American Colonial Policy

They promised to train the Filipinos in Democracy

and Self-Government. They want the Philippines to

stand on its own as a free and independent nation

They shared power with the Filipinos in the

government. Human Rights were protected. They

developed the economy, improved hygiene and

sanitation, and introduced the public school

system.

American Colonial Government

Military Government (August 1898-July 1901)

Gen. Wesley Merritt

Gen. Elwell Otis

Gen. Arthur MacArthur (Father of Douglas MacArthur)

Civil Government (July 1901-August 1902)

The Philippine Commission

The American Gov. Gen. together with the Philippine Assembly or

the Philippine Legislature

The Commonwealth of the Philippines

Contributions of the Americans to

the Philippines

Economic Progress:

Population Explosion

New Land Policy

Friars land were resold to Filipino farmers

Homestead Act of 1924 allowed Filipinos to own up to 24

hectares of public land

Torrens titles were given to the land owner

Contributions of the Americans to

the Philippines Agriculture Increase

In 1902, the Bureau of Agriculture became the first gov’t agency in the

Philippines

Free Trade America

Business Flourished

New Industries

Improvement of Transportation and Communications

Better Budget

New Banks

International Exhibitions and Meetings

Economic Problems

We sold our raw materials cheap and

bought expensive manufactured goods

from America.

Colonial Mentality

Labor and peasant unrest spread in 1920s

and 1930s

American Capitalists and businessmen

controlled the new companies

Other American contributions

Religious Freedom

Training in Democracy

Free Education

Better Health Service

Introduction of the English Language

Free Press

Democratic Family Life and Social Classes

Emancipation of Women

Recreation, Movies, Theater, Arts and Science

QUIZ:

o They promised to train the Filipinos in Democracy and

(1)_______________. They want the Philippines to stand on its

own as a free and independent nation.

o In 1902, the (2) _________________ became the first gov’t

agency in the Philippines.

o The two types of American Colonial government

implemented in the Philippines were (3)__________________

and (4) ________________.

o (5) _________of 1924 allowed Filipinos to own up to 24

hectares of public land.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines

o After the Filipinos lost the war to the Americans in 1901,

they did not really stop fighting for independence.

o The Filipinos carried on the fight for freedom in three ways:

o Theater and Literature

o Peasant revolts and Communist Party of the Philippines

o Peaceful pressure by the Filipino politicians ending the

establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in

1935. (Political Campaign for Independence)

I. Freedom Theater and Literature

o Tagalog zaruelas became popular (1902-1905)

o Banned by the Americans

o examples: Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad and

Kahapon, Ngayon and Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino

o Tagalog writers wrote about the sufferings of the people.

o Lope K.Santos wrote Banaag at Sikat in 1935

o Amado V. Hernandez was both writer and labor leader

o 1907: freedom of the press and the elections

II. Peasant Revolts and Communist Party

o Peasant Revolts in Surigao, Nueva Ecija, Iloilo, Negros

Occidental, Pangasinan, Laguna and Bulacan

o Sakdalitas: peasant revolt that took place in 1935

o Benigno Ramos: a popular writer and orator who founded the

newspaper and a political party named Sakdal

o The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)

o Founded in Manila by Cristano Evangelista on August

1930

o In 1931, they organized labor strikes throughout the

country.

III. Political Campaign for Independence

o After World War I, Filipino politicians united to campaign

for immediate Philippine Independence.

o Sent independent missions in the US from 1919-1935 in

the hope of urging the American Congress to grant

independence to the Philippines.

o In 1932, the US Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-

Cutting Law. It was the first Philippine Independence law

passed by the US. The law was passed after the 1931

OSROX mission of Sen. Sergio Osmeña and House

Speaker Manuel Roxas.

III. Political Campaign for Independence

o But the . HHC law did not push through. Osmeña & Quezon

quarreled over it in the Philippine Legislature.

o Political debate took place between the group of Senate

President Manuel Quezon who were in favor of the HHC Law

against the Anti-HHC Law headed by Osmeña & Roxas. This

marked the split of the Nacionalista Party.

o The HHC Law was rejected by the Philippine Legislature in

October 17, 1933.

III. Political Campaign for Independence

o In 1934, US Congress passed the Tydings-McDuffie

Law.

o The law provided that the Philippines would be

independent in ten years time.

o A transition government run by Filipinos would be

established. This was the Commonwealth of the

Philippines.

The 1935 Philippine Constitution

o On July 10, 1934, 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional

convention.

o The delegates met for the first time on July 30, 1934.

o Claro M. Recto was elected as convention president.

o On February 08, 1935, the new constitution was approved by the

majority of the delegates

o March 23, 1935, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt signed the constitution

o The 1935 Constitution was ratified by the Filipino people in a

plebiscite on May 04, 1935

o This constitution served as the Commonwealth in the Philippines

(Third Republic)

The Commonwealth of the Philippines

o September 17, 1935: The first national election was held

o Manuel Quezon won as President and Sergio Osmeña as Vice President

o November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth was inaugurated in Luneta

o Manuel Quezon was re-elected for another term on November 1941

o The Commonwealth of the Philippines existed from 1935-1946. It was semi-

independent government of the Filipinos under the American colony.

o “I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government

run like heaven by Americans.”- President Quezon

o The experiment in this Democracy was interrupted by the Second World War

o The Commonwealth leaders went into exile in the US from 1942-1944.

The Second World War

o Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on

December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl

Harbor. Initial aerial bombardment was followed by landings

of ground troops both north and south of Manila.

o The defending Philippine and United States troops were under

the command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been

recalled to active duty in the United States Army earlier in the

year and was designated commander of the United States

Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific region.

The Second World War

o The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces

were ordered to leave; and because of the circumstances in

the Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his ground

forces were impossible. Under the pressure of superior

numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan

Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to

Manila Bay.

o Manila, declared an open city to prevent its destruction, was

occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942.

The Second World War

o The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United

States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on

Corregidor in May. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by

the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous

"Death March" to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north.

o It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men, weakened by disease and

malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died before

reaching their destination. Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the

troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they

set up a government in exile. MacArthur was ordered to Australia,

where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines.

The Second World War

o The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a

new government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese

had promised independence for the islands after occupation, they

initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil

affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an

independent republic.

o Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served

under the Japanese. Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored

political institutions--which later became a major domestic political

issue--was motivated by several considerations.

The Second World War

o Among them was the effort to protect the people from the harshness

of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had advocated),

protection of family and personal interests, and a belief that

Philippine nationalism would be advanced by solidarity with fellow

Asians.

o Many collaborated to pass information to the Allies. The Japanese-

sponsored republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be

unpopular.

The Second World War

o Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by increasingly

effective underground and guerrilla activity that ultimately reached

large-scale proportions.

o Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in

guerrilla organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese

underground were even more numerous.

o Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan

controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces.

The Second World War

o The major element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was

furnished by the Huks, Hukbalahap, or the People's Anti-Japanese

Army organized in early 1942 under the leadership of Luis Taruc, a

communist party member since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000

people and extended their control over much of Luzon.

o Other guerrilla units were attached to the United States Armed

Forces Far East.

The Second World War

o MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October

20, 1944, accompanied by Osmeña, who had succeeded to the

commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1,

1944.

o Landings then followed on the island of Mindoro and around the

Lingayen Gulf on the west side of Luzon, and the push toward Manila

was initiated.

o Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern Luzon,

where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put

up a last-ditch resistance.

The Second World War

o Guerrilla forces rose up everywhere for the final offensive. Fighting

continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945.

o The Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous

physical destruction by the time the war was over.

o An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large proportion

during the final months of the war, and Manila was extensively

damaged.

Schedule for the Third Quarter

January 05 Discussion: Americans in the Philippines

January 07 Discussion: World War II

January 10 Discussion: Japanese in the Philippines

January 11 PT 1Activity and Deadline of all PPTs

January12 Review for the Long Test

January 14 LONG TEST 3.2 and Deadline of the Group PT