phillippines vernacular architecture

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF PHILIPPINES

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREOF PHILIPPINESSUBMITTED TO :AR.KAJAL HANDA

SUBMITTED BY :ANAHAT KALEKASem-9 (21003)

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled REPORT ON PHILIPPINES is a record of the bona fide work done by Ms. Anahat kaleka , roll no. 21003 , under the supervision and guidance of Ar. Kajal Arshi . This project is submitted to the architecture department of P.T.U. Giani Zail Singh Campus, Bathinda in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelors of Architecture during the year 2014.

Ar. Bhupinder Pal Singh Ar. Kajal Arshi Head of Department Supervisor Department of Architecture Lecturer Prof. Department of ArchitectureICERTIFICATE

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREI

3I WISH TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE GRATITUDE TO AR. KAJAL ARSHI , SUBJECT TEACHER FOR PROVIDING ME AN OPPORTUNITY TO WORK UNDER HER AND HELPING ME IN COMPLETING THE REPORT OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ON THE TOPIC SIKKIM. I SINCERELY THANK ARCHI 2K10 BATCH FOR THEIR SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT IN CARRYING OUT THIS PROJECT WORK. I ALSO WISH TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO THE OFFICIALS AND OTHER STAFF MEMBERS OF ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT WHO RENDERED THEIR HELP DURING THE PERIOD OF MY PROJECT WORK. I ALSO WANT TO THANK AR. BHUPINDER PAL SINGH H.O.D. OF ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT FOR PROVIDING ME SUCH FACILITY WHO GAVE ME AN OPPORTUNITY TO EMBARK ON THIS PROJECT.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 location 1.2 geography 1.3 climate 1.4 religion 1.5 language 1.6 ethnic tradition 1.7 general characteristicsCHAPTER 2 ETHNIC ARCHITECTURE 2.1 characteristics of ethnic houses 2.2 types of houses 2.3 ifugao houses 2.3.1 origin 2.3.2 types of ifugao houses 2.3.3 section of ifugao houses 2.3.4 architectural design 2.3.5 functionality 2.3.6 -- engineering principles 2.3.7 sources of materials 2.4 ivantan houses 2.4.1 location 2.4.2 -- materials used 2.4.3 area of ivantan house 2.4.4 types of ivantan house 2.4.5 variation of ivantan houses

4CONTENTS

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREIII

2.4.6 architectural timeline2.4.7 -- classification of ivantan houses2.5 octagonal kalinga houses2.5.1 -- location 2.5.2 planning 2.5.3 rectangular kalinga houses2.5.4 planning 2.5.5 -- spaces 2.6 -- bontoc house2.6.1 location2.6.2 planning2.7 -- isneg house2.7.1 location2.7.2 materials2.8 kankanay house2.8.1 location2.8.2 planning2.8.3 community planning2.9 -- bahay kubo2.9.1 location2.9.2 planning2.9.3 materials2.9.4 characteristics2.9.5 history2.9.6 parts of bahay kubo house

5CONTENTS

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREIV

FIGURESPAGE NO.FIG 1 -- LOCATION MAP OF PHILIPPINESFIG 2 -- MAP SHOWING TOPOGRAPHY OF PHILIPPINESFIG 3 MAP SHOWING CLIMATE OF PHILIPPINESFIG 4 MAP SHOWING TYPHOON RATE IN PHILIPPINESFIG 5 RELIGIONS IN PHILIPPINESFIG 6 LANGUAGES IN PHILIPPINESFIG 7 ETHNIC HOUSEFIG 8 ETHNIC HOUSEFIG 9 -- IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 10 IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 11 ISNEG HOUSEFIG 12 OCTOGONAL KALINGA HOUSEFIG 13 RECTANGULAR KALINGA HOUSEFIG 14 BONTOC HOUSEFIG 15 KANKANAY HOUSEFIG 16 BAHAY KUBO HOUSEFIG 17 IFUGAO HOUSE FIG 18 LOCATION OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 19 IFUGAO HOUSE IN IFUGAO HISTORICAL VILLAGEFIG 20 BALE ( TYPE OF IFUGAO HOUSE )FIG 21 ALANG ( TYPE OF IFUGAO HOUSE )FIG 22 SECTION OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 23 STRUCTURAL FRAME OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 24 ROOF TIP FROM INSIDE THE IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 25 PARTS OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 26 PLAN , ELEVATION & SECTION OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 27 FUNCTIONALITY OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 28 FOOTING DETAIL OF IFUGAO HOUSEFIG 29 VIEW OF IFUGAO HOUSEPG 1PG 1PG 2PG 2PG 4PG -- 5PG -- 7PG -- 7PG -- 8PG -- 8PG -- 8PG -- 8PG 8PG -- 8PG -- 8PG -- 8PG -- 9PG -- 9PG 10PG 11PG 11PG 12PG 13PG 13PG 13PG 14PG 15PG 16PG -- 16

LIST OF FIGURES

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREV

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE6

FIGURESPAGE NO.PG 17PG 17PG 17PG 18PG 18PG 18PG 19PG 20PG 20PG 21PG 21PG 21PG 21PG 21PG 22PG 22PG 22PG 22PG 22PG 23PG 24PG 25PG 25PG 25PG 25PG 26PG 26PG 27PG -- 27

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 30 -- STRUCTURAL MATERIALFIG 31 -- WALLS , DOOR , ETC MATERIALFIG 32 -- ROOFING MATERIALFIG 33 -- IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 34 -- LOCATION MAP OF BATANES FIG 35 -- MAP OF BATANES FIG 36 -- TYPES OF IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 37 W T IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 38 -- LSWT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 39 -- LAGATITI (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 40 -- RAHAUNG (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 41 -- CHIVUVUHANG (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 42 NIRIDI (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 43 MAYHURAHED (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 44 SINADUMPARAN (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 45 -- SINADUMPARAN WITH CROWN (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 46 BEATERIO (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 47 -- MAYTUAB/NITUAVAN (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 48 -- LARGE COLONIAL HOUSE (IVANTAN HOUSE)FIG 49 -- FLOOR PLAN , ELEVATION &SECTION OF WT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 50 -- CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF WT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 51 -- PARTS OF WT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 52 WT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 53 LSWT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 54 -- PARTS OF LSWT IVANTAN HOUSEFIG 55 -- ARIAL VIEW OF IVANTAN VILLAGEFIG 56 VILLAGE LAYOUT OF IVANTAN VILLAGEFIG 57 -- OCTOGONAL KALINGA HOUSEFIG 58 -- LOCATION OF KALINGA HOUSES

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREVI

FIGURESPAGE NO.PG 28PG 29PG 29PG -- 30PG 31PG 31PG 32PG 32PG 32PG 33PG 34PG 34PG 35PG 35PG 36PG 36PG 37PG 38PG 39PG 39PG 40PG -- 43

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 59 -- PLAN OF OCTOGONAL KALINGA HOUSEFIG 60 -- RECTANGULAR KALINGA HOUSEFIG 61 -- RECTANGULAR KALINGA HOUSEFIG 62 -- SECTION OF OCTOGONAL KALINGA HOUSEFIG 63 -- FUNCTIONALITY OF KALINGA HOUSEFIG 64 -- KALINGA HOUSEFIG 65 -- BONTOC HOUSEFIG 66 LOCATION OF MOUNTAIN PROVINCEFIG 67 -- LOCATION OF BONTOCFIG 68 -- PLAN OF BONTOC HOUSEFIG 69 -- ISNEG HOUSEFIG 70 -- LOCATION MAP OF ISNEG HOUSESFIG 71 -- UNDERPINNING DETAIL OF ISNEG HOUSEFIG 72 -- ISNEG HOUSEFIG 73 -- KANKANAY HOUSEFIG 74 LOCATION MAP OF KANKANAY HOUSESFIG 75 -- SECTION OF KANKANAY HOUSEFIG 76 -- VIEW OF KANKANAY HOUSEFIG 77 -- BAHAY KUBO HOUSEFIG 78 -- LOCATION OF BAHAY KUBO HOUSEFIG 79 -- PLAN , ELEVATION &VIEW OF BAHAY KUBO HOUSEFIG 80 PARTS OF BAHAY KUBO HOUSE

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREVII

PHILIPPINES OFFICIALLY KNOWN AS THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, IS A SOVEREIGN ISLAND COUNTRY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA SITUATED IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN. IT CONSISTS OF 7,107 ISLANDS THEARCHITECTUREOF THEPHILIPPINES(FILIPINO:ARKITEKTURANG PILIPINO) IS A REFLECTION OF THE HISTORY AND HERITAGE OF THE COUNTRY. THE MOST PROMINENT HISTORIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE ARCHIPELAGO ARE BASED ON A MIX OFINDIAN,JAPANESE,CHINESE,INDIGENOUS AUSTRONESIAN , AMERICAN ANDSPANISHINFLUENCES.THE PRE-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES CONSISTED OF THENIPA HUTMADE FROM NATURAL MATERIALS BUT THERE ARE SOME TRACES OF LARGE-SCALE CONSTRUCTION BEFORE THE SPANISH COLONIZERS CAME BUT NOT WELL DOCUMENTED. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THE PRE-COLONIAL WALLED CITY OF MANILA ALTHOUGH LATER AFTER THE SPANISH COLONIZATION, DISMANTLED BY THE SPANIARDS AND REBUILT AS INTRAMUROS.IN THIS REPORT I AM DISCUSSING THE PRE COLONIAL PHILIPPINES ARCHITECTURE.ABSTRACT

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREVIII

11.1 LOCATION OF PHILIPPINES

WORLDPHILIPPINES THE COUNTRY OF PHILIPPINES IS IN THE ASIA CONTINENT AND THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE FOR THE COUNTRY ARE 11.8728 N, 122.8613 E. MADE UP OF ABOUT 7,100 ISLANDS, THE PHILIPPINES IS ON THE SOUTHEASTERN RIM OF ASIA AND IS BORDERED BY THE PHILIPPINE SEA ON THE EAST, THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON THE WEST, THE LUZON STRAIT ON THE NORTH, THE CELEBES SEA ON THE SOUTH.KEY FACTS TOTAL AREA300,000KM2 (64 TH LARGEST COUNTRY ) WATER(%)0.61(INLAND WATERS) LAND298,170 KM2115,120 SQ MIPOPULATION105.7 MILLION CAPITALMANILA

1.2 GEOGRAPHY OF PHILIPPINES

THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES IS LARGELY MOUNTAINOUS WITH EXTENSIVE COASTAL LOWLANDS. THE LARGER ISLANDS HAVE A MORE DIVERSIFIED LANDSCAPE INCLUDING FERTILE RIVER VALLEYS IN THE INTERIOR FORMED BY VOLCANIC ACTION IT IS BELIEVED THAT PALAWAN ISLAND WAS THE FIRST PHILIPPINE ISLAND TO BE INHABITED BY SOUTHEAST ASIAN MIGRANTS DURING PREHISTORIC TIMES.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE1


1.3 CLIMATE MAP OF PHILIPPINES

THE PHILIPPINES IS HOT YEAR-ROUND BUT SEA BREEZES CAN ADD FRESHNESS DURING THE WINTER (NOVEMBER TO FEBRUARY). THE TYPHOON SEASON LASTS FROM AROUND JULY TO OCTOBERPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE2

THE TROPICAL CLIMATETHE TROPICAL RAINFOREST CLIMATEBECAUSE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ON THE PLANET, THE PHILIPPINES HAS A "TROPICAL RAINFOREST CLIMATE" ALL OVER THE COUNTRY.THE TWO MAIN CHARACTERISTICSOF THIS CLIMATE ARE: HIGH TEMPERATURES HIGH ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITYBOTH THE HIGH TEMPERATURES AND THE HUMIDITY ARE THE WHOLE YEAR THROUGH. IN THEORYRAINFALL CAN BE EXPECTED IN EVERY MONTH OF THE YEAR.RAINY SEASONAND MONSOONTYPHOONS1THOUGH SOME RAINFALL CAN BE EXPECTED IN EVERY MONTH, THE RAINFALL DIFFERS GREATLY THROUGH THE YEAR.IN THE PERIOD JUNE - OCTOBER IT'S RAINING CATS AND DOGS!THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON IS VERY CLEAR. IN THE PERIOD DECEMBER - MAY THERE IS NO MONSOON ANYMORE.THE WIND, THE "TRADE WIND", IS COMING FROM THE NORTHEASTAND BRINGS HARDLY RAINFALL.A THIRD CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF THE CLIMATE OF THE PHILIPPINES IS THE PRESENCE OF STRONG TYPHOONS.THE PHILIPPINES IS TORTURED BY T YPHOONSEVERY YEAR.IN THE WHOLE WESTERN PACIFIC TYPHOONS OCCUR IN THE PERIOD JUNE - NOVEMBER.MONSOONS AND "TRADE WINDS"THE MONSOON IS A VERY RAINY WIND COMING FROM THE SOUTHWEST. THE "TRADE WIND", COMING FROM THE NORTHEAST, IS DOMINATING IN THE PERIOD DECEMBER -MAY. IT'S A RATHER 'DRY' WIND AND BRINGS HARDLY ANY RAINFALL.

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURECLIMATE FIGURES FOR CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINESCITIESAVERAGE TEMPERATURES IN CAVERAGE PRECIPITATIONIN CMJANUARYJULYJANUARYJULYYEARMANILA, LUZON2627240197TACLOBAN, LEYTE26272816238TAGBILARAN, BOHOL26281213143


1.4 RELIGIONS IN PHILIPPINES


1.5 LANGUAGES IN PHILIPPINES

THERE ARE TOTAL 175 INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGES IN THE PHILIPPINES, 171 OF WHICH ARE LIVING LANGUAGES, WHILE 4 NO LONGER HAVE ANY KNOWN SPEAKERS.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE5

1.6 ETHENIC TRADITIONETHNIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES REFERS TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF FOLK AND VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE FOUND AMONG THE DIFFERENT ETHNOLINGUISTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE COUNTRY.THESE FORMS INCLUDE DWELLINGS, WHETHER PERMANENT OR MAKESHIFT, GRANARIES, FORTIFICATIONS, PLACES OF WORSHIP, AND OTHER TEMPORARY STRUCTURES. ETHNIC ARCHITECTURE IS CREATED BY THE DIFFERENT ETHNOLINGUISTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES, FROM LOWLAND COMMUNITIES TO COMMUNITIES IN THE CORDILLERAS, THE VISAYAN ISLANDS, MINDANAO, AND OTHER ADJACENT ISLANDS.1

1.7 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

PILE CONSTRUCTION THE HIP OR GABLE ROOF THE USE OF MATERIALS AVAILABLE FROM THE ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS WOOD, VEGETATION, AND SOMETIMES MUD. BAMBOO WHICH IS USED FOR POSTS, FLOORING, SIDING, ROOFING, AND MANY OTHERS. COCONUT WOOD AND FRONDS, BAKAWAN OR MANGROVE, SOME HARDWOODS, PINEWOOD, AND STONES; COGON GRASS, NIPA, BANANA BARK AS ROOF COVERINGS AND WALL SIDINGS. RATTAN AND OTHER VINES FOR FASTENING.


GENERAL PATTERNSTEEP THATCHED ROOFS TO FACILITATE DRAINAGEELEVATED ON POSTS OR STILTS FOR PROTECTION FROM THE EARTHS DAMPNESS AND HUMIDITYTHEY HAVE SLATTED FLOORING TO LET IN THE COOL AIR FROM BELOWIN THE LOWLANDS THEY USE BAMBOO, NIPA, AND COGON TO KEEP COOLIN THE UPLANDS,THEY USE TIGHTLY FITTING SOLID PLANKS TO HELP KEEP IN WARMTH.MULTIPURPOSE ONE-ROOM STRUCTURELIGHT AND AIRYCOMFORTABLE AND FUNCTIONALDURABLE AND STRUCTURALLY STABLE.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHENIC HOUSES

CHAPTER 2 ETHNIC ARCHITECTURE


2.2 TYPES OF HOUSES


IFUGAO HOUSE BUILDING IS ONE OF THE MOST ADMIRED ETHNIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS FOR HAVING EMPLOYED AN INDIGENOUS SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION THAT IS MORE COMPLEX THAN ITS SEEMING SIMPLICITY.

LOCATION OF IFUGAO HOUSES2.3 IFUGAO HOUSES


18PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

THE FIRST HOUSE IN IFUGAO ORIGINATED FROM THE SKYWORLD. ONE DAY, SKYWORLD GOD WIGAN LOOKED DOWN TO THE EARTHWORLD AND SAW THE LUSH BUT UNINHABITED LAND OF KAY-ANG (NOW KIANGAN). WHAT A PITY SUCH FERTILE LAND IS DESOLATE, HE SAID TO HIMSELF. HENCE, HE THOUGHT OUT A PLAN TO POPULATE THE PLACE. THAT NIGHT HE MADE A HOUSE AND FILLED IT WITH RICE. THEN, HE MADE SEVERAL CAGES, PUT IN A COUPLE OF CHICKEN, AND HUNG IT AT THE SIDES OF THE HOUSES' FLOOR BEAMS. HE TIED PIGS TOO ON THE POSTS. HAVING ENSURED THAT EVERYTHING IS SET, HE CARRIED HIS SLEEPING CHILDREN, CABBIGAT AND BUGAN, AND BROUGHT THEM INSIDE THE HOUSE. AFTER WHISPERING FAREWELL TO HIS CHILDREN, HE CAREFULLY BROUGHT DOWN THE HOUSE TO THE RIVERSIDE SIDE IN KAY-ANG. IN THE MORNING, CABBIGAT AND BUGAN WOKE UP AND REALIZED THEY WERE IN A STRANGE PLACE. HOUSE BUILDING WAS, THUS, INITIATED BY THE GODS. THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL WAS PASSED ON TO THE HUMAN BEINGS AND LATER ENHANCED THE TECHNOLOGY TO SUIT THEIR NEEDS AND PREFERENCES.

MYTHICAL ORIGIN

2.3.1 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF IFUGAO HOUSES


BALEALANGABONG - WHICH IS BASICALLY AHUT BUILT DIRECTLY ON THE GROUND. - OPERATE AS TEMPORARY SHELTERS WHEN WORKING IN THE RICE FIELDS OR SWIDDEN FARMS. -SERVE AS A PERMANENT RESIDENCE ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT AFFORD TO CONSTRUCTINAPPAL- WHICH ISSLIGHTLY ELEVATED FROM THE GROUND -SERVE AS A PERMANENT RESIDENCE ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT AFFORD TO CONSTRUCT BALE - IS ELEVATED FROM THE GROUND BY FOUR STURDY POSTS ABOUT 10 TO 12 FEET HIGH -USED AS THE FAMILYS DWELLING UNIT.ALANG -GRANARY HOUSE WHICH IS USUALLY LOCATED NEAR THE RICE FIELDS -UTILIZED FOR STORING DRIED HARVESTED RICE -IS USED AS A GRAVE OR TO KEEP EXHUMED BONES OF A FAMILY MEMBER OR RELATIVE

2.3.2 TYPES OF IFUGAO HOUSES


2.3.3 SECTION OF IFUGAO HOUSES


STRUCTURAL FRAME2.3.4 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF IFUGAO HOUSES

ON THE OUTSIDE, THE IFUGAO HOUSE SEEMS TO BE NOTHING BUT A WINDOWLESS PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE RESTING ON FOUR POSTS. A THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE HOWEVER, REVEALS A COMPLEX TECHNOLOGY THAT RENDERS IT A TENSILE STRENGTH CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING DEVASTATING TYPHOONS, TORRENTIAL RAIN, AND VIOLENT EARTHQUAKES. IT IS CONSTRUCTED OUT OF CAREFULLY SELECTED INDIGENOUS TIMBERS THAT ARE STURDILY MORTISED, PEGGED, AND LATCHED TO HOLD THE HOUSE TOGETHER. IN ITS ENTIRETY, NO NAILS AND BOLTS ARE USED FOR ALL CONNECTIONS.

ROOF TIPPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE13

SIZE AND FLOOR PLAN2.3.4 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF IFUGAO HOUSES

THE IFUGAO HOUSE HAS A SQUARE FLOOR PLAN. ALTHOUGH THE SIZE OF THE HOUSE IS DETERMINED BY THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE PEOPLE AN AVERAGE IFUGAO HOUSE IS APPROXIMATELY 12-14 FEET WIDE AND 12-14 FEET LONG.


DESPITE ITS BEING A ONE-ROOM HOUSE, THE SPACE OF THE IFUGAO HOUSE IS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL. IT DOES NOT ONLY SERVE AS A SHELTER FROM ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS AND A PLACE TO COOK, EAT AND SLEEP BUT FOR OTHER PURPOSES AS WELL.

2.3.5 FUNCTIONABILITY OF IFUGAO HOUSES

FUNCTIONAL LEVELS OF IFUGAO HOUSESDAULON - IS A SPACE UNDER THE HOUSE. IT IS USED FOR A MIDDAY REST, ENTERTAINING VISITORS, WEAVING, CARVING, AND ACCOMPLISHING HOUSEHOLD TASKS. AT THE CENTER END OF THE GIRDERS ARE CRUDE CARVED DOG HEADS OR WOODEN HOOKS THAT SERVE AS HANGERS.THE GROUND LEVEL SERVES AS A SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SPACE. IT BECOMES THE SETTING FOR WEDDINGS, WAKES, DEATH ANNIVERSARIES, RELIGIOUS RITES AND OTHER LIFE-CYCLE CELEBRATIONS. MAIN LEVEL IS THE FAMILYS LIVING ROOM, KITCHEN, AND BEDROOM. IT IS ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A REMOVABLE LADDER. WITHIN THE SIDES OF THE MAIN LEVEL ARE SHELVES, THAT SERVE AS STORAGE AREA FOR CLOTHES AND BLANKETS AS WELL AS KITCHEN UTENSILS, FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS, AND RITUAL PARAPHERNALIAATTIC - COMMONLY KNOWN AS PALAH.IT IS MADE BY LINING THE ATTIC BEAMS WITH A STICK MAT KNOWN ASATAG. THIS SPACE IS UTILIZED FOR STORING RICE.

THE MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY OF THE IFUGAO HOUSEMAKES THE SPACE INSIDE FLOW INTO THE OUTSIDE, INTO NATURE AND INTO THE LIVES OF OTHER PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY,PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE15

A FLAT STONE BOULDER CALLEDGOPNADAMONG THE TUWALI ANDCHALIMUGAMONG THE AYANGAN IS FIRMLY POSITIONED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE WHERE THE POSTS ARE TO BE ERECTED TO SERVE AS BEARING FOUNDATION. THE STONE PREVENTS THE POST FROM SINKING IN CASE THE SOIL IS SOFT. BESIDES THIS, THE OUTWARD SPREADING OF THE POSTS' TRUNCATED ROOTS ACT AS AN EXCELLENT FOOTING IN STEADYING THE STRUCTURE.

2.3.6 ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF IFUGAO HOUSES

EARTHQUAKE PROOFING OF IFUGAO HOUSESTHE STONE BOULDER PLACED INSIDE EACH HOLE ACTS AS A ROLLER WHICH ENABLES THE POSTS TO MOVE AND RESIST THE DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE TENSION.INSULATION OF IFUGAO HOUSESTHE STEEPLY INCLINED PYRAMIDAL ROOF IS COVERED WITH THICK LAYERS OFCOGON. THIS INSULATES THE HOUSE FROM THE HEAT OF THE SUN AND FROM TORRENTIAL RAIN. SOLAR HEAT IS SLOWLY TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE THATCHED ROOFING AND EXPOSED WALLS, THUS KEEPING THE INTERIOR COOL BY DAY AND WARM AT NIGHT.

FOUNDATION OF IFUGAO HOUSES


RAW MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION ARE DERIVED OUT OF ORGANIC MATTER, FROM SURROUNDING GRASSES, TREES, AND VINES. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM THE PROCESSING OF THESE MATERIALS INTO USABLE ELEMENTS IS, THEREFORE MINIMAL.2.3.7 SOURCE OF MATERIALS

STRUCTURE

DOORS , STAIRS , DECORATIONSTHATCH ROOFPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE17

2.4 IVANTAN HOUSES

THEIVATAN HOUSEIS A UNIQUE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED IN THE PROVINCE OFBATANES.

BATANES COMPRISES OF GROUP OF ISLANDS NAMELY ITBAYATBATANSABTANGOTHERS INHABITABLE THIS AREA IS VISITED BY NUMEROUS TYPHOONS AND EARTHQUAKES THAT ON AN AVERAGE OF EIGHT TIMES A YEAR .PHILLIPPINESBATANESLOCATION OF IVANTAN HOUSEPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE18

2.4.1 MATERIALS USED FOR IVANTAN HOUSES

MOST OF THE IVATAN HOUSES ARE BUILT WITH: LIMESTONE WALLSREED COGON ROOFS2.4.2 AREAS OF IVANTAN HOUSEITS COMPACT STRUCTURE IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR AREAS: THE MAIN HOUSE, THE COOKING HOUSE, TOILETBATHHOUSE. 2.4.3 TYPES OF IVANTAN HOUSESINADUMPARAN - IT IS A ONE-STOREY STRUCTURE WITH A PARTIALLY SUBMERGED BASEMENT THAT FUNCTIONS AS A STORAGE AREARAKUH - HAS BIGGER FLOOR AREA WITH A LOWER LEVEL WHICH FUNCTIONS AS THE STORAGE AREA. THE WALLS ARE MADE OF LIME MORTAR THAT BINDS THE STONES OF DIFFERENT SIZES. IT HAS TWO DOORS AND THREE WINDOWS. JIN-JIN - HAS WALLS MADE OF WOVEN COGON THATCH WITH BAMBOO OR WOOD FRAMEWORK. THE ROOF IS MADE WITH THE DISTINCTIVE IVATAN MULTI-LAYERED COGON SYSTEM. PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE19

2.4.4 VARIATIONS OF IVANTAN HOUSES

THERE ARE SEVERAL VARIATIONS OF THE IVATAN HERITAGE HOUSES.ARE :THE WOOD-AND-THATCH (WT) STRUCTURES,LIME-STONE-WOOD-AND-THATCH (LSWT) STRUCTURES. WT (WOOD-AND-THATCH) THESE STRUCTURES USE THATCH, WOOD PLANKS, WOOD STUDS, REEDS, OR A COMBINATION OF THESE. THEY ARE USUALLY SMALLER AND BUILT WITH LESS HEIGHT COMPARED TO THOSE MADE OF STONE WALLS. THESE ARE LIMITED TO SINGLE STORY STRUCTURES. MOST WT STRUCTURES ARE USED AS STORAGE OR KITCHEN AREAS. THE WT STRUCTURES MAY SERVE AS TEMPORARY DWELLINGS DURING HARVEST SEASON FOR FISHING AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES.

LSWT (LIME-STONE-WOOD-AND-THATCH) THESE STRUCTURES USE STONES OF VARYING SIZE FROM GRAVEL TO BOULDERS. DIFFERENT STONES ARE USED INCLUDING VOLCANIC, BASALT, METAMORPHIC, AND THE LIKE. CORAL STONES ARE ALSO COMMONLY USED PARTICULARLY IN AREAS CLOSE TO THE SEA. STONES ARE PILED AND BOUND TOGETHER BY APPLYING LIME MORTAR, FORMING A STRONG, INTERLOCKING EDIFICE.THE BUILDING SYSTEM ALLOWS FOR A LARGER FLOOR AREA AND A TWO-STOREY FRAME. DURING THE RAINY SEASON, THE LOWER LEVEL IS USUALLY USED AS STORAGE FOR FOOD AND AS SHELTER FOR ANIMALS. DURING SUMMER, IT IS USED FOR STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS SUCH AS YAM, SWEET POTATO, WOOD AND CHARCOAL WHILE THE UPPER LEVEL IS USED AS THE MAIN LIVING QUARTERS. A WOOD FLOOR SEPARATES THE TWO LEVELS.


ArchetypeClassificationDescriptionUseLAGATITIEA, W TType o f Shelter Only Found in Itbayat IslandFor Taking Refuge from Heat and RainRAHAUNGEA, W TCommon Shelter found all Over BatanesFor Taking Refuge from Heat and RainJINJIN/GINGIN/CHIVUVUHUNGEA, W TImprovement o f the RahaungUsed as Kitchen o r Dwelling UnitsNIRIDIEA, W TVariation o f the Jinjin with W all PlanksUsed as Kitchen o r Dwelling UnitsMAYHURAHEDEA, W TJinjin with S tone BaseUsed as Kitchen o r Dwelling Units




ArchetypeClassificationDescriptionUseSINADUMPARANFA, LSWTImprovem ent o f W TStructures/Walls are made o f Stone and LimeUsed as Kitchen o r Dwelling UnitsSINADUMPARAN WITH CROWNFA, LSWTImprovement o fSinadumparan /Triangular Walls have F lashingUsed as Kitchen o r Dwelling UnitsSINADUMPARAN-A-BINEDBERANFA, LSWTImprovement o f the Sinadumparan/ Thatch Roof E xtends O ver Triangular W allsUsed as Dwelling UnitsBEATERIOFA, LSWTImprovement o f the S inadumparan / Roof Material Made of Clay TilesOrigin ally Used as Nun's ConventMAYTUAB/NITUAVANFA, LSWTImprovement o f the Sinadumparan / Roof has Four Slopes Instead ofTwoUsed as Dwelling UnitsLARGE COLONIAL HOUSEFA, LSWTImprovement of the Maytuab /Integration o f Balconies and Large Receiving AreasUsed as Dwelling Units


PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE23WT IVANTAN HOUSE

PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE24CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF IVANTAN HOUSE

COMPARISON BETWEEN WT AND LSWT IVANTAN HOUSE


2.4.5 VILLAGE LAYOUT


INHABITANTS CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES ON THE ISLANDS OUTER CIRCUMFERENCE, THE INTERIOR BEING PLANTED TO VARIOUS CROPS.

2.5OCTAGONAL KALINGA HOUSES

LOCATION OF KALINGA HOUSESKALINGATHE OCTAGONAL HOUSE CALLED BINAYON OR FINARYON IS FOUND IN UPPER KALINGA, IN SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE CHICO RIVER. IT IS NOT, HOWEVER, THE ONLY HOUSE TYPE IN THE REGION. RECTANGULAR HOUSES ARE JUST AS COMMON, IF NOT MORE COMMON. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT THE OCTAGONAL HOUSES WERE HOUSES OF THE RICH. THESE ARE THE HOUSES OF THE MOUNTAIN INLAND REGION OF PHILIPPINES.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE27

A LOW DOOR OPENS TO THE PLATFORM. BESIDE THE LADDER, ON THE LEFT WALL DIAGONAL TO THE FRONT WALL, A DOOR AT GROUND LEVEL OPENS INTO A SMALL GROUND LEVEL WORKING SPACE WITHIN THE HOUSE.

2.5.1PLANNING OF OCTAGONAL KALINGA HOUSES

THE KALINGA HOUSE IS NOT AN EQUILATERAL OCTAGON, THE FOUR DIAGONAL WALLS BEING SHORTER THAN THE FRONT, BACK AND SIDE WALLS. THE OCTAGONAL HOUSE IS ABOUT 6.00 M. LONG AND 5.20 M. WIDE. THE FLOOR OF THE LIVING QUARTERS IS 1.20 M. THE HEIGHT FROM THE GROUND TO THE ROOF RIDGE IS ABOUT 4.50 M. THE VISITOR ENTERS THE HOUSE THROUGH A LADDER LEADING TO A NARROW PLATFORM ON THE FRONT WALL. OPPOSITE THE FRONT DOOR, ON THE BACK WALL IS ANOTHER DOOR. THE WALLS FROM FLOOR LEVEL TO EAVES ARE OF WOODEN BOARDS PLACED VERTICALLY. FROM GROUND LEVEL TO FLOOR LEVEL, THE WALLS ARE OF PLAITED BAMBOO OR SAWALI. LOGS ARE PILED AGAINST THE LOWER SECTION OF THE WALL. THE FLOOR IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PARALLEL SECTIONS RUNNING FRONT TO BACK, THE CENTRAL PORTION BEING LOWER THAN THE SIDES. TO THE LEFT, AS ONE ENTERS THE HOUSE, AND TOWARDS THE REAR, IS THE FIREPLACE SLIGHTLY RAISED ABOVE FLOOR LEVEL. PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE28

2.5.2PLANNING OF RECTANGULAR KALINGA HOUSES

THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN LOWER KALINGA IS ABOUT 6.00 M. LONG, 5.00 M. WIDE AND 5.75 M. HIGH FROM GROUND TO ROOF RIDGE.

THE ROOF IS GABLED AND ITS RIDGE IS PARALLEL TO THE SIDES OF THE HOUSE. HOUSES ARE GENERALLY LOCATED NEAR THE RIVER, AND THE ROOF RIDGE, WHICH MARKS THE AXIS OF THE HOUSE, DOES NOT FOLLOW THE DOWNSTREAM FLOW OF THE RIVER, BUT RATHER LIES CROSSWISE, CROSSING IT, AS IT WERE, LIKE A DAM, IN ORDER TO PREVENT MISFORTUNE. THE FLOOR RISES ABOUT 1.50 M. ABOVE GROUND LEVEL; A LADDER CONNECTS IT TO THE GROUND THE WALLS FROM GROUND TO FLOOR LEVEL ARE OF HORIZONTALLY LAID BAMBOO POLES, AND FROM FLOOR TO EAVES LEVEL ARE OF VERTICALLY SET WOODEN BOARDS. IN FRONT AND AT THE BACK, THE WOODEN WALLS END AT HEIGHT OF ABOUT 2.50 M., AND FROM THERE ON TO THE ROOF RIDGE HORIZONTALLY LAID BAMBOO SLATS COVER THE GABLES.

ANOTHER KIND OF ROOF IS MADE OF BAMBOO. HALVED BAMBOO IS LAID ONE OVER THE OTHER IN CONCAVE-CONVEX FASHION. IN THE KINIMPAL STYLE OF ROOFING, SEVERAL LAYERS OF BAMBOO ARE USED; THE PIECES ARE SHORTER AT THE EAVES, BECOMING LONGER TOWARDS THE CENTER OF THE SLOPE, THEN BECOMING SHORTER AGAIN TOWARDS THE RIDGE. IN THE TINALOB STYLE, ONLY TWO LAYERS OF BAMBOO ARE USED. THE ROOF RIDGE HAS A THATCH COVER, BUBONG.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE29

THE KALINGA TRADITIONAL HOUSETHE TRADITIONAL KALINGA HOUSE, EITHER SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR, IS A SINGLE ROOM WITH ELEVATED FLOORING. THE HOUSE INTERIOR HAS THREE SECTIONS: A SIDE SECTION CALLED "SIPI" WITH A SLEEPING BED FOR TWO PERSONS; 2) THE MIDDLE PORTION CALLED "LADAK" USUALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS SLEEPING AREA, DINING AREA, AND RECEIVING AREA; 3) ANOTHER SIDE SECTION WHICH SERVES AS THE COOKING AREA AND AN OPEN SPACE.THE COOKING AREA CALLED "DARPONG" IS A SQUARE-SHAPED RECEPTACLE MADE OF WOODEN SLABS AND FILLED WITH HARD CLAY. IT SERVES AS THE HEARTH. HERE, THREE PIECES OF STONES FORMING A TRIANGLE HOLD POTS FOR COOKING. ABOVE THE "DARPONG" IS A "SU-UGAN" OR A DRYING MAT FOR PALAY. THE OPEN SPACE SERVES AS HE POUNDING AREA DURING THE RAINY SEASON OR AT NIGHT TIME.THE "DUGO," THE SPACE UNDERNEATH THE FLOORING, SERVES AS A UTILITY AREA FOR STACKING FIREWOOD, STORAGE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS, ETC. THE HOUSE CONSISTS OF COGON FOR ROOFING; SPLIT BAMBOO FOR FLOORING; SPLICED AND WOVEN BAMBOO FOR THE WALLS. IT HAS TWO MAIN DOORS ONE LEADING TO THE HOUSE PROPER AND THE OTHER LEADING TO THE "DUGO."


2.5.3PLANNING OF OCTAGONAL KALINGA HOUSES

THE KALINGA HOUSES UNIQUE FORM IS MADE POSSIBLE BY 12 SHORT POSTS: FOUR INNER POSTS MARKING A SQUARE AT THE CENTER AND EIGHT OUTER ONES FORMING AN OCTAGON. GIRDERS AND JOISTS PASSING OVER THESE POSTS SUPPORT THE FLOOR LATHS, WHILE RABBETED BEAMS ON THE EIGHT OUTER POSTS RECEIVE THE WALL BOARDS. FOUR TALL POSTS ARE MORTISED ON TO INTERSECTIONS OF THE BEAMS AND JOISTS. THEY CARRY TWO CROSSBEAMS, EACH OF WHICH SUPPORTS A PAIR OF QUEEN POSTS. THE CROSSBEAMS THAT CONNECT THE TOPS OF THE QUEEN POSTS ALLOW RAFTERS TO RISE IN A SLIGHT CURVE OVER THE ROOF BEAMS TO END AT THREE RIDGEPOLES. THESE KING POSTS PIERCE A HORIZONTAL BRACE AND SUPPORT THE INNER ROOF RIDGE. RAFTERS RUN OVER THE BEAMS TO THIS INNER ROOF RIDGE, OTON. PURLINS ON THE RAFTERS RECEIVE A RUNO SHEATH WOVEN WITH RATTAN, AND OVER WHICH THATCH IS LAID. WHERE THATCH IS USED, RAFTERS MAY BE CURVED OR BOWED. PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE31

2.6 BONTOC HOUSE

LOCATION OF BONTOC HOUSEBONTOC IS DERIVED FROM THE TWO MORPHEMES BUN (HEAP) AND TUK (TOP), WHICH, TAKEN TOGETHER, MEANS MOUNTAINS. PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE32

2.6.1PLANNING OF BONTOC HOUSE

IT IS ASQUARE PLANPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE33

2.7 ISNEG HOUSE

2.7.1LOCATION OF ISNEG HOUSE

HOUSE DESIGN APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED BY BOAT DESIGN. THE ROOF OF THE ISNEG HOUSE SUGGESTS AN INVERTED HULL, AND THE FLOOR JOISTS WHICH ARE VISIBLE OUTSIDE SUGGEST THE PROFILE OF A BOAT. THE ISNEG HOUSE IS ABOUT 8.00M. LONG, 4.00M. WIDE, AND 5.50 M. HIGH FROM GROUND LEVEL TO THE ROOF RIDGE.

LOCATION PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE34

THE BINURON HOUSE RESTS ON A TOTAL OF 15 POSTS, WHICH ARE VISIBLE, THE FLOOR BEING ABOUT 1.20 M. ABOVE THE GROUND. THE SLANTING WOODEN WALLS ON THE SIDES ARE ABOUT 1.50 M. HIGHFROM FLOOR TO EAVES. THE MAIN SECTION OF THE HOUSE HAS A GABLE ROOF AND IS ABOUT 6.50M. LONG. POSTS, GIRDERS, JOISTS AND WALLS

WOODTHE ROOF THATCH / BAMBOO2.7.2 MATERIALS USED IN ISNEG HOUSE

THE UNDERPINNING OF THE HOUSE SHOW A DEFINITE BOAT SHAPETO MAKE WINDOWS, THREE OR FOUR OF THE SIDE WALLS VERTICAL PLANKS ARE REMOVED. INDEED WALLS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN SUCH A WAYTHAT AL THE PLANKS CAN BE TAKEN OUT, THERE BY CONVERTING THE HOUSE INTO A ROOFED PLATFORM FOR FESTIVE OCCASIONS.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE35

2.8 KANKANAY HOUSE

THE KANKANAI HOUSE HAS A HIGH, STEEP, HIPPEFROOF WITH THE RIDGE PARALLEL TO THE FRONT. THE ROOF DROPS, TO ABOUT 1.50 M. ABOVE THE GROUND,THEREBY CONCEALING THE HOUSE CAGE. 2.8.1 LOCATION OF ISNEG HOUSE

LOCATION PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE36

THE ROOF RESTS ON THE UPPER FRAME OF THE HOUSE CAGE, AND THE HOUSE CAGE IN TURN RESTS ON A THREE JOISTS-ON-TWO GIRDERS-ON-FOUR POSTS STRUCTURE. UNDER THE HOUSE CAGE, 2.8.3 KANKANAY HOUSE

THE HOUSE CAGE MEASURESABOUT 4.000 BY 4.50 M. AND THE PLANK FLOOR, ABOUT 7.00 BY 7.50 M. THE HEIGHT OF THE HOUSE FROM GROUND LEVEL TO ROOF RIDGE IS SLIGHTLY OVER 6.00 M. THE KANKANAI HOUSE IS MADE OF NARRA OR PINE.THE SILL SUPPORTING THE FRONT WALL OF THE HOUSE CAGE EXTENDS TO THE EAVES AND IS SUPPORTED AT EACH END BY A POST.

ON EACH SIDE A SHELF AT ABOUT WAIST HEIGHT, CUTS THE SLANTING WALL AND EXTENDS TO THE ROOF, FORMING A CONTINUOUS ALCOVE WITH ITS RIDGE THE HIGHROOF PROVIDES A SPACIOUS LOFT DIRECTLY ABOVE THE LIVING QUARTERSPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE37

WHILE THE INTERSECTIONS UNDER THE ENDS OF THE ROOF RIDGE HAVE OPENINGS FOR THE SMOKE TO ESCAPE,A HOLE MIDWAY ON THE FRONT SLOPE OF THE ROOF SERVES THE SAME PURPOSE.THE HOUSE HAS ONLY ONE ENTRANCE, THE FRONT DOOR, TO WHICH THE VISITOR ASCENDS BY MEANS OF A SLENDER, DETACHABLE LADDER. THE DOOR PANELS ARE DECORATED WITH VERTICAL FLUTINGS AND THE BEAMS AND JOISTS WITH HORIZONTAL WAVE-LIKE FLUTINGS.

OPENINGS2.8.3 COMMUNITY PLANNINGTHE KANKANAY VILLAGE WAS SET ON THE HUMP OF A HILL WHOSE ELEVATION AFFORDED A NATURAL DEFENSIVE ADVANTAGE AGAINST NEIGHBORING GROUPS. TODAY, KANKANAY VILLAGES ARE LOCATED NEAR THE HEADWATERS OF A STREAM OR RIVER, SINCE IRRIGATION WATER IS NEEDED FOR THE RICE TERRACES. A TYPICAL VILLAGE OF THE NORTHERN KANKANAY OR LEPANTO IGOROT WOULD HAVE AT LEAST 700 INHABITANTS, OCCUPYING A CLUSTER OF SOME 150 HOUSES. SLOPES OF HILLS OR MOUNTAINS ARE LEVELED TO ALLOW THE HOUSES TO BE BUILT. NEAR THIS VILLAGE IS A SACRED GROVE OF TREES WHICH IS USED AS A PLACE FOR RITUAL SACRIFICES OR PERFORMANCES. THE VILLAGE ALSO INCLUDES THE RICE TERRACES WHOSE WALLS SERVE AS PATHWAYS, A NEARBY PEAK WHICH SERVES AS A SACRED MOUNTAIN, CERTAIN PLACES ON THE OUTSKIRTS WHERE OMEN READING AND OTHER RITUALS MAY BE OBSERVED, AND BURIAL PLACES ALONG THE CLIFFS AND SLOPES.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE38

2.9 BAHAY KUBO HOUSE

THE BAHAY KUBO, BALAY, OR NIPA HUT, IS A TYPE OF STILT HOUSE INDIGENOUS TO MOST OF THE LOWLAND CULTURES OF THE PHILIPPINES

THE FILIPINO TERM "BAHAY KUBO" LITERALLY MEANS "CUBE HOUSE", DESCRIBING THE SHAPE OF THE DWELLING. THE TERM "NIPA HUT", INTRODUCED DURING THE PHILIPPINES' AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA REFERS TO THE NIPA OR ANAHAW THATCHING MATERIAL OFTEN USED FOR THE ROOFS

2.9.1LOCATIONLOCATIONPHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE39

2.9.2 PLANNING

LIVING SPACETHE MAIN LIVING AREA OF THE BAHAY KUBO IS DESIGNED TO LET IN AS MUCH FRESH AIR AND NATURAL LIGHT AS POSSIBLE. SMALLER BAHAY KUBO WILL OFTEN HAVE BAMBOO SLAT FLOORS WHICH ALLOW COOL AIR TO FLOW INTO THE LIVING SPACE FROM THE SILONG BELOW (IN WHICH CASE THE SILONG IS NOT USUALLY USED FOR ITEMS WHICH PRODUCE STRONG SMELLS), AND THE PARTICULAR BAHAY KUBO MAY BE BUILT WITHOUT A KISAME (CEILING) SO THAT HOT AIR CAN RISE STRAIGHT INTO THE LARGE AREA JUST BENEATH THE ROOF, AND OUT THROUGH STRATEGICALLY PLACED VENTS THERE.CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSTHE WALLS OF THE LIVING AREA ARE MADE OF LIGHT MATERIALS - WITH POSTS, WALLS, AND FLOORS TYPICALLY MADE OF WOOD OR BAMBOO AND OTHER LIGHT MATERIALS. TOPPED BY A THATCHED ROOF, OFTEN MADE OUT OF NIPA, ANAHAW OR SOME OTHER LOCALLY PLENTIFUL PLANT.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE40


THREE-LAYERED STRUCTUREWITH FEW EXCEPTIONS ARISING ONLY IN MODERN TIMES, MOST BAHAY KUBO ARE RAISED ON STILTS SUCH THAT THE LIVING AREA HAS TO BE ACCESSED THROUGH LADDERS. THIS NATURALLY DIVIDES THE BAHAY KUBO INTO THREE AREAS: THE ACTUAL LIVING AREA IN THE MIDDLE, THE AREA BENEATH IT (REFERRED TO IN TAGALOG AS THE "SILONG"), AND THE ROOF SPACE ("BUBUNGAN" IN TAGALOG), WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE LIVING AREA BY A CEILING ("KISAME" IN TAGALOG).2.9.4 CHARACTERISTICSROOFTHE TRADITIONAL ROOF SHAPE OF THE BAHAY KUBO IS TALL AND STEEPLY PITCHED, ENDING IN LONG EAVES.A TALL ROOF CREATED SPACE ABOVE THE LIVING AREA THROUGH WHICH WARM AIR COULD RISE, GIVING THE BAHAY KUBO A NATURAL COOLING EFFECT EVEN DURING THE HOT SUMMER SEASON. THE STEEP PITCH ALLOWED WATER TO FLOW DOWN QUICKLY AT THE HEIGHT OF THE MONSOON SEASON WHILE THE LONG EAVES GAVE PEOPLE A LIMITED SPACE TO MOVE ABOUT AROUND THE HOUSE'S EXTERIOR WHENEVER IT RAINED.THE STEEP PITCH OF THE ROOFS ARE OFTEN USED TO EXPLAIN WHY MANY BAHAY KUBO SURVIVED THE ASH FALL FROM THE MT. PINATUBO ERUPTION, WHEN MORE MODERN HOUSES NOTORIOUSLY COLLAPSED FROM THE WEIGHT OF THE ASHSILONGRAISED UP ON HARDWOOD STILTS WHICH SERVE AS THE MAIN POSTS OF THE HOUSE, BAHAY KUBO HAVE A SILONG (THE TAGALOG WORD ALSO MEANS "SHADOW") AREA UNDER THE LIVING SPACE FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS, THE MOST IMPORTANT OF WHICH ARE TO CREATE A BUFFER AREA FOR RISING WATERS DURING FLOODS, AND TO PREVENT PESTS SUCH AS RATS FROM GETTING UP TO THE LIVING AREA. THIS SECTION OF THE HOUSE IS OFTEN USED FOR STORAGE, AND SOMETIMES FOR RAISING FARM ANIMALS,AND THUS MAY OR MAY NOT BE FENCED OFF.WALLSTHE WALLS ARE ALWAYS OF LIGHT MATERIAL SUCH AS WOOD, BAMBOO RODS, OR BAMBOO MATS CALLED "SAWALI." AS SUCH, THEY TEND TO ALSO LET SOME COOLNESS FLOW NATURALLY THROUGH THEM DURING HOT TIMES, AND KEEP WARMTH IN DURING THE COLD WET SEASON. THE CUBE SHAPE DISTINCTIVE OF THE BAHAY KUBO ARISES FROM THE FACT THAT IT IS EASIEST TO PRE-BUILD THE WALLS AND THEN ATTACH THEM TO THE WOODEN STILT-POSTS THAT SERVE AS THE CORNERS OF THE HOUSE. THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BAHAY KUBO IS THEREFORE USUALLY MODULAR, WITH THE WOODEN STILTS ESTABLISHED FIRST, A FLOOR FRAME BUILT NEXT, THEN WALL FRAMES, AND FINALLY, THE ROOF.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE41

2.9.5 CHARACTERISTICSWINDOWSIN ADDITION, BAHAY KUBO ARE TYPICALLY BUILT WITH LARGE WINDOWS, TO LET IN MORE AIR AND NATURAL LIGHT. THE MOST TRADITIONAL ARE LARGE AWNING WINDOWS, HELD OPEN BY A WOODEN ROD).SLIDING WINDOWS ARE ALSO COMMON, MADE EITHER WITH PLAIN WOOD OR WITH WOODEN CAPIZ SHELL FRAMES WHICH ALLOW SOME LIGHT TO ENTER THE LIVING AREA EVEN WITH THE WINDOWS CLOSED. IN MORE RECENT DECADES INEXPENSIVE JALOUSIE WINDOWS ALSO BECAME COMMONLY USED. IN LARGER EXAMPLES, THE LARGE UPPER WINDOWS MAY BE AUGMENTED WITH SMALLER WINDOWS CALLED VENTANILLAS (SPANISH FOR "LITTLE WINDOW) UNDERNEATH", WHICH CAN BE OPENED TO LET IN ADDITIONAL AIR ON ESPECIALLY HOT DAYS.BATALANSOME (BUT NOT ALL) BAHAY KUBO, ESPECIALLY ONE BUILT FOR LONG-TERM RESICENCE, FEATURE A BATALAN "WET AREA" DISTINCT FROM OTHER SECTIONS OF THE HOUSE - USUALLY JUTTING OUT SOMEWHAT FROM ONE OF THE WALLS. SOMETIMES AT THE SAME LEVEL AS THE LIVING AREA AND SOMETIMES AT GROUND LEVEL, THE BATALAN CAN CONTAIN ANY COMBINATION OF COOKING AND DISHWASHING AREA, BATHING AREA, AND IN SOME CASES, A LAVATORY.2.9.6 HISTORYNIPA HUTS WERE THE NATIVE HOUSES OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES BEFORE THE SPANIARDS ARRIVED. THEY ARE STILL USED TODAY, ESPECIALLY IN RURAL AREAS. DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS ARE PRESENT AMONG THE DIFFERENT ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS IN THE COUNTRY, ALTHOUGH ALL OF THEM CONFORM TO BEING STILT HOUSES, SIMILAR TO THOSE FOUND IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES SUCH AS INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA.CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCEA NIPA HUT IS AN ICON OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE AS IT REPRESENTS THE FILIPINO VALUE OF BAYANIHAN, WHICH REFERS TO A SPIRIT OF COMMUNAL UNITY OR EFFORT TO ACHIEVE A PARTICULAR OBJECTIVE.PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE42

2.9.7 PARTS OF BAHAY KUBO HOUSES

NORMALLY CUBIC IN SHAPE, THIS SHELTER IS RAISED ON STILTS OR POSTS OF ONE TO TWO METERS DEPENDING ON THE AREA WHERE THE SAID SHELTER IS CONSTRUCTED IT MAY BE ON SOLID GROUND, ON A HILLSIDE OR MOUNTAINSIDE, OR IN SHALLOW WATER. RAISING THE INTERIOR FROM THE GROUND SAFEGUARDS THE SHELTER'S INHABITANTS FROM FLOOD, AND FROM SNAKES AND OTHER WILD ANIMALS. PHILIPPINES VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE43

BIBLIOGRAPHY

file:///D:/vernacular%20architecture/Bahay%20Kubo%20%28architecture%29%20-%20Wikipilipinas%20%20The%20Hip%20%27n%20Free%20Philippine%20Encyclopedia.htmfile:///D:/vernacular%20architecture/Early%20Architecture%20in%20the%20Philippines.htmfile:///D:/vernacular%20architecture/Ifugao%20House.htmfile:///D:/vernacular%20architecture/HISTORY%20of%20ARCHITECTURE.htmfile:///D:/vernacular%20architecture/Nipa%20hut%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmfile:///D:/vernacular%20architecture/This%20Old%20House%20-%20The%20Traditional%20Filipino%20House.htm


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