Author: Miloš M. ČOKIĆ

PhD student, MSc, Civil Engineering, cokicmilos@gmail.com

Mentor: Marija S. TODOROVIĆ

PhD, Mechanical Engineering, vea@eunet.rs

• possibility to reduce total energy consumption,

by decreasing space conditioning energy

needs

• possibility of renewable energy sources use, to

supply the household energy needs

• overview on the current condition and residual

life of the house

Characteristics:

• traditional, region-based architecture

• dependent on the materials from the immediate natural environment

• architectural concept and construction forms are conditioned by the terrain

and climate properties

Data source:

• "The Atlas of folk building of Serbia“, Republic Institute for Protection of

Monuments of Culture – Belgrade

Goals:

• preservation of the traditional houses

• adaptation to modern living conditions

• reduction of heating and cooling energy use

• application of renewable energy sources

Houses near the city of Majdanpek

Houses near the city of Jagodina

Case study house:

• house of Slađana Micković

• location: Ribare village, near the city of Jagodina

• type: rural, family, old house

• built in the second half of the 19th century (1870s)

• house on one level with unconditioned attic

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Tem

per

atu

re [°C

]

Hour in year [h]

Dry bulb temperature Dewpoint temperature

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tem

per

atu

re [°C

]

Month

Dry bulb temperature Dewpoint temperature

Annual air temperature oscillation profile, Ćuprija Outside monthly mean air temperatures, Ćuprija

• Ground floor – plate is made from rammed earth

• Walls – objects structural whole is consisted of wooden

skeleton (supporting beams and columns) and the cob

walls (mixture of mud, straw, wood chips and sand)

• Ceiling/internal floor – wooden boards laid on wooden

beams

• Roof – wooden structure. It is covered with old clay tiles

• Windows – single glass wooden frame windows

• Doors – old wooden doors

• Ground floor area: 51,42 m2

• Internal floor area: 58,25 m2

• Floor height: 2,8 m

• Wall area: 85,62 m2

• Window orientation and area:

- west: 0,89 m2

- south: 1,78 (2 x 0,89) m2

- east: 0,27 m2

• Window-wall ratio: 3,43%

• Door orientation:

- west: 2,01 m2

Bentley AECOsim Building Designer house model with displayed roof and wall structure

Bentley AECOsim Energy Simulator house model

3D house model Ground floor – top view

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

Ground floor -

Min. wool

Wall - EPS Ceiling/Internal

floor - Min. wool

Roof - Min. wool Roof - Gls. Wool

Ins.

th

ick

nes

s [m

]

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

MO1 - 4,995 MO1 - 5,333 MO1 - 5,826

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

Ground floor Wall Ceiling/Internal

floor

Roof Door WindowHea

t tr

an

sfer

co

ef.

U [

W/(

m2∙ K

)]

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

Heat transfer coefficient MO1-MO5

Insulation thickness MO1-MO5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

[W/m

2]

Specific heat losses

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

[W/m

2]

Specific heat gains

• Household energy demands calculations include energy

needs for heating, cooling, lighting, electrical appliances

and HWS.

Spec. heat losses, 21. January Spec. heat gains, 21. July

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tem

per

atu

re [°C

]

Month

Outdoor drybulb MO1 MO2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tem

per

atu

re [°C

]

Month

MO3 MO4 MO5

Free floatng regime - monthly mean air temperature change for ground floor (left) and attic (right)

“Free floating” regime – analysis of buildings internal air temperatures

for typical meteorological year without heating or cooling of the indoor

space [1].

342,85 kWh/m2

140,32 kWh/m2

131,15 kWh/m2123,88 kWh/m2

113,55 kWh/m2

288,24 kWh/m2

66,21 kWh/m256,23 kWh/m2

47,51 kWh/m235,61 kWh/m2

18,19 kWh/m29,83 kWh/m2 10,64 kWh/m2 12,08 kWh/m2 13,65 kWh/m2

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

En

erg

y d

ema

nd

s [k

Wh

/yea

r]

Total energy demands Heating Cooling

Annual heating, cooling and total energy needs

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

[kW

h]

MO1 - heating MO1 - cooling MO2 - heating MO2 - cooling MO3 - heating

MO3 - cooling MO4 - heating MO4 - cooling MO5 - heating MO5 - cooling

Monthly energy needs for heating and cooling

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

17,9 19,4 20,8 23,110,6

36,1 39,1 41,9 46,6

84,1

55,651,2 46,3 38,6

5,3 8,3 9,7 11,8 14,8

HWS Appliances, Electronics and Lighting Heating Cooling

Annual energy needs percentage for all calculated processes

11,04

20,24

0

5

10

15

20

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

MO1 MO2 - MO5

[m2]

[kW

h/y

ear]

Appliances, Electronics, Lighting and HWS

Energy demand [kWh/year]

PV panels total area [m2]

3.088

710603 509

382

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

MO1 MO2 MO3 MO4 MO5

[kg

/yea

r]

[kW

h/y

ear]

Heating [kWh] Biomass [kg]

PV panels area for annual appliances, electronics,

lighting and HWS energy needsAnnual biomass use for heating

• Each PV module used in calculations has nominal 120 W of electric

output, with an active area of 0,92 m2.

• Electric power inverter losses are set to 10%, and all modules are

oriented to south with 30° pitch angle.

• To satisfy the energy needs for MO1, the installment of 12 modules

with total area of 11,04 m2 and total electric power output of 1,44 kW

will be needed.

• For the models MO2-MO5, the installment of 22 PV modules with

total area of 20,24 m2 and total electric power output of 2,64 kW will

be needed to satisfy the annual energy needs for lighting,

electronics, appliances and HWS.

• The value of 4.800 kWh/t of pellet was used for the conversion of

annual electric energy consumption for heating to required biomassamount.

• The results of the analysis show that, if the house condition and its residual

life value are satisfactory, houses thermal refurbishment gives notable and

favorable results that will affect the energy use for heating and cooling of

the building in its present condition. That is essential from the aspect of

energy efficiency because it contributes to less energy consumption, and

therefore less fossil fuel use, CO2 emission and energy cost expenses.

• Household energy needs can be satisfied from renewable sources, which

would reduce the energy needs and the costs of electricity.

• The results of the analysis are imposing some additional questions that

should provide the basis for further research. This raises the question of

justification of the building renovation, which should be considered through

the analysis of the current state of the building and its residual life and the

total cost of rehabilitation and refurbishment, as well as the overall impact of

the process on the environment through CO2 emission.

• Also, in terms of the preservation of traditional architecture and

environmental sustainability, it is necessary to consider the construction

method of new houses and renovation of existing ones, by use of the

material with similar composition and properties, which should be

accessible on-site or near the settlement.

• The above mentioned conclusions are entailing the necessity of further

analysis of possibility of transition to "green" energy sources, as well as its

consequences on a household and its surroundings in a long term.

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cities planning: Harmony and ethics of sustainability, Energy and Buildings, year 2012, vol. 48, Pages 180–189

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SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE, A MILESTONE FOR ENERGY PLUS NEW AND DEEP ENERGY REFURBISHED

BUILDINGS, 45th HVAC International Congress, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, December 2014.

[3] Todorović, M. S., Regional Programme for the Cultural and Natural Heritage in South-East Europe – LDPP

[4] Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Srbije, Narodno graditeljstvo kao arhitektonska vrsta i

spomenička vrednost, http://www.atlas.heritage.gov.rs/node/139

[5] Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture Srbije, http://www.atlas.heritage.gov.rs/

[6] Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture - Beograd, http://www.heritage.gov.rs/

[7] Bojić, M., S. Djordjević, A. Stefanović, M. Miletić, D. Cvetković, Decreasing energy consumption in thermally

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[9] Goodhew, S., R. Griffiths, Sustainable earth walls to meet the building regulations, Energy and Buildings, year

2005, vol. 37, pg. 451–459, Table 2

[10] Bentley AECOsim Building Designer V8i

https://www.bentley.com/en/products/product-line/building-design-software/aecosim-building-designer

[11] Bentley AECOsim Energy Simulator V8i

https://www.bentley.com/en/products/product-line/building-design-software/aecosim-energy-simulator

[12] EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/

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Montenegro, Podgorica, Crna Gora, 2011.

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Author: Miloš M. ČOKIĆ

PhD student, MSc, Civil Engineering, cokicmilos@gmail.com

Mentor: Marija S. TODOROVIĆ

PhD, Mechanical Engineering, vea@eunet.rs