petrie abydos 2

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ABYDOS

by W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE

Classic Literature Collection

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Title: ABYDOS

Author: W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE

Language: English

Subject: Fiction, Literature

'LJLWDOPublisher: World Public Library Association

Copyright 20, All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net


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>BYDOS. TEMPLE: GLAZED POTTERY. M 69.

W


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AB Y DOSPAET II. 1903

BY

W. M. FLINDERS PETRIEHon. D.C.L., LL.D.. Litt.D., Ph.D.,

F.R.S., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.)MEMBER OF THE IMPEKIAI. GERMAN ARC II AEOLOGICAL 1NSTIT1 CI

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE BOCIBTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN;MEMBER OK THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY J

MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQV ARI t - ;EDWABDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, INIYERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

With a Chapter by

F. Ll. GRIFFITH, M.A., F.S.A.

TWENTY-FOURTH MEMOIR OFTHE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDONSOLD AT

The OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Cheat Russell Street, W.Ci\-d 8, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

bt KEGAN PAUL, TEENCH, TBUBNEE & CO., Dbtbb* Ho.se, 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, W.B. QUAEITCH, 15, Piccabtllt, W. ; ASHEE & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Coyest Garden, W.< .

and HENEY PEOWDE, Ame.n Corner, E.G.1903


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Fww Arts-

T)T51

LONDONPRINTBD BY GILBERT AND IUVINGTON, LIMITED,

ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, f'LKRK KNWELL. E.C.


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CONTENTS OF PART II.


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CONTENTS

PI.

Pis.

Pis.

&c.

SECT.49. Sealings. PI. xvi50. Inscriptions, VthVlth Dynasties

PI. xvii-xx .51. Objects of Pepy. PL xxi .52. Copper tools, Vlth Dynasty.

xxii ....53. Inscriptions, Xlth Dynasty.

xxiii-v....54. Inscriptions, Xllth Dynasty.

xxvi-xxix55. Inscriptions, XHIth Dynasty

Pis. xxx-xxxii56. Granite pylon. PL xxxiii.57. Inscriptions, XVIIIthXIX th Dynas

ties. Pis. xxxiv-xxxix .

CHAPTER IV.Flint Knives and Pottert.

58. Flint knives, xl-xli59. Pottery of 1st Dynasty. PL xlii60. Pottery of IlndVtli Dynasties. PL

xliii-iv

PAGE31

3132

33

33

3435

35

3838

39

SECT. PAGE61. Pottery of VlthXllth Dynasties.

Pis. xlv-xlvi 39

CHAPTER V.The Inscriptions.

Bv F. Ll. Griffith, F.S.A.6263

The sealingsThe decrees ....

64. Pepy inscriptions65. XlthXHIth Dynasties inscriptions66. XVIIIth Dynasty inscriptions .67. XlXth Dynasty inscriptions

CHAPTER VI.Summary of Results.

68. Religions69. Artistic .....

APPENDIX.70. Size of bricks ....

414142434445

4748

50


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LIST OF PLATESWITH INFERENCES TO THE PAGES UN WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

PLATEI.

II.III.

IV.V.VI.VII.

VIII.IX.X.

XI.XII.

XIII.XIV.XV.XVI.XVII.

XVIII.XIX.XX.XXI.XXII.XXIII.XXIV.XXV.XXVI.XXVII.XXVIII.XXIX.XXX.XXXI.XXXII.

Temple : Glazed pottery (coloured) Ivory figures, 1st Dynasty

Glazed pottery (coloured) Glazed figures, 1st Dynasty

Glazed beads, tiles, &c, 1st Dynasty,, Figures of limestone, &c.,, Glazed figures, &c. .,, Glazed and rough pottery Pottery and inscription, 1st Dynasty,, Ivory statuettes, 1st Dynasty and Kliufu Royal objects, 1stVlth Dynasties .,, Copper tools, &c. Sealings, 1stVth Dynasties .,, Decree, Teta, Vlth Dynasty Neferarkara, Vth Dynasty .

Temple of Pepy, Lintel and stele, Vlth Dynasty,, ,, ,, Inscriptions, Vlth Dynasty,, Vases, &c, of Pepy, Vlth Dynasty,, Copper tools, Vlth Dynasty, Iron weapons

Temple : Inscriptions of XlthXllth DynastiesTemple of Mentuhotep III, Xlth DynastyTemples of Mentuhotep III and Sankhkara, Xlth DynastyTemple : Lintel of Usertesen I., &c.

Standards, quarry marks, &c.,, Usertesen III statues ; Sebekhotep III jambs Inscriptions, Xllth Dynasty Steles, XllthXHIth Dynasty Steles of Penthen, &c, XUIth Dynasty Inscriptions of XUIthXVIIIth Dynasties

12,3

1

I

23, 25, 26, 4823, 24, is24, 28, 48

23, 24, 25. is23, 24, 25

. 2525, 2623, 20

10, 20, 2727, 28, 49

. 280, 28, 29, 38, 48

30, 48, 499, 30, 31, 32, 49

. 3129, 31,41

31, 41, 42,4931, 41, 42,49

1, 41, 42, 43, 4831, 32, 43

, 20, 25, 31, 3225, 32, 33

16, 20,33, 4814, 32, 33, 43

, 16, 33, 43,4833, 43

12, 33, 34, 4317,34,4334, 43, 4834, 43, 44

34, 4434, 35, 36


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LIST OK PLATES.PLATE

XXXIII.XXXIV.XXXV.XXXVI.XXXVII.XXXVIII.XXXIX.

XL.XLI.XLII.XLIII.XLIV.XLV.XLVI.XLVII.XLVIII.XLIX.

L.LI

LII.LIII.LIV.LV.LVI.LVII.LVIII.LIX.LX.LXI.LXII.

LXIII.LXIV.

Temple of Tahutmes III, W. pylonTemple : Offerings of Tahutmes III.......

,, Inscriptions, XlXthXXth Dynasties ....,,

Stele of l'u, tigure of Amenhotep ..... Head of Neb-en-maat, figure of Pa-ra-hotep, XlXth Dynasty,, Inscriptions of Unnefer, Nezem and Auy, XlXth Dynasty .,, Boat, harper, pieces of figures of Mut-tuy, XlXth Dy Flint knives ....,, Flint hoes and scrapers Stone and pottery of earliest temple,, Pottery of IlndVth Dynasties,, Pottery of Vlth Dynasty . Pottery of VlthXth Dynasties

Temple of Old Kingdom....Temples of VlthXXVlth Dynasties .Temple : Some principal buildings .

,, 1st Dynasty .... Ilnd and Illrd Dynasties.

IVth and Vth Dynasties . Vlth Dynasty ....

Xlth Dynasty (Mentuhotep III),, Xlth Dynasty (Sankhkara) XllthXHIth Dynasties

XVIIIth Dynasty .XXthXXVlth Dynasties . Periods of levels ,, Chamber of glazes and ivories, 1st Dynasty Foundation deposits, VlthXVIIIth Dynasties,, ,, Tahutmes III

Connection of pre-historic and historic pottery

nasty

14,

0,23,10,

PAGE. 3535, 44

19, 35, 3636, 4536, 45

36, 45, 46. 37. 38. 38

28, 38, 48. 39. 39

11, 20, 3915, 20, 39, 40

11, 12, 13. 12

6, 11, 13, 18. 7

. 8, 9, 3026,28,31, 3914, 31, 32, 34

14, 15, lu15, 161(1, 17

10, 17, is, :\()V.), 20

5, 6, 215, 0, 21

. 10

. 20

. 2121,22

Plates 1. and IV. inadequately represent the original draioings in shading.


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ABYDOS II.INTRODUCTION.

1 . The work described in this volume was begunat the end of November, 1902, and continuedtill the early part of April, 1 903. In the previousseason a part of the early town of Abydos hadbeen excavated, and it was shown that its periodbegan at the close of the prehistoric age andextended over the first few dynasties ; the con-nection between the prehistoric scale and thehistoric reigns was thus settled, and the resultsappeared in Abydos I. The position of thistown was close behind the site of the old templesof Abydos, and within the great girdle-wall en-closure of the Xllth Dynasty, which standsabout half a mile north of the well-known latertemples of Sety I and Ramessu II.

This early town being behind the temples, ormore into the sandy edge of the desert, washigher up ; the ground gently sloping from thecultivated land upwards as a sandy plain, untilit reaches the foot of the hills, a couple of milesback. This slope of sand has been encroachedupon by Nile deposits as the level of the riverrose ; and what was formerly dry ground whenbuilt on in the early monarchy is now abouttwenty feet below the high Nile level. Thisrise of the water, due to silting up of the Nilebed, is the obstacle to dealing with most of theearly sites ; and in the previous season wecleared as far as we could on the native-sandbasis of the town. Nearer to the cultivationthe sand sloped down below water level, so that

we could not reach it, and we were obliged thusto leave the early temple site for some differentmode of work. Happily the very exceptionallylow Nile of last summer gave us the best oppor-tunity that we could ever hope to gain. WhenI went out in November, just after the inunda-tion, the water in our pits was even lower thanwhen I had left it in April, instead of beingseveral feet higher as is usually the case. I wasthus able to begin a season with better condi-tions than are generally obtained at the dry endof the season ; and the water continued to recedeas the year advanced. No better chance couldbe ever hoped for, and whatever was possible tobe done without enormous pumping Avorks wascompletely in our power. We made use of thechance by clearing as much of the site as wecould deal with, down to below this exceptionalwater level, and no one will ever see more with-out such pumping as is never likely to beattempted. As most of the site we did clearhad in the earliest time only been used forrubbish, and not for construction, there was theless reason to regret not being able to workdeeper ; and the sand basis was reached so nearto the lowest and oldest temple that it is un-likely that any earlier building existed here.We have probably, therefore, exhausted thesite of the temple itself, though no doubt thereare acres of early buildings and enclosure by theside of it.


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ABYDOS II.The broad result is that ten different temples

can be traced on the same ground, throughabout twenty feet difference of level ; eachtemple built on the ruins of that which pre-ceded it, quite regardless of the work of theearlier kings.

2. On sites which having been briefly occu-pied have no great depth of remains, it is bestto turn back the earth as it is removed, and socover again the ground which has been searched.And also where there is no structural connectionbetween different parts, such as the plan of abuilding, it is practicable to tui'n over the earthto a considerable depth without losing anyimportant results. But in the present case thesuperposition of so many buildings, and thedepth of the accumulations, made it needful toshift the earth entirely from the ground that wesearched ; and we could only throw back at thelower levels, on surfaces which had been clearedto the water.

In such a clearance it was impossible to pre-serve all the structures. Had we avoided movingthe foundations of the XXVIth Dynasty, wecould never have seen much of the earlier work ;had we left the paving of the XHth Dynasty inplace, we must have sacrificed the objects of theOld Kingdom. And, moreover, in the presentconditions of Egypt we could not hope that anylimestone building left exposed would be pre-served for long ; so that we should have resignedthe older works for merely the temporary sightof later building which would soon be destroyed.Even while we were continually on the spot,blocks of stone were several times removed atnight ; and so tempting a quarry, with a bigLime-kiln at each end of it, will never be lefti in worked by builders and lime-burners. Alsohad we only worked the higher levels, and leftthe rest, the inflow of high Nile would haveformed a pond which would have so rotted the'j pH i ml that deeper work could not have beencarried on in the future. The only course there-fore was to jilan everything fully, and remove

whatever stood in the way of more completeexploration. All striking pieces of construction,such as the stone gateways of Pepy, were leftuntouched, and work carried on to deep levelsaround them ; in this way at the end of theseason the site was bristling with pieces of wallsand blocks of stonework rising ten or fifteenfeet above the low level clearances.

3. A main consideration in the work waswhere to place the removed earth. At the back ofthe site, to the west, there was the ground whichhad been all turned over down to basal sandlast season ; and that could be heaped up with-out any risk of covering things. Accordinglywe began along the west side of the temple site,and gradually raised high banks like railwayembankments, along which the boys ran andthrew the earth at the end and sides, thus filling-most of this area. But the delay caused bythrowing at much over a hundred feet distance,and the limits of this old ground, made it im-possible to clear the whole temple site on tothat. Pits were then sunk along the whole ofthe north side, and the stuff thrown far outthere. Other pits were sunk on the inner sidesof these, leaving only walls of earth between.And when two lines of pits, showing aboutthirty feet breadth of ground, had proved thatsuch a space was clear of stonework or anyimportant walls, we then threw out the earthclose to the pits. Similarly on the east side,and part of the south, having proved that therewere no temple constructions at some way out,we could then raise heaps of earth ten or twentyfeet high all along. We had to remove abouttwenty feet depth of earth all over the excavatedarea., and sometimes twenty-five feet, onlynarrow lines of walls being left standing ; conse-quently a huge mass of tip heaps was a necessaryfeature of the work.

In order to move such a great quantity ofearth to a considerable distance it was needfulto employ a, large number of boys as carriers.The digging was always done by old hands from


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INTRODUCTION.

Quft, about thirty to forty pairs being employednil this site; and the carrying required about ahundred boys, who were drawn from the neigh-bouring villages. Each pair of Quftis hadattached to them a sufficient aumber of boys,according to the distance and height to whichthe earth had to be carried. In the latter pariof the work the raising of the earth about thirtyfeet to discharge added a good deal to thelabour; the boys had to climb up long rows ofsteps cut in the sides of the excavation, and runalong zig-zag tracks on the tops of narrow walls,to reach the outside of the ground. The arrange-ment of the thrown earth needed continualsupervision ; as the boys if left to their ownways always throw as near as may be, and soraise a high bank, up which everything has tobe carried only to roll to the bottom on theother side. The distant ground should be filledfirst, and long radiating lines of bank should beformed, on the sides of which more shouldbe thrown until the whole space is filled upcontinuously.

4. As the excavation progressed there was anincessant need of planning and recording all theconstructions. Where these consisted of stone-work, as in the later temples, the joints had tobe searched for, and the surfaces examined tosee whether they were foundations or upper con-structions. But in the lower levels where onlybrickwork work was used the survey needed along preliminary study of the fragments of walls.Often, what looked like a high Avail when cleared,proved to consist of several walls, built nearlyon the same line in different ages, but having aband of ruins between one another. Again, itwas difficult to settle for certain the level atwhich a wall Avas based, and Avhether two piecesof Avail Avere really originally continuous. Itherefore always went about Avith a large dinner-knife and a trowel in my pocket, and spent muchof my time in cutting innumerable sections andtracing out the lines of the bricks. The top andbase level of each piece of Avail then had to

he marked on it : and the lev< 1- could then bemeasured off t" fixed points. Altogether, Imade 586 measurements of bricks ; took 1,073levels; and made 2,132 plan measurements,besides 2,010 such which were made by Mi'.Stannus. The nine plates of plans here pub-lished are therefore the result of nearly sixthousand measurements.

5. Besides this work on the temples muchelse was eh. ne on other regions of Abydos. Theold fort, the Shunet-ez-Zebib, was cleared out,and the dwelling chambers found Ln it, containingsealings of Khasekhemui ; between that and theDeir, another tort was found, with chamberscontaining -ealings of IVrahsen. Thus n -ecu,,likely that these two forts, and perhaps the Deiralso, are the temporary residence- of the kings ofthe Ilnd Dynasty. The cemetery was furtherexplored, finding some important tombs. Thegreat tomb at the southern cliffs, found last year,Avas completely cleared ; and another great tomb,a shrine, a terrace templethe prototype ofDeir el Bahri and a town, were discovered,which are the work of Aahmes I. All theseother subjects will he treated in a supplementaryvolume, Abydos III.

6. Our party of workers were nine in all,most of whom were engaged entirely on the workof the Fund, and all of Avhom helped in it. Mr.E. If. Ayrton was in charge of the work on theforts, and part of the cemetery ; and alter thaton the great temple excavation. Mr. C. T.Currelly was lor a month on the cemetery, inorder to learn to know the men; and then wentto live at the southern (dill's, to work the greattomb of the Xllth Dynasty, beyond which hefound the works of Aahmes. Miss L. Ecken-stein volunteered to come and help us, and gaveher time almost entirely to receiving theantiquities that were brought in, and storingthem, which is a large branch of work Avhen somuch productive excavation is on hand. MissF. Hansard also volunteered her help in draw-ing, and has produced most of the plates of


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ABYDOS II.inscriptions. Miss M. A. Murray, althoughmainly occupied for the Research Account, hascopied some inscriptions and checked over mostof the others. Mr. N. Rawnsley was occupiedin superintending the workmen in the templeexcavation. And Mr. H. Stannus gave hisarchitectural knowledge to planning the stonebuildings, and some of the brickwork. Mywife's time was mainly spent on the Avork of theResearch Account ; but the drawings of flintsshe has done as last year. My own time wastaken up in general attention to arranging all

the work, observing the results, and valuing allthe objects for rewarding the men. Of detailedwork, I had to do all the examination and inter-pretation of brick walls in the temple site, thelevelling, and half of the planning ; also drawingthe pottery and arranging all the plates.Though the party was larger than usual, therewas certainly no time to spare for any one, if wewould deal properly with such a large space ofground, containing so many details of import-ance which required a full record.


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ABYDUS II.iii the present plan are shaded oppositely : and,again, of the fresh buildings, those which areearlier in the given period are shaded closely,and those which were added to them later inthe period are shaded openly. The relation ofthe different shading is given in a, table at thefoot of each plan ; and also the levels of theshadings at opposite sides of the plan, depend-i ng upon the slope of the site.

Stonework is marked in solid black whereupright construction yet remains ; in open out-line for pavements and substructures. Brick-work is shown by shading, varying accordingto its age as stated above.Upon the plans the levels are shown in

inches above the arbitrary datum. Usuallytwo levels are stated with a hyphen between ;the lower is the level of the base of the wall,showing when it was founded, the upper is thatof the highest part of the wall, which showsthe ground level at the period when it wasswept away, and therefore dates the close ofits use. AVhere only one level is stated to awall the hyphen before it shows that it is abase level, or the hyphen after it shows that isis a top level.

There are also reference numbers in largetype, mainly to the foundation deposits, re-ferring to the numbers attached to objectsfound.

Also there are numbers with decimal points,as 6'1, which show the breadths of bricks usedin the walls. For the details of such see underthe "nominal number in the table of dimen-sions of bricks at the end of the volume. This" nominal number" is not necessarily the exactmean dimension, but it serves to refer to thegroup of actual measurements in the table aswell as a, letter or reference mark, and it, givesan idea o I' the general dimension at the sametime. It is intentionally made slightly differenlfor different group- of bricks, in order to serveto identify them in the table.

All suggestions of restored outlines of build-

ings are marked with broken lines without anyshading, so that there can be no doubt aboutthe observed remains.

9. PI. xlix. To begin with, an outline ofsome of the principal buildings is given, to showthe general nature of the site. 1 have notattempted to show all periods, nor the wholework of any one age ; but only a, selectionwhich will avoid confusion. The great outerwall marked xii was probably first built byUsertesen I ; the bricks of the oldest parts ofit are the same sizes as bricks of his founda-tion deposits, and it rests upon town ruins ofthe Old Kingdom. But this wall has been sooften broken and repaired that a completestudy of it would be a heavy task ; some partsrest on XlXth Dynasty building, and evenRoman jmtchwork is seen. The general charac-ter of it is shown in pi. xlviii, with alternatingportions, the first set consisting of towers ofbrickwork built in concave foundations, and thenconnecting walls between, formed in straightcourses. The purpose of this construction haslong been a puzzle, but a suggestion may bemade here. The weakness of great walls ofunbaked brick consists in the scaling of theface, when a whole sheet of two or three bricksin thickness will crack through and drop awayfrom the main mass. An obvious remedy forthis is to have construction lines of well-laidbricks running through the wall, square withthe face. And the best way of ensuring thatreal strengthening lines are laid, is to havealternate blocks built and well finished, andthen connected by intermediate masses.Another advantage of this form is that if scal-ing begins in one block the joints across thewall will prevent it spreading through toanother block. The alternate concave andstraight courses are the natural result of build-ing isolated masses, on a concave bed like allEgyptian houses, and then connecting them byintermediate walls. The hard lace across thewall, and the joint to prevent the spread of


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THE BISTORT. OP THE TEMPLES.scaling, are the essential advantages of thisconstruction.The corner marked Kom-es-Sultan is the

enclosure which was emptied oul by Mariette'sdiggers because of the abundance of burialswith steles of the Xllth to XVTIIth Dynasties.They have removed all the earth to far belowthe base of the walls, thus digging in iparts right through the town of the OldKingdom, which stood here before the greatwalls were built.The inner two sides of this enclosed corner

are later than the outer wall; the bricks arelarger than those of Usertesen, and the base ofthe wall is higher than his. It appears then,that burials having begun in that corner of thegreat fortification, it was feared that theywould spread inconveniently, and so two crosswalls were built to box off the corner andreserve that part only for burials.On the east side the wall is strangely askew

to the gateway ; but the whole history of theS.E. corner is so complex and unexamined thatthe rebuilding of the walls and their connectionwith the late pylon is not at all understood.

The causeAvay line dotted through the sitefrom the east to the west gate is a mainfeature : but it is later than the Vlth Dynasty,as the wall of that age cuts it, and it was cutin two by later buildings of the XXth Dynasty.It seems then to begin with Usertesen, whosegateways it runs through ; and to have beenkept up by Tahutmes III, who built a wallwith granite pylon for it (marked xviii here),and also by Eamessu II, who built a greatportal colonnade of limestone for the causewayto pass through on entering the cemetery,outside the west wall of this plan.To the north of the causeway are seen the

tombs of the 1st Dynasty, which were dis-covered last year and published in Abydos J,xxxvixlix. One more, No. 27. was foundthis year beneath the wall of Tahutmes : it wasof just the same character as the larger of the

previous tombs. Al! if these are, of course,far below any of the buildings shown on thisoutline plan.

The excavations of lasl year began along thenorth of the site of the temple of Nekht-nebf;a row of trenches, with only a fool or two ofearth between them, was run from this sitenorthwards, passing between the Kom-es-Sultan and the py] f tin' \ VI Ihh Dynasty,ami ending beyond the tombs of the l-tDynasty. This ground was all completelyturned over to the basal sand, and served as awaste space for receiving the temple earth fromthis year's work.

Of the two long walls marked vi the innerone is older, but was reused by Pepy. Ii isprobably the temenos of the Illrd Dynasty.The outer Avail is the temenos of the VlthDynasty, the west side of which is yet un-known, and has probably been all de-troyed.The temple of Pepy is shown in the middle,

with the X., W. and S. sides of the thin boundarywall which enclosed it. The thick wall whichlies outside of that is the greal wall of theXVIIIth Dynasty, with the granite pylon ofTahutmes III. It seems to have full.,wed theline of the Vlth Dynasty wall on the north.The walls of the Xllth Dynasty arc omittedhere, as they would cause so much confusion ;and for all the details the following plans shouldbe studied.The outline marked xix shows a high level

platform of stone, which Avas probably the base-ment of buildings of Ramcssu II.

10. PI. 1. This plate includes two periodsof building, and an intermediate stage. Theearliest building that I could trace on the templesite Avas at A. The north end of the thin, longwall is based at 1 14 level, and was cut down at158 level, probably when the adjacent chambersat 1G5 Avere built. The Avidc layer of sandedgroundat 146 shows a rearrangement and fur-bishing of the site at a second period. Of thesame date seems to be the continuation of this


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ABYDOS II.wall to the southward, based at 154. No suchwalls were to be found under E or F, the lowestlevels of all that ground being tilled with rubbishheaps of broken pottery and refuse. The build-ing A seems then to be that of the original temple, and to have been entered by a passagefrom the south. The northern and westernwalls of it could not be traced, all the northhaving been cut away by the sand bed of XXthDynasty : but a fragment with its top at 148might be part of a north wall of the same age.Of the same earliest building are the chambersby B based at 115, the stone paving at 114 westof these, and the chambers at C on the south,based at 120 to 134.The second period, of the rearrangement of

A, is marked by the sanded ground at 146 eastof A, the extension of A southward at 154, thegreat temenos wall D at 143, the walls east ofthat at 145, and the house away to the west at142.As the rubbish accumulated the level rose

about these buildings, and the approach slopedupward, as seen at the yellow brick floor on thenorth-east, which rises from 142 to 165.

11. The next period shows the establishmentof much larger buildings at E and F. Theground level had risen by accumulations at Aand around it, so that the base of the south wallof E rises from 157 on the east to 185 towardsthe west, completely burying the remains of theolder temple at A. The great building at Ewas 42 ft. wide inside, with Avails 8 ft. thick ;the difference of shading upon it is to mark thischange of level, but it was doubtless all built atthe same time. The north wall was not traced,but it must have been under the line of thelater wall a1 170-190 level, as on the next platewill be seen a Avail at 180-210, which clearlybounded the road on the north; and, allowinefor the road width, the north face of the templecan hardly have been beyond the wall 170-190. We must then imagine a space of about'21 x 12 ft., with an entrance on the north.

This must have had some supports for the roof,and probably the 42 ft. Avas divided into 3, 5,or 7 spaces. Both 3 and 7 spaces imply unlikelyspans, and 5 spaces with spans of 8 ft. eachacross the width, and 3 spaces with 7 ft. spansin the depth, seem most suitable.

In front of this, on the other side of the road-way, was built a block of rooms at 155 to 165base level, and others at 146 and 163 level.Just within the temenos Avail D a set of fourstrong store rooms Avere built at F, Avith baseat 161-169 level. This Avas later increased bythree more chambers in front of it, at 172 to181 level, Avhich cut off the region south of thetemple from the entrance at D, and must havemade the road in front of the temple the onlyway into the temenos.To the east of the temenos Avail D the ground

Avas sanded over at 154 to 159, and some housesAvere built at 162, with two circular granaries.

The date of this second temple is indicated byribbed slate like that of Den at 170, and ribbedalabaster like that of Den at 180, Avhile a sealingof Qa Avas further to the Avest at 178. Thesepositions may be taken as about the level of theclose of the 1st Dynasty, as the objects of Denwere probably old when throAvn aAvay. If thenthe close of the 1st Dynasty is at 170 to 180level, Ave must put the later chambers of F, andlater front of E, to that age ; and the buildingof the temple E and temenos D must be of theearlier part of the 1st Dynasty, perhaps of Zer.This Avill throw back the furbishing of the siteand sanding at 146 level to the time of Menaand the earliest temple at A Avould be that ofthe pre-Menite kings of Dynasty 0. Such seemsthe probable history of the site, from the fixedposition of the latter part of the 1st Dynasty.

12. PI. li. The temple of the llnd andIllrd Dynasties Avas much the same structureas that bull! in the 1st Dynasty. An entrancedoor-sill remains at B ; and a skew front to thestore rooms was built, with a sill at 1X5, whichi^ shown in the last plan, but which should be


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TIIK IN - I'OltY OV THE TBM1transferred to the present. A Long wall wasbuilt at 180 level, bounding the temple road onthe north. To the west an outer enclosureappears at 200-235 Level, which seems t. Probably 1) shut oil' the actualtemple from stores and dwellings.

14. Whatever there av,-i< of the shrineitself had mainly disappeared in the recon-struction by Pepy. I Jut a great ash bed re-mained which is so far unique. At about _'1


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10 ABYDOS II.temples before or after this here, nor in anyother Egyptian building.The building around this was smaller than

those before or after ; it was in fact a mere cellabout 12 feet wide, which enclosed the groundof burnt offering ; and there does not seem tobe any space for a temple beside this. HaveAve not here in this change in the character ofthe worship the basis of the tradition aboutKhufu, preserved by Herodotos, that " havingshut up all the temples, he first of all forbadethem to offer sacrifice, and afterwards heordered all the Egyptians to work for himself "(Hdtos. ii, 124) ?At the west and south of this cell of burnt

offering is a bed of sand, A, which supporteda later building based at about 230 level, whichseems to have enclosed the cell of offerinsr.This may well have been a temple of thepriestly age of the Vth Dynasty. The depositat 92 differs from any other, having only a fewsmall beads and a little model adze of copper inthe sand.

South of this sanctuary was a block ofbuildings, E, which had a clear passage leftbetween it and the dividing wall D.

15. The entrance to the offering cell appearsto have been from the north, the road passingfrom the east gateway along the north face ofthe building. Thus the two decrees of Tetaand Neferarkara, C, Avhich lay face down,stood probably one on each side of the road tothe cell, so as to be well seen and known. AtB is the stone sill of the doorway which ledinto the precinct, at level 185. The stones at203 and 209 may be part of the foundations ofa stone doorway to which this sill belonged.

Behind the sanctuary to the wesl the groundwas strewn with various offerings. Two groupsof pottery stands (see pi. xii, 270-272) and twoother such stands, a great mass of brokenpottery of Large vessels and various othervases, were in this area. The most importanlpari Inn; was the chamber 69, which con-

tained the "lazed figures and ivories of the1st Dynasty. This and some of the otherofferings ought rather to have been enteredin the previous plan ; but as there was nobuilding in this region, it seemed best to keepall the offerings together on one jdan, so as tosee their relation.

There is a difficulty in understanding howthe chambers 64 and 65 at the north end cameto have objects of the 1st Dynasty in them.By the levels we. should attribute thesechambers to the Xlth Dynasty. Either wemust suppose that building must have gone onvery rapidly here, raising the site 6 or 7 ft.above the rest of the ground ; or else thatthese early objects were found in digging bySankhkara when he rearranged the place, andwere then put aside as sacred in some disusedrooms. As the large ape-like stones (pi. ix,195, 196) were set upright against the chambersides, it appears that they were respected whenput in position.The general nature of the sanctuary of the

IVth and Vth Dynasty then is different fromthe earlier or later arrangement. Instead of alarge building there is a cell for burnt offer-ings, and an open space beyond it in whichstands and vases were placed, apparentlybounded by the walls G, and another wall30 ft. to the south ; outside of this wall onthe south the broken offering jars were thrownin a heap. Both the cell and the offeringground were covered over by the later templeof Pepy.

16. PI. liii. The Vlth Dynasty was agreat time of reconstruction : the two stonegateways of the enclosures, and the two stonedoorways of the temple of this age being theearliest important stonework that remains.The evidences of the date of the work are givenby the stele of the Vlth Dynasty (pi. xix)standing unmoved in its original base-block,just in front of the temple doorway, on groundwhich is at the level of that under the stone


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THE BISTORT! OP THE TEMPLE!: 11door-sill. The position of the steles prthai the entrance to bhe temple already ex-isted in this position before they were set up;and yei ii cannot be much older than the steles,as the ground of the sides is lower than thedoorway, and the tablets of Pepy 1 werethrown away on ground at the same level asthe doorway. This doorway carries with itthe age of the western building A, into whichit leads; and this again implies the age of theouter enclosure 15, which is at the same level.The gateway D is self-dated by the name ofPepy, which can he traced on the north jambof the east face (sec pi. xlvii). The outergateway Gr must be subsequent to the wallof D, as it was built to enclose the stoi'cchambers attached to that wall, and it is ata higher level. Yet, as we shall see in thefurther plans, the bases F were buried andaltered in the Xlth Dynasty, and thereforethey and the outer gate at the same level mustbe much older than that age. As from ourgeneral knowledge of the history we can hardlysuppose a gate such as G and a large temenoswall (see pi. xlix) to have been built in thedark ages of the VllthXth Dynasties, itseems that this mosl likely belongs to the closeof the Vlth Dynasty. As the gateway D ismost probably of the first Pepy, who we knowbuilt the temples of Tanis, Bubastis, andKoptos, this leaves over 120 years to the closeof the dynasty, or 100 years before the end ofthe second Pepy, enough time for the growthof the difference between the gate levels.The ground varied in level a good deal at

this period. The gateway D is only 196 level :the ground slopes rapidly up to the west atabout 1 in 10 to 234, as shown by the slope ofthe bases of the wall on the south of the way.Thence it continued on one level to the groundby the Pepy steles at 235. The north door ofthe temple is at 245, and the south door of thesame building is at 273. That these are of thesame age is shown by a foundation deposit

(No. I 1 7 1 by the sid of the sill, which con'niied a pottery vase (pi. xlv, 115) of the formof Pepy- alabaster vases. A similar deposil(No. 81) was found ai (;.'> inches to the E., andal 280 level ; and another (No. I 19) al 750inches to ihe S.E. at 299 level. Here it is clearthat the building ground varied from 196 io299 level ai one period ; and in general theX P. is the lowest ground, and tin' SAW thehighest.

17. The building at A, with thick wallsand two doorways, appears to be the temple ofPepy I ; it was 60 ft. from hack to front,and 70 ft. wide. It appears to have had amiddle hall, 23 ft. wide and 49 ft. long, A.Sthe walls were of brick, the roofing was pro-bably of timber ; with two rows of five pillarsthe spans would he 8 ft. each way, and theonly uncertainty is the possibility of four orsix pillars having been used. The two doors,one at each c\\


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12 ABYDOS II.

On the inner sides of the jambs are two blocksof brickwork, shaded closely here, which seemolder than the rest of the Avail in which theyare inserted ; between them the walling wasfilled in across the doorway down to 266 level,doubtless by Sankh-ka-ra, who reared thiswall on the line of Pepy. He may have re-built likewise the portions on either side ofthe dour, and, if so, only the two jambs builtagainst the stonework are originally of Pepy.This part being higher than the rest of thetemple has suffered most in the levelling downand reconstruction of the Xlth Dynasty.On either side of the great Avail there seem

to have been store chambers, in which Averefound an alabaster vase of Pepy (pi. xxi, 8),another of the same form No. 10, a group ofeight copper feathers, gilt (xxi, 11), and acopper tube like xxi, 2. Outside of the templeon the north lay an alabaster vase of Nefer-kara (Pepy II) xxi, 7, the five glazed tabletsof Pepy I, and one of Pepy II, xxi, 12 14,and a copper tube and two little cups, xxi, 2.At 100 in. east of the north door a block of

stone Avas inserted in the face of the templeAvail (the outline in the plan is incomplete infront) ; the detail of this block is given onPL xxvii. The grooves in it, deeper at theback, seem as if intended to hold uprightstaves ; and it may Avell be the earliest formof the grooves in the temple fronts of theXVIIIth Dynasty, in Avhich masts were placed.If so, the staves may have been used in ex-ternal processions, and not being brought intothe temple, some stand for them Avas requiredoutside.Almost in front of the doorway stood threelimestone steles, still socketed in the originalbases of limestone. They had been brokendown in later times to the level of the mudsoil, Avhich had partly buried them : and thusonly the northern one retained any of itsinscription, concerning endoAvments for theservice to the royal statues (pi. xix). Evi-

dently there had been a long record, of Avhichonly this fragment is left. The steles Avere29 X 9^ and 29 x 6 in., set in sockets 40 X 19and 37 X IS in. ; the southern one was brokenat the end.Around this temple there seems to have

been an enclosure Avail. At B is a corner ofwall based at 237, which has been ruined at290 and rebuilt at 298 inches ; yet the Avhole ofit is earlier than the Avail of the Xllth DynastyAvhich superseded it. As the south Avail ofPepy's temple is based at 232, this enclosure isclearly of the same age. It probably ran onnortliAvard till it joined a Avail Avhich Avas basedat 202, and destroyed at 254 for Sankh-ka-ra tobuild his oavu Avail on nearly the same line.

The Avhole of this temple remained in usetill the time of Mentuhotep III, as Ave shallsee in dealing Avith his Avork ; the ground hadan accumulation of a foot or more of mud onit in the course of centuries. Then by Sankh-kara it Avas pulled down, the Avails levelled toto the mud around, and a thick bed of about3 feet of sand laid over it to bring it up to thegeneral ground level of surrounding parts whichhad been raised by ruins.

18. At C is a portion of another largebuilding Avhich may belong to the previousdynasty by the rather loAver level of it.At D is a sloping ascent rising about one in

ten from the lower level of the stone gateAvay.To the south of it is the older group of storechambers, Avhich received a neAv north end, E,in this period, probably in connection Avithbuilding the slanting wall south of D. Thestone gateAvay remains in good condition up tofive feet high, sec pi. xlvii. The surfaces Avereanciently weathered, so that the inscription ofl'cpy can scarcely be traced ; but the Avholehad been buried in accumulation of earth, sothat Sankhkara built a flight of rough stepsbefore it (xlviii), and did not remove thestone below live fed of height when he foundedhis wall on the top of it. On the north side of


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14 ABYDOS II.other entrance has been observed in thiswall. The chambers contain two large circulargranaries, which probably held about ten tonsof wheat. This would feed nearly a hundredpeople for a year, and we thus get some idea ofthe number of persons who were provided forby these store-rooms.

About a hundred feet to the east of this wallthere was a thick wall, M, the base of which isat 1!>7, and therefore probably of the age ofPepy's gateway at 196. We only disclosed itat one part, as the depth of the ground made ittedious to work, and it lay so Jar out that wecould not expect temple buildings. The thick-ness of it, 17 feet, seems to show that it was agreat outer fortification of the site. At onepoint we found beneath it the bones of an ox,laid around as if in a pit : probably this was asacrifice at the founding: of the wall.A peculiar building was found at N. Thefloor consisted of two layers of thin slabs oflimestone ; and between them, in the mortar,were two bent rods of copper thickly platedwith gold, about .}- inch thick and 5 inches long.The sides of this long chamber were thin slabsof limestone, about 3 inches through, rough atthe back and smooth inside. At the north endwere traces of an arched roof, 45 high to thestart, and 80 inches high to the crown. Thewhole chamber was 397 inches long, 71 wideat the south and 73i at the north. Thelevel of the pavement was 213, or 210by another measurement. This is about theVlth Dynasty level, and so it is entered onthis plan, lint as the slahs imply a backing ofearth (being thin and rough on the back), it,would seem that this may have been an entirelysubterranean chamber of some later period,if the roof were entirely below ground, it wouldimply that this was at least as late as the XllthDynasty ; and the poor work of it would agreebest to the XY.H, ,. XXVIth Dynasty. Theform is unknown before, and the purpose notillustrated by anything else.

The space between the outer wall M, and thegateway wall G, contained no structures of thisage. Nothing was met with but broken potteryand rubbish heaps, and therefore we stoppedafter clearing about a quarter of the area withpits in various parts. I wished to avoid over-throwing the scanty remains of the XXVIthDynasty temple, if there was nothing likely tobe of importance beneath it.

21. PI. liv. The greater part of the buildingsof the Vlth Dynasty seem to have continued inuse until the great reconstruction by Sankhka-ra. But in the time of Mentuhotep III somechanges were made. Outside the temple ofPepy, at A, two roughly cut altars of redgranite were placed side by side. The spoutof the altar was to the north, and they slopeddown in that direction. They seem from theirregular arrangement to be in the originalposition. The inscription was only the king'scartouche and the figures of offerings. Theseindicate that the approach to the temple wasstill on the north, the path probably leadingbetween the altars up to the door of Pepy.The tops of the altars were at 276 level, and theground level of that age about 266. Close bythem was a square pit full of sand, from 263down to 243 level ; but nothing whatever wasfound in it except two bits of broken rib bone,and a broken end of a pot of probably the XlthDynasty. On the top of the sand was fiveinches of chips of sandstone, such as Mentu-hotep used in the building, and a layer of chipsand mortar on the top of all. Near by, at (ill,was a circular hole, which from the level ispropably of the same age. In the sand wasa pot between the forms of 1 S 1 and L96,pi. xlvi ; and other pottery of the Xlth Dynastywas found in the earth just over the sandfilling.The construction of Mentuhotep must have

been important, as several blocks of sculpturewere found, reused in the XVIIIth Dynasty forbuilding foundations, see pis. nmy, xw. All of


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THE IIISTOUY OF THE TEMPLE8.these are of sandstone: and, so far as remainsgo, this was the first stone temple at A.bydos.The position of it was probably near the templeof Pcpy, as the Mocks were found reused aboutthat region, the foundations in which they werelaid being those marked A and I! on pi. lvii.Now on pi. liv there are, at B, five limestonebases of columns, which are rather too high tobelong to Pepy, being 248, 249 level, whilePepy ground level is 235 along there, and hisbuilding- 245. And they are certainly beforethe building of Sankhkara at 289 level, as (h.-vlie in the bottom of his thick sand bed. Theydo not fall in with the plan of Pepy's or Sankh-kara's walls. They vary much in size, being18, 23, 24, 29 and 30 inches across; but clearlybelong to one plan by their position. They musttherefore belong to a building largely made upof old materials ; and Ave cannot attribute suchto Pepy or to Sankhkara. So, unless theywere arranged by some king who has left noother trace, we must attribute them to Mentu-hotep. They suggest a wide portico facing east.of eight pillars in front, those which remainbeing the four to the south of the axial path lead-ing to the front of Pepy's temple. The thinAvail at 258 to 230, just before the pillars, seemsto have been the retaining Avail of the founda-tion of a stone front to the portico. This stoneAvail Avould be outside of the remaining brick,and so leave a space of about 100 inches centreto centre across to the pillars, Avhile the spanbetAveen the pillars is 103 at the end, and 113along the front.

22. At X in the west part of the Pepytemple Avas an irregular IioUoav, filled with avery large deposit of hundreds of pottery vases,of the types given in pi. xlvi, nos. 157-186.Below them in some parts Avas a flooring madeof very thin, rough flakes of flint, laid closelytogether overlapping ; and a good deal of whiteashes of burnt offering mixed Avith the deposit.There was no Avhite sand for filling in, but alldark mud earth between the pottery. From

the Hint flooring this must have been an inten-tional deposit or deposits, and aol merely awaste bole. Perhaps ii was an offering placebelonging to the temple ; the irregular formbeing thus accounted for by the repeated diggingof a fresh hole to deposh the offerings.Coming further easf we see that at I) an

entirely new group of chambers bad been built;but perhaps these might belong t tin- closeof the Ylth Dynasty. The square chambermarked 280-227 was barrel vaulted, so n mayhave been a subterranean chamber of tin' nextperiod. At C the south end of the greal storechambers of the Old Kingdom had beenabandoned, after filling the S.E. chamber withthe broken wooden statues of that age. Andnew chambers were added over tin-.'.

Outside the temenos of Pepy the chamberswith granaries continued in use. Tin- colon-nade betAveen the gates was partly earthed up;and at 230, or fen inches over the column bases,a Avail was built which must have touched thenorthern columns. The wall on the south ofthe columns must have been renewed at thistime, as the base is at 231. Also a buttress wasbuilt against the side of the outer gate, thisbuttress, the Avail south of the columns, and theAvail 244-194 S.W. of the inner gateAvay, allhave the same peculiar quality of gritty bricks,Avhich Avould suggest that they were built at thesame time; if so the S.W. Avail 244-194 musthave been added at the close of the VlthDynasty or later.

23. PI. lv. The temple of Pepy Avas soruinous, however, that Sankh-ka-ra entirelyswept it away, and built upon a new plan whichignored the old lines. The former enclosure ofPepy's temple, H on pi. lv, Avas used to limitthe foundations of Sankhkara's neAv Avork, but theeastern side of this neAv square of building ranthrough the midst of the site of Pepy, and noneof the old temple Avails had any connection withthe new building. The ground .around had pro-bably risen a good deal by repeated rebuildings


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16 ABYDOS II.during several centuries, and so the old templesite was too low. It was raised by a thickbed of sand so that the new pavementstood at 285 to 289 inches, instead of 245.The new wall east of the square will be seento have a portion hatched as being olderthis is a fragment of Pepy's front wall whichwas left to -rand as part of the new line ; thedoorway of Pepy adjoins this on the west side.The position of the entrance to the new buildingis not known.

The dating of this new work is fixed thus.'We have seen Mentuhotep's altars in line withthe entrance to Pepy's temple, showing that theentrance there was in the old line. Here theplan is entirely different, and this must be laterthan Mentuhotep III. On the other hand, thedeposit pit of Usertesen I in the middle of thissquare had its brick sides rising above the levelof this new pavement, and therefore the pave-ment is older than Usertesen. It must, then,be of Sankhkara or of Amenemhat I, and asthree blocks of Sankhkara were found reusedhere (pi. xxv), it is pretty evident that thisre-establishment of the temple was due tohim. The pit on the west marked " Deposit ? "was empty, but near it lay the small alabastertablet of Sankhkara, PI. xxiii. East of thesquare is a pavement at 278 level ; this is seveninches below the western pavement, but as itinterferes with Pepy's temple which Mentuhotepkept up, it can hardly be before Sankhkara.The walls at B are of the same bricks andcharacter as the western part, and doubtless ofthe same age. They probably held the sand bedfor a thick stone wall, filling the trench betweenthe wall- 295-259 and 281-253. The deposits93 and 94 are marked here, .-is they are singu-larly in line with such a wall, but from their

ry they are more likely of the XVIIIthi-ty, and agree to that place (see pi. lvii).

The floor props noted are cylinder- of potteryand fragments of very thick large jar-, set onend t" suppoii a floor made of potter) -lab-,

evidently for the sake of dryness. They maybelong to the previous period. At 95 was asquare deposit, which, from the minute toolmodels, is not of the XII th or XYIIIth Dynasty,and may belong to this age. At 80 was anotherdeposit, with a few pots which seemed to belongto the Xlth Dynasty.The very broad wall, P>, to the east of this

may be misunderstood. Only one or two coursesof bricks remain bedded on sand, and they mayhave been pavement as well as wall. The largepit on the east of it at the south end containednothing. The date of this Avail is fixed by itsunderlying the temenos of Usertesen I at thesouth, and yet rising completely over the gate-way of Pepy, which was buried five feet underit. It seems then to belong to the high levelreconstruction by Sankhkara. Outside this,at E, was a flight of rude steps, formed of single,rough blocks of stone, to lead up from the levelof the half-buried colonnade to the new level ofthe reconstruction on the top of Pepy's gateway.These are seen in pi. xlviii, before we removedthem to show the older gateway.

24. PI. lvi. Usertesen I swept away a largepart of the earlier work and laid out an entirelynew temple on a much larger plan. The oldtemenos walls of the 1stIVth Dynasty haddisappeared long ago, and now the outertemenos of Pepy was lost. A new and farlarger temenos was laid out, and the temple wasalso expanded. This work was marked bygeneral levelling of the ground and spreadingnew sand beds. A part of the plan of Sankh-kara was kept at the western square, but hispavement was overlaid by rows of deep, joist-like foundation blocks. Within this area a pitwas sunk in the sand, lined with brick, and adeposit of Usertesen placed in it. The bricklining rose up through the Usertesen Inunda-tion level and above the Sankhkara pavement.What the relation of these wall-lines was to thestone temple we cannot now see. < >n the norththe row of stone blocks is in line between the


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THE EISTORY OF THE TEMPLES. 17two northern deposil pits,the southern row of blockssquare do not fall in to

L20 and 86. Butand that across theany obvious plan.

Another difficulty in the site is that while thetwo northern pits, 86 and L20, are in the line ofstone buildings, the two western pits, 120 and121, arc beneath the brick temenos wall, andhave no relation to the stone hark of the templewhich must have existed. This stone back wallwas probably inside, or east, of the narrow brickwall, where the X.Yv. corner of masonry stillexisted. On looking to the south side we seethat the door-sill of Sebekhotep III is in linewith the two southern pits, 96 and 121. Thefoundations outside of this gate were largelymade of disused bases of columns, and as Sebek-hotep is not likely to have pulled down thework of Usertesen, it seems more likely thatthese belonged originally to the temple of Pepy.At the S.E. of these foundations were two linesof rough pots stacked side by side, perhapsbordering some deposit, of which nothing wasleft but broken potsherds in the middle.The door-sill of Sebekhotep was a great block

of yellow quartzite sandstone, with the groove forpassing the lower pivot of the door into itsplace. It may have been placed by an earlierking- but was doubtless used for the two blackgranite jambs of Sebekhotep (pi. xxviii), thepieces of which were found close by it.

The pavement at 278 level, east of the square,was laid by Sankhkara, as shown by its level.But a stone of the south end of it had beenremoved, and others rearranged, to place adeposit there which appeared to be of theXVIIIth Dynasty. This suggests that it wasleft exposed until that time, and so may haveformed part of the temple of the Xllth Dynasty.The temenos wall was preserved for three or

four feet in height along the west side ; it isdated there by closely overlying the two depositsof Usertesen, and being built of bricks of exactlythe size of those which line his deposit holes.On the south side I could not discover the

corner, which seems entirely lost, bul parts ofthe inner and outer faces were found, and suchare marked by thicker outlines and closershading. At the S.K. corner there remainedonly an inch or two of thickness upon the sandbed, which spnad several feel outside of thewall, and on the easl side two or three points ofthe outline that were found are also marked.No corners were found on the north ; but apiece of stone basement from its levels, 282 to287, seems as if it had formed the substructureof a gate in this wall, and so indicates where thewall line lay.

25. PI. lvii. On reaching the XVIIIthDynasty we find an entirely new order of things.At the west end an immensely thick brick wallremains, which was built to supplement andcontinue the partly destroyed wall of Usertesen.A pylon of rod granite formed the outer faceof the gateway in the wall, which was linedthrough the thickness of the wall with limestonefacing, and a pavement of limestone. Thedate of this pylon is shown by the sculptureson it, pi. xxxiii, which represent Tahutmes III,as Osirified and worshipped by the an mutefpriest. One block of the north jamb of thepylon remains in place, but is weathered awayon all sides. The inscribed pieces are lying inhollows on the outer side of the gate. Alongthe axis of the gateway runs a drain, cut inblocks of limestone, and covered over by thepavement. It falls from 307 level, near thegate, to 290 on the eastern part, near pit 70 ;and at the turn to the outfall it is 280, and 272at the mouth cf the outfall. The ground northof the temple site is still low, and it seemslikely that here was the first " sacred lake," orgreat brick-pit whence Pepy made the mudbricks for his temenos and buildings. Themuch larger hollow, which is still a lake, at thesouth of the whole site is probably that leftfrom the great works of Usertesen I, when hebuilt the huge fortification round the Avholc site.

jThere being low ground close by, on the north,

c


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is ABYDOS II.it was used as a rubbish pit, containing massesof broken pottery and burnt earth; and thedrain which we have traced was turned intoit.

The drain marks the line of a causeway ; thispassed over the great sill of granite on the east,which probably marks the gateway in an outerwall, of which we found part of the sand bed.Further east this causeway was entered fromthe greai eastern pylon in the outer fortificationnt Usertesen ; and on the west it left the fortifi-cation by another gate (see pi. xlix). Thepurpose of this great line of causeway musthave thus been to go across the fortress, pastthe temple, and on to the cemetery beyond,where it went through a great limestone portal-colonnade built by Ramessu II. It was evi-dently the line for funeral processions ; and isprobably the place referred to by Mariette aslined with steles when he found it.The chapel of Amenhotep I, built in honour

of his father Aahmes I, was preserved up to acouple of feet from the ground ; but of thegreat temple of Tahutmes III and Amen-hotep III, only a few blocks of foundationremained. All the rest had been entirelyswept away and used for foundations in theXXVIth Dynasty; and only the foundationdeposits were left to show its place.

26. The chapel of Aahmes was finely builtof blocks of hard limestone, and well sculptured,as is shown in Abydos /, pis. front., lxii, lxiii,and lxiv. Unfortunately the; stone having beenfor long near the surface, salt had accumulatedin it, and -plit it in must cases very badly.When we came to remove it (with Prof.Maspero's consent) to follow the earlier con-struction below, the men were aide to pick thestones into small slabs quite easily. Two ofthe pillars had brickwork built against them,evidentl a cracked architrave. Ami."ii the uorth of it, the pillars in a hall had in

ral parts been patched with brickwork,doubtless to supporl an injured roof. A curiouB

feature is in chamber D, where the south enwas filled with a solid bench of stone abouthree feet high, basing a groove cut througits whole depth. The best suggestion is thait was to place a processional bark or standarupon, and the groove was to receive the polby which the standard was carried.

27. The plan of the temple of Tahutmes IIcan only be traced by the foundation depositof that king, and a few other indications. Thbrick retaining wall of the foundation remaineon part of the east and south sides, and wknow that the stone wall must have been somewhere within that boundary. This gives thdirection, and two limits to the site. Thposition of the south side is indicated by thline of deposits, 84, 89, 116, 83, 88: and thposition of the north side by the line of deposit90, 104, 85, and 100. Adopting this breadtwe see that the N.E. corner of the temple juscleared the line of the side of the causeway, acontinued from the granite pylon. For thback of the temple there is the pile of sandstonblocks of Mentuhotep at B, on the top oUsertesen's basement; then, carrying this lindown, we are led to end it at C, with a terminacorresponding to that which projects from thAahmes chapel. The cross walls within thtemple are probably indicated by the depositas here marked ; but which of them containelarge halls and which were around groups ochambers, we cannot now ascertain.

In front of the temple a sand bed was founwith a clear end to it. This probably showthe base of the temenos wall ; and the positioof the end would agree fairly to the insertioof a gateway in the axis of the temple. Thgranite sill, which is askew to the causewaywas doubtless square with this wall, which musthave had a second entrance there.

Four foundation deposits of Amenhotep II(three marked here) appeared in the forecourtthey are not enough to define his building, buthey show that Amenhotep, in true Egyptian


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THE BISTORT? OP THE TEMPLES. L9fashion, had built further in front of the workof bis great-grandfather.The "late paving" at the south of the Aahmes

chapel consisted of slabs taken from variousbuildings. Among these were several of Amen-botep III, and two of Ramessu III, with aqueen hitherto unknown named Thyi Mer-en-ast,see pi. xxxv. So it must have been laid downsome time after the XXth Dynasty. The pave-ment is marked upon this plan because of itsrelation to the Aahmes chapel.

28. I'l. lviii. Under Ramessu III a greatreconstruction took place. The causeway wasentirely broken up along a large part of itscourse, and a deep excavation was made throughall the earlier strata of building, to a depth atleast as far as the 1st or Ilnd Dynasty level.This space was filled up with a deep sand bed,shown on the plan with dotted surface : and onthis a great building was constructed. Onlythe basement of one wall of the building remains,at the east side of it. But in the sand bed,nearly symmetrically in each corner, a founda-tion deposit was placed in the sand ; the posi-tions are marked by the numbers 36 and 74,the levels were about 273 and 276, practicallythe same. The objects in these deposits were

in 36 in 74Scarabs, plain . . 8 . 15Plaques, inscribed . 10 . 13Heh sign . . 3 .Sedheb sign . . 2 . Bull's head . .1.1Bull's haunch . .1.1Rings 50 about 48

The plaques are very carelessly made, andcan only be read by comparing them together.In the general style of the group, and the largequantity of rings, these deposits are much likethose of Siptah, only poorer in quality.

29. The building which remained, to thesouth of this sand bed, appears to be all of oneage ; the pavement level of it slopes up gentlyfrom 306 and 312 at the north to 318 at the

mid and south: and the direction of the wallsimplies a northern entrance. At B is apparentlya column, and at C is the eastern jamb of adoorway. But all this stonework was muchcrumbled by the accumulation of salt in it. Asto the date of this building there was a reusedblock of Tahutmes III ; a re-used door jambof Sety I, in the lower course ; a bronze seatedfigure of Horns, like XXVItb Dynasty work,between the stones of the pavement ; and 30inches down in the mud bed, which is beneaththe sand bed of the pavement, or about 234level, was a pot with large green beads and agreen glazed head of Ptah which I shouldsuppose to be of the XXYIth Dynasty. Itseems hard therefore to credit this buildingwith any date before the XXYIth Dynasty.If so late, the building of Ramessu III Avasprobably re-arranged then.

30. Coining further east we see the founda-tions and part of the south Avail and entrance ofa sqiuvre temple built by Aahmes II, whosename is frequently found cut as a quarry-markon the blocks. The length of the temple isquite clear from the south side, and the founda-tions on east and west. The axis is defined bythe entrance, G, and the rows of foundationblocks, H, at the back ; and the north side isfixed by the brick retaining wall at the N.E.corner. The two bases of columns are seen atG; south of them are left two blocks of thewall, and north of them two other blocks at adistance symmetric with the south wall. Afragment of a corner of the front is in line withthe S.E. corner which remains at J. Hence theporch of the temple with its two columns issafely recorded. Among the stones laid roughlyfor the foundations at H are finely carvedblocks and slabs of the temple of Tahutmes III,with the colour still fresh upon them. In thecorner at K is a doorway, which from thecement upon the stones seems to have had asill higher than the 365 level, perhaps of granite.This S.S.W. door to the temple is similar to the


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J a r, yix>s

S.S.W. door to the Tahutmes temple, at theback of the Aahmes chapel. Inside the temple,between K and II, were the pieces of the redgranite shrine of Haa-ab-ra, which had probablysi 1 here. (See Abydos /, pi. Ixviii.)

At L is the eastern gate of the town fortifica-tion. The east half is of limestone, the westhalf of sandstone. There is nothing to showthe aire of this gate, though some gatewayprobably existed here from the time of the\ 1 1th, ami certainly from the XVIlIth Dynasl v.The wall in which it is placed is of many ages,and lias been so often patched that it wouldrequire a special study of every ten yards of itto disentangle its history. Probably it beginswith Usertesen I, ami in part it rests on townruins of the Old Kingdom ; elsewhere it restsupon buildings of the XlXth Dynasty, and parts(if it are f Roman age.

31. PI. Ixii. Having now described the suc-cessive temple buildings of this site, some notemay lie given about the deposits which havebeen referred to in the plans.

Three deposits, 119, 81 and 117, arc of onestyle; and from 1 17 belonging to the doorwayof Pepy's temple, and the forms of the pottery(pi. xlv, 115) being copied from the alabastervasi - of Pepy (pi. xxi, 8), it is clear that theseareoftheVIth Dynasty. No sand was placedwith them, and the soil was only the brownmuddy earth which had been dug out of theboL to begin with. In each deposit was anox-head ; for the deposit 81 seems to have beenpartly disturbed, a- the pottery is deficient aswell as tic skull. The only forms of potteryare the two cups of pi. xlv, 111, 115, whicharc made of fine red pottery.

Tic deposil 92 i- very different ; the pit wasfilled with clean sand, and only contained small

glaz wing to thedepth below the I, ml, line Level at which deposits

placi 'I the age of this is uncertain ; butit seemed as if it belonged to the sand bed

around il, and therefore probably to the VthDynasty.The deposit 80 seems from the rough vases,

like xlvi, 165, to belong to the Xlth Dynasty.The great group of the Xlth Dynasty, figs.1 57-18G were so irregularly piled together thatno plan could be shown ; they were all buriedin mud-earth without any clean sand.The system of deposits was greatly expanded

by Usertesen I, of whom we have Nds. 120,121, 86, and 96. I was prevented from seeing121 and the central deposit, and the plan 121was drawn from memory by Mr. Rawnsley ;but the other three I fully planned. The ox-bead is always present, and some long bones,but no vertebrae or ribs. The forms of potteryare shown in xlvi, 187-197. The unusualmatter in these deposits is the insertion of tabletsof copper, alabaster, and glazed ware in themiddle of bricks. Those marked A containedalabaster tablets inscribed (pi. xxiii), those withP had glazed pottery tablets, those with C hadplain pieces of sheet copper, and those with 13had a layer of burnt or carbonized matter,perhaps papyrus, inserted in the heart of thebricks. These bricks, and others which had noinsertion, were formed at the time of thedeposit, as they were soft and fell out of shape ;their outside was whitewashed on one face.They arc parallel to the bricks of mortar laid inthe foundation deposit of Tausert. (Six Templesat Thebes, xvii, I .)The deposit 95 contained many very small

copper models of chisels scattered over the topsof the pottery. It might by the level be of theXlth or any Inter Dynasty; and we do notknow enough of the forms to fix the age, thoughperhaps this and 95 might more likely be of theearly X Vlllth I >ynasty.

I )eposil 7 is of Ameiiholep III, dated bythe green glazed tile with his name cut on il.A similar one was found last year in anotherdeposit, see . Ibydos I, l\i, ">.

Deposits LOO and 88 are not fixed in age, but


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THE BISTOET OP THE TEMPLES. 21seem to be of the XVIIIth Dynasty; 109 ispn ibably of Tahut mes III, by the copper modelsif tools found in it.32, PI. lxiii. The whole of these deposits

are of Tahutmes III. The pottery is of thewell known types of thai age (see Koptos, xiv),except that the bottles swell out more towardsthe base than in previous examples. Thealabaster model vases are shown in PL xxxii;and the types of copper tool models werepublished in Abydos I, lxi, 5. The sandstonecorn grinders wove often present ; those whichhad a cartouche painted on them in bine paintare marked here with the oval, the plain stonesare marked S. The copper tool models arefound in nearly all of these deposits, marked Chere where necessary. The little cups in 89marked M were tilled with white mortar. Theorder of the deposits on the plate begins withthe east end of the temple and goes westward.The richer deposits are the eastern, and theand the poorer the western ; it seems probablethat different parts of the temple were built ntdifferent times, perhaps many years apart,during the long reign of Tahutmes III. All ofthese deposit holes were filled up with clean-and. It is certain that many of the vases werebroken before burial, and not even in throwingthem in, as only portions of some of them werefound. The great quantity of pieces in some ofthe holes could not be drawn, and those hereshown are only what were not broken up.There does not seem to have, been any regularorder of deposit ; though the alabaster vases in'.Ml have been stacked together, and then upsetin the throwing in the upper pottery. Theannex to deposit S2 was hollowed out in theside of the hole, and contained all the coppermodels and an alabaster vase ; a similar annexwas found at Koptos (Koptos, xvi.).

33. Pis. lix, lx. For the sake of clearnessI have here placed together in a diagram the moreimportant levels of the various temples, and ofthe objects found. These, will enable the rela-

tion of the different a; < to he cloarlv seen, andthe variety of levels in the site. The south sidewas always the highest; indicating that it wasdwelt upon in early times, and so a mass ofrubbish had accumulated there; then the dopeis from the west region towards the eastern sidejprobably owing to the natural -lope of the basalsand toward the river. The levelling opera-tions of the Xllth and later Dynasties, and thesubstitution from that time of stone buildingswhich were carried away or reused, instead ofcrumbling brickwork, brought to an end thecontinuous accumulation which gives a chrono-logical value to the lower strata. As the build-ings have been described earlier in this chapterand the objects are described in the followingchapters, there is no need to mention the detailshere.

34. PI. lxiv. In Abydos I, pp. 18-22, Idescribed the evidence given by the pottery andstone vases found in the tombs and the town, ascompared with the prehistoric types and thoseof the Royal tombs. This is here given in adiagram; and, though the details need not liere-stated, the general conclusions may be pointedout. In the first columns are some of the typesof prehistoric pottery in the order of their age,as shown by their sequence dates (see DiospolisI'n rva, 8-11). In the second column are types ofpottery found at various levels in the town. Theorder of deposit is here the reverse of the actualsection of the town, because it is more familiarto show the older objects at the top and thelater lower down. Hence the basal sand isat the top, and the heights of 10 to 1 10 inchesabove it are written running downwards.These heights over the basal sand have no fixedrelation to the absolute levels used in this volumeand this year's work. Here will lie seen howeach of the prehistoric types shown have theirparallels in the town, and serve to link the laterstages of sccpuence dates to the various heightsof accumulation in the town. Next is shown thepottery of the tombs of the kings in chronological


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22 ABYDOS II.

order with the approximate dates ; and it willbe seen how this is parallel to that in thetown, and how therefore the strata in the townare dated by the royal tombs, and hence thelater sequence dates are linked to years b.c.

These connections give thus an absolute con-tinuity between the end of the long series ofsequence dates and the beginning of the chrono-logy in years.


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23

CHAPTER IT.OBJECTS BEFORE THE IVth DYNASTY.

35. In describing the objects found in thetemple area we shall here first deal with tbelarge groups of those which were found together,and then with the scattered pieces which standapart.The main group of early things was in a

chamber just outside the early temple area,marked on pi. lii as G9, and known as M G9 inour numbering. This chamber was 116 incheson N., 1 15 S., 94 E., 97 W. ; the bearing of it 216"magnetic, and the base of it at 207 inches level.Close by it, 30 inches to the east lay the pieceof glazed vase of AhaMena, pi. iv and v, 32,at 215 level; apparently, therefore, thrownaway at about the same time as the objects inthe chamber, which were from 207 up to about215. The chamber was covered all over thefloor with a thick laver of organic matter, whichformed a red-brown slimy mass, and Avhichdried to a very light friable spongy consistency.This organic bed was about two to eisdit inchesthick in different parts of the chamber, andcannot have been liquid originally, as it was atdifferent levels. Embedded in this stuff wereabout 160 glazed objects, 30 large beads andmany small, and about 30 ivory carvings. Theyhad been thrown in quite irregularly, as will beseen by the plan of the chamber pi. lxi. Allthe distinctive objects are there numbered withreference to the figures in the plates ; the greatquantity of ape figures are not distinguished,and many of the ivories are not entered, aswhen found they had to be kept in lumps ofearth till dry, so the forms were not seen.Most of the ivories and several of the glazed

figures were broken when thrown in ; and it isclear that this was a rubbish hole, and probablya latrine, where damaged offerings were thrownaway from the temple. The generally earlydate of such objects is shown by the Mena vase ;but they were doubtless old and worthlesswhen thrown away. The date of the ejectionof them is shown by the Hint flakes 139, 140,pi. viii, which are of the age of Perabsen, orthe middle of the Ilnd Dynasty (see Abydos /,xv) ; also by the jar, pi. xlii, 37, which is ofthe age of Perabsen (Abydos I, vii, 31), orperhaps a reign or two later ; and by the vasexlii, 41 , which is also near the form of Perabsen's(Abydos f, vii, 28). This pottery and the flintsare not likely to have been kept for manyyears, and show the age of the filling up of thechamber to have been about the middle of theIlnd Dynasty. The objects in it may thenbe probably assigned to various dates in the1st Dynasty. Tim scale of each photographis marked at the top left hand ; this scaleapplies to all objects following it until re-stated.PL i. These objects are described under the

numbers of their photograph in pis. v, vii,viii.

36. PI. ii, 1 is the figure of a boy walking ;the face is broken. The attitude is quite freeand natural, and the modelling is good.

2, a figure of a girl standing, 6^- inches high,is the largest ivory found, excepting anotherfemale figure in worse condition, but 10 incheshigh. This is in


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24 ABYDOS II.shoulder ; the same unsymmetrical placing,though with a plaited tail is in No. 40, fullyfigured on pi. i. All the female figures foundat II ierakoiip.il is have the hair symmetrical.

3 is the head of a statuette of a king, enlargedto double size. The whole figure less enlargedis shown on pi. xiii. He is figured as wearingthe crown of Upper Egypt, and a thick em-broidered robe. From the nature of the patternand the stiff edge represented, it looks as if thisrobe were quilted with embroidery : no suchdress is known on any Egyptian figure yetfound. The work belongs to an unconventionalschool, before the rise of the fixed traditions ;it might have been carved in any age andcountry where good natural work was done.It shows a power of dealing with individualitywhich stands apart from all the later work, inits unshrinking figuring of age and weaknesswith a subtle character. It belongs to thesame school of art as figures 1, 4, 5, 17, and 19 ;and these reveal a style which has hitherto beenquite unsuspected, as preceding the more formalstyle of the Old Kingdom.

4 is half of a figure of a young boy, in thesame natural style, of excellent modelling.

5 is part of the figure of a woman, with thehair in fine ringlets ; the work is natural anddelicate.

6 shows different work ; simpler, and limitedby the form of the material ; the type of theman with a short pointed beard seems to belonglo the prehistoric Libyan stock.

7 is a young boy with short, woolly hair,appearing negroid.

S (three positions) is an infant, hoy withremarkably long flat head.

!), a young girl, i- more like the late prehistoric work in the Hat style of the faceand body; a bead collar is shown on theneck.

1 " i i I head of the nal ural style.I I, an uas sceptre, some pieces of the straight

ste I' which were also found.

12, a baboon, does not belong to this chamber,but was found at a lower level, 1 if 0.

13 is a tine head of one of the massive hunt-ing dogs used in early times, wearing a collar.

1 4, the head of a boy.15 is a young bear, with a short curly

tail ; the attitude and character of the animalare well given. This is the only figure of abear yet known in Egypt, apart from foreignimportation in the XVIIIth Dynasty.

37. PI. iii, Hi, the figure of an ape, isfinely carved ; the legs are completely separatedone from the other. Owing to pressure in thewet soil the base has been forced askew.

17, 18, 19, are three well- carved figures ofsmall boys, the large ear on the head of 19should be compared with the ear of the old king(pi. xiii) ; the similar form shows that it repre-sents a peculiar type.

20 (three positions) is a boat, which fromthe shortness of the open space seems to havebeen a copy of a dug-out canoe.

21 is a boy seated on the ground ; a fragmentof a head probably belonging to it is of delicatework.

22, a dog of lighter build than the heavyhound, 13.23 29, lions used for gaming pieces, like

the lions of Zcr {Royal Tombs, ii ; vi, 3, 4).All of these are later in style than those of Zer,or of Mena. No. 27 is probably the firsl here,and 28 perhaps the next advanced in work.Both 20 and 28 appear to be a lioness, and havea collar, showing that the animal was tamed.29 has an eye accurately cut in chalcedonyremaining in place.

30 is a dish, hollowed out on the hack, carvedas a cow with the legs lied together, a motivewhich is usual in the XVIIIth Dvnasfv and lateperiods.

PL iv. These objects are described under thenumbers of the photographs in the followingplates.

38. PL v, 31. A portion of a hand of wall


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OBJECTS BEPOEB THE IVth DYNASTS 25tile, with a hawk, probably from a royal Ica-uame. The Hat top of the name-square andthe low tail of the bird show thai it is afterMena, but the squal attitude is only on some ofZer (seals 105, 106) and one example of Zet(seal 1). Tins is probably therefore of the reignof Zer. The design is incised and filled in withcoloured inlay: probably the original colourswere green for the tile and purple for the inlay.

32. Fragment of a vase of king Aha-Mena,green with purple inlay originally. The re-storation of the colour and form is shown onpi. iv, from accurate measurements of the piece32 and other pieces of the neck ; the open out-line is only a conjectural completion of it. Thestyle of the hawk and of the ka-n&me is exactlythat known to belong to the reign of Mena, andthis is evidently contemporary with the king.It shows that glazed work was already developedmi a larger scale then, and with inlaid colourshitherto only known much later.

33. Glazed tile of uniform green colour, seealso pi. i. It has no groove or dovetail on theback, but is quite plain; it does not seemtherefore to have been intended to insert in awall, but rather as if made for a votiveoffering. The figure is of a low type, the negroidvariety of the prehistoric people, and neither ofthe pure Libyan nor dynastic races. From theinscription we must attribute him to the Ann,who are known as an aboriginal people in Egypt.He appears to be a chief named Tera-neter,'devoted to God," of the fortress of the Annin the town of Hemen. This, and No. 36 intro-duces us to a style of work in relief on glazedtiles which has not been met with before.

34. 35, two figures of cast copper. The styleis entirely Tin-Egyptian, and 34 is closely likecopper figures found in the Diktaean cavein Crete, such as No. 436 in the CandiaMuseum.

3G shows two fragments of a glazed relief tile,with the signs mer, anlch, zet, ta, zeser, thecorner of a /-(/-name (?), a town sign, and a ram

holding an uas sceptre. See pi. i, for a colouredcopy.

37 is a kneeling captive with the .-inns bound;compare the captive in HieraJconpolis, xxi, 2, 3;xxii, 3.

38, 39, figures of boys, with the band to themouth.

10, figure of a girl with close-fitting garment,cut in a V opening on front and back, see pi. iv.The hair is thrown to one side, and plaited in atail on the back.

41, an old ape holding a young one in herarms, and with some other object, possibly ababy ape, see pi. iv.

42 to 48, human figures and fragments. With46 compare Hierak., xviii, 7. 47 hears a poton the head, and wears only a girdle round thewaist.

39. PI. vi. 49 is a unique figure of a seatedape, with two small ones seated below the feet ;the head is lost.

50-61, 64, 65. As many as sixty-nine figuresof apes were found in this chamber, of which aselection of all the varieties is here given.Some, as 52, were large, and made hollow ;others, as 58, were cut out of a Hat sheet withhardly any detail.

63, a cow vaguely carved in quartz, probablyglazed originally.

66-69, 78, quadrupeds, probably pig, dog,and lioness.

70, 71, 73, hippopotami. 72, frog. 74-76,crocodiles.

77, a figure with a lioness head, but swathedround cylindrically, with a line of edge runningdown it; see the repetition in fig. 136.

40. PI. vii. 79, 80, birds.81-84, hawks of early type, without legs;

probably early in the 1st Dynasty.85, locust ?, see also on pi. i.86, ape walking, of simple but spirited work ;

see pi. i.87, piece of inlay representing a stem and

branches of a palm tree ; see pi. i.


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26 ABYDOS II.

88, part of a hawk for inlaying, probablyfrom a &a-name.

89, 90, probably figures of laden boats.91, 92 are flat sheets of glaze, which look

much like model axes ; but this form of axewith lugs is quite unknown in metal till at leastthe Xllth Dynasty. There are, however, somestone axes with lugs which may possibly beearlier.

93-05, see pi. i. These lotus flower vasesare as vet quite unknown at so early a date.If the cups or vases were copied direct from theflower, the smallness of the hole opening wouldbe unlikely, and there would be no meaning inthe raised disc on the top. But this disc isexactly the form for architectural use, in orderto take the pressure of the architrave withoutbreaking down the thin edge. It seems clearthat these have been copied from lotus capitals,and hence this capital is taken back now to the1st Dynasty ; but whether the form was madein mud and reeds, or in stone, is not certain.

96, 97, large oval fruits or seed vessels, withfour grooves from end to end.

us, 99 are copied from the cornflower, whichwas so fashionable in the XVIIIth Dynasty.Of 100-107, Nos. 101, 103 are small inlay

tiles with domed surface; 104, 107 are largeball beads. 105 may be a draughtsman.

108 11, model vases, the first two withpurple glazed tups. 1 1 1, 113, globular vases onstands. 112, L16, 117-121, 124, 120, variousforms of vases. 114, model stand. 115, 127,128, L29, models of jars with clay sealing?. 122,bowl broken from a figure, which held it betweenthe hands. 123, spiral bead. 125, model of abaskel lid of coiled work.

i:;i, L32, model shrines or carrying chairs;one with a figure in il was found elsewhere,pi. xi, 243. Compare the figure in such achair on the mace head from Hierakonpolis,xxvi 13.

41. PI. viii. 133-135, pieces of uas sceptres ;137-8. petal- froma built-up flower, made from

portions of an older slate bowl. 139-40, flintflakes, of the age of Perabsen.

141-3 appear to be toggles for fastening dressthrough a loop, like the frogs on a modernmilitary cloak.

144-152, rings of slate. 153-170, beads ofvarious forms.

171, 172, 174, pieces of glazed quartz forinlaying, as found at Hierakonpolis.

173, 175-178, pieces of small glazed tiles.171', tile with mat pattern, perhaps as a tray

for an offering, like the mat under the hotepoffering.

180 shows the deep dovetail running alongthe back of a plain tile, with a groove along itending; in two holes through the ends ; thisgroove was doubtless to hold a copper wire, bywhich all the row of tiles in a wall were strungtogether, so that no one could become detached.

181-183, the backs of two large tiles, and thefront of one showing the ribbing. The widedovetails on the back, intended to key into thewall, have two grooves for copper wires tosecure them together. Across the back are. signsroughly scored before baking ; the royal su(ten)sign is on both, showing that they were madefor the king ; and on 181 are two other signs,apparently at right angles to

petrie abydos 2

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