phd description-marko masic

Ph. D. Project Description: Using building energy monitoring to verify building energy performance

Project description for the Ph. D. Thesis of Marko Masic:

Using building energy monitoring to verify building energy performance

1. Background

Growing demands for rational use of energy and demands for the better quality of indoor environment lead to seeking of the new solutions in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). These demands are by their nature conflicting and that is the reason for the putting more efforts into the design and maintenance of the HVAC systems. Although new products are presented, it is obvious that the biggest opportunity for the fulfilling these demands exists in the better integration and maintenance of these systems. Some researches regards that 20-30% of the energy can be saved in the existing commercial buildings by rectifying faults in the operation of HVAC systems. This is the reason for the intensive research in this field through the last decade conducted by IEA Energy Conservation in Building and Community Systems (ECBCS) agreement. It should be expected that functioning of HVAC system will be deteriorated during the life time of the building. Also, some faults made in the design of the building often are not noticed until building is put into the function. Designers often can not predict use of the building and transient regimes of the building functioning. Also, maintenance of the HVAC systems can often be poor and that can cause malfunction and also huge costs. These are the reasons for introduction of the commissioning of building HVAC systems. This tool should exceed all gaps which exist in all phases of the life time of HVAC systems, from the design phase, through the installation, to the operation. Building energy monitoring represents the tool which enables review and understanding of actual building energy performance. It represents the outset for the improving of the HVAC functioning. Since the prices of monitoring instruments are continuously decreasing, this implies higher usage of these tools. However, monitoring should not be too complex. It should give representative and clear information about functioning of HVAC system. That is the reason for implementing standardized monitoring protocols. Monitoring can not be seen as the isolated part of the overall HVAC system. It can be concerned as the part of HVAC control system. IEA ECBCS have conducted several projects dealing with control of HVAC systems. Annex 16 and 17 concerns Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS). Annex 25 and 34 deals with fault detection and diagnostics in the HVAC systems. Annex 40 and 47 concerns commissioning. It is obvious that monitoring represents component of all this systems and processes. Growing knowledge in this field and demands which stands in front the HVAC engineers imply systematization and standardization of monitoring process. Although different building energy monitoring projects can have different objectives and scopes, all have several issues in common that allow methodologies, procedures and protocols to be standardized. Monitoring can be uninstrumented (no additional instrumentation beyond the utility meter) or instrumented (additional sources, such as installed instrumentation

1


package). The main point is to make payable and quick measuring protocol (plan) for building commissioning. The measuring protocol (plan) should allow low cost and effective building examination. Also, all collected data from measuring must be easy adoptable through commissioning calculation process (for example in building simulation, etc.).

2. Aim

The aim of the project is to make monitoring procedures easier for use through its standardization. This way, monitoring will be more close to HVAC engineers and this should lead to its higher presence in the engineering praxis. Also, there is the need for systematization and connecting of monitoring with different techniques, such as commissioning, control through BEMS and fault detection within HVAC systems. The project will develop new guidelines for building monitoring projects that provide the necessary measured data for use in commissioning, building diagnostics and continuous verification of building energy performance. The project should develop common protocol for selecting all field monitoring points so data can be readily verified and compared. The project has to develop guidelines for pointing data and frequency of data collection. The number of measuring points should ensure efficient, reliable and cheap monitoring. Also, monitoring should give realistic review of consumption of the system parts. This will lead to faster detection of the fault in HVAC system functioning. Buildings of today are intelligent, so that it is sometimes hard to follow its work. Efficient monitoring system should exceed these problems. The guidelines should be specified for particular type of study and type of project. The project has to specify monitoring procedures in the characteristic and most presented cases in the HVAC systems. Unification of monitoring procedure will give easiness in the design and using of monitoring system. Diagnostic projects measure physical and operating parameters that determine the energy use of building and system. The project goal is to determine the cause of problem, model or improve energy performance of a building or building system, or isolate effects of components. Building monitoring has been significantly simplified and made more professional in the recent years by the development of fairly standardized monitoring protocols. Although there may be no way to define a protocol to encompass all types of monitoring applications, repeatable and understandable methods of measuring and verifying retrofit savings are needed. However, following a protocol does not replace adequate project planning and careful assessment of project objectives and constraints.

2


3. Scope of work

The project will especially be dealing with the following issues: Planning: Many common problems in monitoring projects can be avoided by effective and comprehensive planning. This implies developing plan protocols for commissioning measuring in the particular types of buildings. Implementation and Data Management: The following steps can facilitate smooth project implementation and data management: calibrate sensors before installation; track sensors performance regularly; generate and review data on a timely and periodic basis. Automating the process of checking data reliability and accuracy can be invaluable. Data Analysis and Reporting: The collected data must be analyzed and put into reports. The objective is to translate these data into information and ultimately into knowledge and action. The importance of this issue cannot be overemphasized. An automated data pipeline should be developed.

4. Methods of Research

The research is based on the present methods for monitoring, control, fault detection and diagnostics within HVAC systems. These methods encompass different tools, such as optimization methods, simulations and numerical methods. Building simulation programs will be used for verification of the monitoring procedures. Different simulation studies will be performed. In the final phase, case study on the real building will represent the final verification of the proposed monitoring procedure. Optimization methods can be used for the determination of the monitoring scope, concerning number of measuring points and frequency of measurements. Different numerical methods can be used in the modeling of the processes, data acquisition, etc.

5. Expected Results

The project should cover monitoring projects range from energy savings verification projects to building performance monitoring. It will give procedure summarized through monitoring protocol which will encompass different aspects of the monitoring process, such as commissioning, control of HVAC system and fault detection. The project should contribute to the Project Life-Time Commissioning for Efficient Operation of Buildings (LTC Project). This means that it should be functional part of the project. All procedures and protocols developed through this PhD project have to be complementary with

3


other procedures developed by other participants in the project. This means that this study has to be composed as the consisted part of the LTC Project.

6. Work Plan

The present work will consist of the following activities, further described below:

1. Literature study 2. Analysis and systematization of the HVAC monitoring for the most presented cases 3. Development of the procedure for the optimization of measuring points and frequency

of measuring.

4. Analysis of the fault detection procedures regarding monitoring 5. Development of the procedure which will encompass previous analysis and procedures 6. Verification of the monitoring procedures through building simulations 7. Case study on the real building as the final verification of the proposed monitoring

procedure

8. Documentation of work will be conducted through writing the Ph.D. thesis. In addition, papers will be published to conferences and journals as the work proceeds.

Time schedule for the Ph. D. work

2006 2007 2008 Activity 1 2 1 2 1 2

Literature study Work on the required Ph.D. courses Analysis and systematization of the HVAC monitoring for the most presented cases

Development of the procedure for the optimization of measuring points and frequency of measuring

Analysis of the fault detection procedures regarding monitoring

Development of the procedure which will encompass previous analysis and procedures

Verification of the monitoring procedures through building simulations

Case study on the real building as the final verification of the proposed monitoring procedure

Documentation of work

4


7. References

1. Commissioning tools for improved energy performance, Results of IEA ECBCS Annex 40, 2004

2. Summary of IAE Annexes 16 and 17, Results of IEA ECBCS Annex 16 and 17, 1997

3. Computer aided evaluation of HVAC system Performance, Results of IEA ECBCS Annex 34, 2001

4. Real time simulation of HVAC systems for building optimization, fault detection and diagnosis, Results of IEA ECBCS Annex 25, 1996

5. Energy simulation in building design, J A Clarke, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland, 2001

6. Design of thermal systems, W.F. Stoecker

7. Control system design guide, PECI, 2006

8. Practical Guide for Commissioning Existing Buildings, Tudi Haasl and Terry Sharp, PECI, 1999

9. The Commissioning Process, ASHRAE 1-2005,

10. The HVAC Commissioning Process, ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996

11. Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Novakovi V., Compendium for the Training Program at University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia, prepared by Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 2003

12. Projektovanje postrojenja za centralno grejanje, Todorovi B., Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade, 2000

13. Optimizing Energy Consumption and Indoor Environment in Cold Climate Buildings through use of Simulation Codes and Optimizing Procedures, Novakovi V., N.J. Holst, K. Kolsaker, KGH Magazine, Belgrade, 2003

14. Performance validation and energy analysis of HVAC systems using simulation, Tim Salsbury and Rick Diamond, Energy and Buildings, Volume 32, Issue 1, June 2000

15. Fault detection in HVAC systems using model-based feedforward control, T. I. Salsbury and R. C. Diamond, Energy and Buildings, Volume 33, Issue 4, April 2001

16. Fault-tolerant control and data recovery in HVAC monitoring system, Xiaoli Hao, Guoqiang Zhang and Youming Chen, Energy and Buildings, Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2005

5


17. Transient pattern analysis for fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC systems Energy Conversion and Management, Sung-Hwan Cho, Hoon-Cheol Yang, M. Zaheer-uddin and Byung-Cheon Ahn, Volume 46, Issues 18-19, November 2005,

18. Portable Dataloggers - Diagnostic Tools for Energy-Efficient Building Operation, Tudi Haasl, PECI, 1999

Trondheim, 16. August 2006.

Vojislav Novakovic Marko Masic Teaching supervisor Candidate

6

1. Background 2. Aim 3. Scope of work 4. Methods of Research 5. Expected Results 6. Work Plan 7. References

phd description-marko masic

Documents