anacardiacea

Mango

Introduction

Mango is one of the most delicious fruit grown in India.

India alone account for nearly 80 %of the world mango production. A

substantial quality is being exported to different parts of the world. Mango

pulp is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, and Carbohydrate.

It also, contains appreciable quantity of magnesium,

sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron etc. According to Nayar et. al

;(1976) about 175 species of insects have been reported to damage the

mango fruit and the tree. Few important ones are being described as

below.



S. NO.

COMMON NAME

SCIENTIFIC NAME

ORDER

FAMILY

1.

Mango Hopper

Amritodus atkinsoni

Hemiptera

Cicadellidae

2.

Mealy Bug

Drosicha mangiferae

Hemiptera

Margarodidae

3.

Stem Borer

Batocera fufomaculata

Coleoptera

Cerambyciade

4.

Stone Weevil

Sternochaetus mangifera

Coleoptera

Curculionidae

5.

Shoot Gall Psylla

Apsylla cistella

Hemiptera

Psyllidae

6.

Inflorescence Midge

Erosomyia indica

Diptera

Cecidomyiidae

PESTS OF MANGO



Introduction:-

The mango hoppers are the most destructive pests of all the

varieties of mango.

Three species of hoppers Idioscopus clypealis, I. nitidulus and

Amritodus atkinsoni are the most important and found on

panicles, leaves and stems, respectively.

The hoppers are prevalent in the mango flowering season,

multiply in large numbers and proves devastating to the crop.

Mango Hopper (Amritodus atkinsoni)

Phyllum- Arthopoda

Class- Insecta

Order - order

Family – Cicadeliiida

Genus – Amritodus

Species - atkinsoni

Taxonomy



Damage to the mango crop may be as high as 60 per cent. The

growth of young trees is much retarded and older trees do not

bear much fruits

Distribution:-

India, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Srilanka,

Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia.

Major pest prevalent in the flowering season and devastating in

all mango growing areas.

Host Range:- mango

Identification:-

Eggs -Eggs are laid in single into the tissues of the young leaves,

shoots, flower stalk and unopened flowers.

Nymph – The nymphs of Idiosocopus clypealis are dull yellow or

dust yellow, whereas those of Amritodus atkinsoni are pale

yellow, elongated and more active.

Adult- : Small insects 4-5mm long with the body shape of a

miniature cicada / wedge shaped



Life Cycle:-

Female inserts eggs into flower buds, inflorescence stalks and

tender leaves.

Incubation period: 4-7 days

Nymphal Period: 12-17 days

Completes 2-3 generation in flowering period.



Damage Symptoms:-

Drying of infested tissue: Large number of nymphs and adults

puncture and suck the sap of tender parts such as panicles,

inflorescence, leaves and fruits, thereby reducing the vigour of the

plants and particularly destroying inflorescence and causing fruit

drop.

Sooty mould: They also damage the crop by excreting a sweet

sticky substance which facilitates the development of sooty

mould, a fungi, which affects photosynthesis activities of leaf,

reducing the vigour of the plants. Heavy puncturing and

continuous draining of the sap cause curling and drying of the

infested tissue.



Integrated Pest Management

Culture method:-

Keeping the orchard clean and avoiding overcrowding of

trees.

Avoiding water logging around the mango orchard.

Biological method:-

Conservation of bio control agents like predator, Mallada boninensis, Chrysopa lacciperda, egg parasite, Polynema spp. Gonatocerus sp. Tetrastichus sp. and fungus, Verticillium lecanii .

Neem oil 5 ml/lit of water can be mixed with any insecticide

for spray.

Spray 3 per cent neem oil or neem seed kernel powder

extract 5 per cent.

Chemical methods:-

Spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL 2.5-3.3 L ,

methyldemeton 25 EC or malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0 L in 1500

– 2000 L of water per ha or acephate 75 SP @ 1 g/L,

phosalone 35 EC @1.5 ml/L, or new molecules like

buprofezin 25 SC 1-2ml/L of water or imidacloprid 17.8 SL

2-4ml/tree or lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC 0.5-1.0ml/L of

water at 10 -15 L of water per tree.



Mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae)

Taxonomy

Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Homoptera Family –Margarodidae Genus – Drosicha Species - mangiferae

Introduction:-

Mealy bug is another major pest of mango in India and is widely

distributed.

Dorsicha mangiferae is the most common mealy bug and causes

severe damage to mango crop throughout the country.

Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigour of

the plant. Excessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes

wilting and finally drying of infested tissue.

Distribution :-

India, Bangladesh, China and South East Asia



Host range :

Mango, apple, apricot, ber, cherry, Citrus spp., fig, grape vine,

guava, jack, jamun, litchi, mulberry and pomegranate.

Identification:-

Eggs: Oval, shining pink eggs laid in the soil upto 15 cm.

Adult:

– The adult male is winged and small

– Female is bigger and wingless.

– The females can be identified by their flat shape, covered

with white flocculent wax covering.

Nymph – The nymphs are flat in shape and pink to brown in

colour.



Life Cycle:-

The female crawl down the tree in the month of April-May and

enter in the cracks in the soil for laying eggs in large numbers

encased in white egg sacs.

Just after hatching, the minute newly hatched pink to brown

coloured nymphs crawl up the tree.

The eggs lie in diapause state in the soil till the return of the

favourable conditions in the month of November - December.



Damage symptoms:-

The female adult crawls down the tree in the month of April-May and enter in the cracks in the soil for laying eggs. Pinkish nymphs and adult mealy bugs are present on leaves,inflorescence, branches, fruits and fruits talk. The nymphs of this pest suck sap from leaves and inflorescence causing dryness leading to flower drop and negligible fruit set. They also secrete honey dew which gives rise to sooty mold attack.

IPM:- Culture methods-

Remove weeds like Clerodendrum inflortunatum and grasses

by ploughing during June-July.

Plough orchards during summer to expose the eggs to

natural enemies and extreme heat.

Band the trees with 20 cm wide alkalthene of polythene

(400 gauge) in the middle of December (50 cm above the

ground level and just below the junction of branching).Tie

stem with jute thread and apply a little mud of fruit tree

grease on the lower edge of the band.



Biological methods:-

Release Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus

montrouzieri @ 10/tree

Conservation of bio control agents, Beauveria bassiana, predators, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Rodolia fumida and Sumnius renardi.

Releasing 10-15 grubs of cocinellid predator, C. montrozieri per tree

1. Alkathene banding on tree trunk to check migration 2. Coccinellid predators of mealy bug

Chemical methods-

If necessary spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL

2.5-3.3L , methyldemeton 25 EC or malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0

L or chlorpryriphos 20 EC 3.0 – 4.0 L or methyl parathion 50

EC 1.5 – 2.0 L in 1500 – 2000 L water per ha

If nymphs ascended on tree spray carbosulfan (0.05%) or Dimethoate (0.04%)



Stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata)

Taxonomy

Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Coleoptera Family –Cerambyciade Genus – Batocera Species - Rufomaculata

Introduction:-

Mango stem borer is common pest in India. It is a

polyphagous pest, infesting besides mango, apple, fig,

mulberry, Eucalyptus, jack fruit, papaya etc.

Distribution:-

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma, Malaysia,

South Vietnam, Philippines, East Australia, Africa and

Hawaii.

Host plants:-

Besides mango, it also attacks jack fruit, rubber, fig,

eucalyptus,etc .



Identification:-

Adult-

Adult weevil is about 6-8 mm in length, greyish brown in

colour and stoutly built.

Antennae are 10 segmented and elytra are convex. In non-

fruiting season, beetles remain hidden under the bark.

The mother weevil selects a place on the developing fruit,

makes a boat or crescent shaped shallow depression by

scooping and then lays a single egg and covers it with a

transparent liquid secretion.

Single female lays about 15 eggs. The egg hatches within a

week.

Grub-

Grub is white, thick, fleshy and legless. The newly hatched grub immediately tunnels in a zigzag manner through pulp, endocarp and seed coat until it reaches cotyledons and the seed coat hardens afterwards.

Inside the stone it feeds on the cotyledon, moults 5 times in about 5 weeks and pupates inside the stone. As a fruit develops, the tunnel gets healed up.



Life cycle:-

Eggs laid singly on the bark or cracks and crevices on the

tree trunk or branches. Incubation period: 1-2 weeks.

Grubs yellow, grub period 6 months, and pupal period is

19-36 days.

Adults grey with two pink dots and lateral spine on the

thorax with a longevity of 6 months.



Damage symptoms:-

Grubs feed inside the stem boring upward making irregular tunnels which results in interruption of nutrient and water transport in the tissue. Drying of terminal shoot in early stages and severe symptoms causes wilting of branches or entire tree.

Figure 8 showing Stem borer on infested stem.

IPM:-

Culture methods-

Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin.

Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of

the tree.

Avoid injury at the base of trunk while pruning.



Remove alternative hosts like moringa, silk cotton in the

near vicinity.

Chemical methods-

During off-season, apply absorbent cotton soaked in 10 ml

monocrotophos 36 SL per tree by padding without

unnecessarily injuring the trunk.

Use a needle or long wire to pull out the grubs from the

bore holes. The bore holes may be filled with DDVP @ 5 ml

or monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml or one celphos tablet

(3 g aluminum phosphide) or apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per

hole and plug with clay + copper oxychloride paste.

Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / L

(basal portion of the trunk - 3 feet height) after scraping the

loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult beetles.



Mango Stone Weevil (Sternochaetus mangiferae)

Taxonomy

Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Coleoptera Family – Curculionidae Genus – Sternochaetus Species - mangiferae

Introduction:-

It is a major pest in South India. It is widely distributed in

tropics. Sweet variety fruits are more liked by stone weevil.

It is monophagous and is considered most serious pest of

mango.

Identification:-

Adult- Adult weevil is about 6-8 mm in length, greyish brown in colour and stoutly built. Antennae are 10 segmented and elytra are convex. In non-fruiting season, beetles remain hidden under the bark. The mother weevil selects a place on the developing fruit, makes a boat or crescent shaped shallow depression by scooping and then lays a single egg and covers it with a transparent liquid



secretion. Single female lays about 15 eggs. The egg hatches within a week.

Grub- Grub is white, thick, fleshy and legless. The newly hatched grub immediately tunnels in a zigzag manner through pulp, endocarp and seed coat until it reaches cotyledons and the seed coat hardens afterwards. Inside the stone it feeds on the cotyledon, moults 5 times in about 5 weeks and pupates inside the stone.

Host plants Only mango

Life cycle:- Adult lay eggs singly on the marble sized fruits by scooping out the surface tissue and covering over with transparent secretion. Egg period - 7 days, grub period - 20-30 days yellow creamy grub apodous with five larval instars.

Pupation occurs inside the nut along the concave side; pupal period 7 days.

Adults stout, 6 mm long, dark brown in colour. Life cycle completed in 40-50 days



Damage Symptoms:-

Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp, Eats unripe tissue and bore

into cotyledons.

Fruit dropping at marble stage. Oviposit ion injuries on marble

sized fruits.

Tunnelled cotyledons in mature fruit by grubs.

Figure 17 showing Mango nut weevil in mango fruit nut.

IPM:-

Under-sized fruits left on the tree should be picked and destroyed. Undertake general cleanliness and destruction of the weevils on the bark during August If the trees are few, bag the fruits with cloth or try paper bags for protection.



Collect and destroy the fallen fruits and stones. Spray application of malathion 50 EC 1ml/L; Carbaryl 3-4 kg (4 g/L of water) or Quinalphos 3- 4 L (2 ml/L of water) in 1500-2000 L water per ha in Sept-Oct on the tree first at marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval. During non flowering season direct spray towards the base of the trunk. The infested bark should be washed with kerosene emulsion. Spray deltamethrin spray 1.5 - 2.0 L (1 ml/L of water) in 1500-2000 L water per ha after six weeks of fruit set.



Mango shoot gall psylla (Apsylla cistella)

Taxonomy

Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Hemiptera Family –Psyllidae Genus – Apsylla Species - cistella

Inroduction:-

Shoot gall psylla is a monophagous pest of mango in northern

India.

Biology:-

Adult female lays 80-100 eggs on either side of the midrib of a single leaf. Freshly laid egg looked like a rectangular block with rounded corners. The incubation period ranges between 191-211 days. Freshly hatched nymph is yellowish in colour, but changed in size and colour with time.



There were six nymphal instars. Each instar moults after duration of about one month except 2nd nymphal instar, which moulted 2-3 weeks after hatching. Only one generation occur in a year. The nymphal period is about five to six months.

The peak adult emergence is in the first week of March.

Life cycle:- Adult females of the pest lay eggs at the sides of midribs during first week to end of March.

Incubation period last from first week of March to middle of August.

Eggs hatch in the middle of August and gall formation start from first week of September.

Nymphal period lasted from mid of August to end of February.

Adult emergence starts from fourth week of February and continued up to third week of March.

Damage symptoms:-

Nymphs emerge during August September and suck cell sap from

adjacent buds. As a result of feeding, buds develop into hard

conical green galls



Nymphs of Apsylla cistellata

The galls are usually seen during September-October.

Consequently there is no flowering and fruit setting.

Nymphs pass winter inside the galls.

Infestation of shoot gall psylla



IP Management:- Cultural control:-

practice of removal of eggs bearing leaves from a shoot during March last week which decreases number of shoot gall formation

Mechanical control:-

Pruning of shoots upto 30 cm which bears galls during September to check further spread of incidence

Chemical control:

Spray Profenophos @ 2 ml/litre which is having ovicidal action during the second week of March (peak ovipositioning period) Spray with Dimethoate @ 1.5 ml/litre during middle of August (Nymphal emergence time). If needed repeat the spray with same chemical.



Mango Inflorescence midge (Erosomyia indica)

Taxonomy

Phyllum- Arthopoda Class- Insecta Order - Diptera Family – Cecidomyiidae Genus – Erosomyia Species - indica

Introduction:- The pest lives in association with the mango crop from January to May. It infests and damages the crop in three different stages. The most damaging one is the first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed even before flowering and fruiting.

Incidence is noticed more where Moderate to high temperature With low humidity prevailing during January – March.

Distribution:- It is distribution all over India.



Identification:- The adult is minute yellowish midge with grayish back. The male being larger than female. The wings are broad; claw is slender, strongly arched and dentate.

Life cycle: -

Lay eggs on the inflorescence peduncle or at the base of the fruit. The eggs hatch within 2-3 days. The larval period varies from 7-10 days.

The pupal period varies from 5-7 days.

The mature larvae drop down into the soil for pupation.

There are 3-4 overlapping generations of the pest spread over the period from January-March.

Nature of damage: - Maggots attack inflorescence stalk, flower buds and small developing fruits.

Damaging symptoms:

The larvae tunnel the axis of inflorescence and destroy it completely. Damage by E. indica causes bending and drying of the inflorescences. Second attacks starts at fruit setting as young maggots bore into these tender fruits which slowly turn yellow and finally drop.



Third attack is on tender ‘new leaves encircling inflorescence.

The most damaging one is first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed.

The inflorescence shows stunted growth and its axis bends, at the entrance point of larva.

Management:- Collection and disposal of infested panicles leaves and twigs.

Deep plughing of orchard in October- November to expose pupae and diapausing larvae to sun’s heat which kills them.

Monitoring of larval population on white paper in April/ May and apply chlopyriphos (1.5%) dust based on population.

Spray dimethoate (0.05%) at bud burst stage.



References:-

Shrivastava K.P., Dhaliwal G.S., A Textbook of Applied Entomology, Kalyani Publishers,New Dhelhi.

Prakash Om,IPM Schedule for Mango Pests,(2012) National Horticulture Mission, Ministry of Agricultural, New Dhelhi.

Shivankar V.J., Rao C.N. ,Psyllids and Their Management,

(2010)ManageNational Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpure.

Chowdhury Swapan, Diversity and nature of damage of mango insect pests at Kaliachak-II Block of Malda, West Bengal, India,(2015)Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies , (www.Entomljournal.com)

Bambawale O.M., Shivendra ,Bhatt B.P., Venkateswaralu B.,

Manual for Mango Pest Surveillance,(2012) National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,ICAR, New Delhi.

Raghavaih G., PESTS OF CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(Study

Material) (2011-12), DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BAPATLA, ANGRAU.

www.ecourses.iasri.res.in

http://www.entomljournal.com/

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