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Petr Kupka Slide 2 What is organized crime? Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Definitions Slide 12 Organized crime Criminal organization Criminal activity Slide 13 List of characteristics (1) totalitarian organization; (2) immunity and protection from the law through professional advice or fear or corruption, or all, in order to insure continuance of their activities; (3) permanency and form; (4) activities which are highly profitable, relatively low in risk, and based on human weakness; (5) use of fear against members of the organization, the victims, and, often, members of the public; (6) continued attempt to subvert legitimate gov; (7) insularity of leadership from criminal acts; and (8) rigid discipline in a hierarchy of ranks. (Cressey 1969) Slide 14 Formula definition From this orientation comes a definition which highlights organized crime as a system of power and interaction, not as an invincible organization with mystical powers. (Homer 1974) Slide 15 Definition Criminal enterprise involved in criminal activities Varese 2011 Slide 16 Contemporary context Ancient antecedents vs. modern manifestations The growth of OC industry (scholars in the hands of policymakers ) Legality vs. legitimacy Blurring the policing and military functions Overlap between national security intelligence and criminal intelligence New phenomena related to OC (weak states, war economy etc.) Slide 17 Development of the concept Structural model Kingship/patron-client model Enterprise model Multiple-constituency theory Transaction-cost economics Network perspective Slide 18 Structural model OC = authoritarian and bureaucratic system designed to maximalization of profit; ground with the code of conduct with specific rules and procedures Modus operandi functional roles in division the labour, sophisticatated management, bureaucratic atributes of precedents Structure, not people, deepen the tradition and character of system Slide 19 Structural model Rationality = predominant determinant Predictive level law enforcement successes OC viewed by the leneses of its internal form OC = unified organized entity, not the set of variables Slide 20 Structural model Kefauver commission (1951) Theres a natiowide crime syndicate known as the Mafia, whose tentacles are found in many large cities. It has international ramifications which appear most clearly in connecton with the narcotics traffic. Its leaders are usually found in control in most lucrative rackets of their cities. There are indicators of a centralized direction and control of these rackets, but leadership appears to be in a group rather than in single individual Slide 21 Slide 22 Structural model No evidence of supporting the view of a centralized Sicilian or other foreign organization dominating OC in the U.S. Refers to outside threat Who is more important then what Focused on career criminals, exclude (or de- emphasize) the part played by representatives of officicaldom and the respectable classes (Woodiwiss 2005) Connected with Italian immigration arising of LCN Slide 23 Kingship based/patron-client model Variation of structural model Provide the frame for the family-brotherhood analysis System of social control; can help with the understanding of relations within the clans or between them Comes out from the point of view of ethnical diversity Social systems completely in the opposition to modern bureaucratic institution Slide 24 Kingship based/patron-client model No structure, except for internal functional mechanisms if culture values are decreasing, clans as units are decreasing as well and the system is dissappearing Predictive level relations will be weakening due to sequent assimilation of next generations to the X society Slide 25 Economic model Market model supply-demand Legitimity spectrum saint vs. sinfull Market is formed by rules, not by conspiracy or strucutral conventions Core technologies (general business procedures) operational enviroment Slide 26 Enterprise model Organization = systems opened for overcoming the uncertainity; closed systems subordinated to rationality and necessity of certainity Enterpreneurial uncertainity is located in operational environment (illegality = environemnt dangerous for classic business activities) Core technology = effective fulfillment of defined certainity Slide 27 Enterprise model Interdependency of organization and operational environment The illegal market is working through dissatisfaction of potential candidates for products or services Enterpreneurial crimes production and distribution of new products and services via market relations between suppliers and consumers and enterpreneurials worth Products and services refer to the risk of detection Slide 28 Enterprise model 2 type of crimes 1)Illegal markets 2)the penetration of legal spcetrum the penetration of legal of spectrum is not the force that can shape the form of illegal markets Slide 29 Multiple-constituency theory Organization is legal fiction Organizations are the results, not initiators of any activities Unification of interests within certain areas Organization is not the structure but center of incentive changes External actors, quazi-insiders, internal elements Cooperation and competition = conflict Slide 30 Multiple-constituency theory Structure is not determined by the objectives Organization is not located on the geographical map of its material assets; we can locate it on the base of dominant forces Location and structure can change their forms Satisfaction of the interest can be sequential time-share proces Stability has minor influence compare to uncertainity Slide 31 Network perspective Relational structures of the group (or widen social system) consisted of the relation matters between the sets of actors Each of the units has relation to another units and these units have relation with another units etc. Set of actors = interacting units Actors are no more independent, but interdependent Slide 32 Model of relation ties in the network, Schwartz- Rouselle 2008 Slide 33 Von Lampe, K. 2009 lecture in IASSOC Catania on 29/06/2009 Slide 34 Network perspective Relations or relation ties are used as chanells for transmitting material or nonmaterial sources Network environment offer the opportunities, but also the limits Slide 35 Kleerks, P., ISSOC lecture Catania 2009 Slide 36 Bruinsma Bernasco 2004 Slide 37 Arsovska, J., ISSOC Ohrid lecture, 2011 Slide 38 Slide 39 Network perspective Actors Relation; relational tie Dyads, triads Subgroups System Nodes . Slide 40 Roles in the criminal networks Supplier (of raw materials, wholesale merchandise, machinery) Customer (for goods or services) Broker (puts criminal entrepreneurs into contact with potential business partners) Facilitator (supplier of support, such as logistical or institutional facilities) Financer (investor, supplier of money) Source: Kleerks, P. (lecture in IASSOC Catania; July 2009) Slide 41 Network perspective Network structure characteristics (positions, density, the number of participants, cells and factions cliques, brokers) Upperworld + underworld = environment OC as a mirror of political economy and civic society Weak side: the reality of OC is not clear; just usual suspects Slide 42 Zarkadoulas, N., lecture on IAASOC Ohrid 2011 Slide 43 Analytical model of OC Von Lampe, K. (2011)