TEACHER’S CAREER AS RELIGION OBLIGATION PHILOSOPHER

PERSPECTIVE &

STRUGGLES AND NOBLE EFFORTS OF TEACHER PATRONS

Cynt Marie. BGeverny Quera. JNurazirawati A.Khalisah KalingNoorfadzreen Y.

PHILOSOPHER PERSPECTIVE

Socrates (469-399 BC)

His personal tendencies towards critical reasoning and commitment for the truth benchmarked him as a role model to be emulated by everyone.

Socrates was a soldier during the Peloponnesian War. Later, he worked as a sculptor.

He spend his life discussing and deliberating issues such as knowledge, values, politics and many more.

His sincerity in sharing knowledge without any monetary attracted many young men.

Socrates was found guilty of destroying the minds of these young people and interfering in

the religious affairs of Athens.

After he was sentenced to death, he drank a hemlock and died, surrounded by his friends and followers.

Plato (427-347 BC)

Student of Socrates and a teacher to Aristotle.

His early works is “Dialogues” contained information about Socrates and also “Republic”, a combination of several disciplines, namely ethics, political philosophy, moral psychology, epistemology and metaphysics.

In 385 BC, he established his own school known as the Academy and the most popular in the world.

His first university offering a comprehensive curriculum included the subjects Astronomy, Biology, Mathematics, Political Theory and Philosophy.

Plato’s views about the role of teachers:1. Teachers should be caring, sensitive to the

needs of their students and responsible to deliver the knowledge based on truth and values.

2. Teachers need to identify their pupil’s ability level and limit.

- Early stage: - Use the questioning method known as the Socratic method that help students to overcome any difficulties arise.

- Middle stage: - Still using Socratic method but focusing on Plato’s owns ideas and concerned with issues related to knowledge, form, soul and political theory.

- Final stage: - Emphasize the metaphysics and the logical assumptions of Plato’s ideas as introduced in the middle stage.

Plato’s work, “The Republic”

-His views on how to create an ideal society.

- He recommended the kind of education system and curriculum that he deemed suitable.

- The ideal society is said to consist of 3 stages people:(i) Guardians(ii) Traders(iii) Craftsmen

PHILOSOPHERS’ PERSPECTIVE

Aristotle• A Greek Philosophers• Education

– He was sent to complete his education at the Academy at 17 years old– 20 years studying under Plato– Worked as a teacher in that school (teach rhetoric)

• Writing-Education -Arts-Physics -biology-Politics -Poetry

• Set up his own school in Lyceum• Conducted many courses in various fields• His philosophical ideas:

• He would not stand in front of his students when he teaches

Philosophical ideas

Detailed discussions in the mornings for advanced students

General discussion in the afternoons for the public

• He carried out research in various types of subjects > succeed in setting up a library to keep his historical artifacts.

• For Aristotle, there did not exist any competition between culture and God

• His works is like a virtual encyclopedia of Greek Knowledge

PHILOSOPHERS’ PERSPECTIVE

Mahatma Gandhi• Real name : Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi• Born : Porbanar, Gujarat, India in 1869• Education

– Graduated with Law degree from University college London– He worked in an Indian firm which had opened a branch office in

Durban, South Africa.

• Many believe & practice his ideas which were regarded as a religion.

• Thus he was given the title Mahatma

• Gandhi’s strugglesSTRUGGLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION

1896-1914Autonomy of the people & political rights of Indian migrants in South Africa

Gandhi practiced passive resistance and non-cooperation towards the authorities until the South African Government officially recognized marriages and eradicated the poll taxes imposed on them.

1919-1931Public campaign against British Rule in India

After the 1st World War -Gandhi led this campaign (non-violence, non- coopearation)

1932Voting rights of the Dalits

-The Dalits ( excluded from the caste system of India).-Gandhi practiced fasting until death while in prison.-Finally, their claim was approved (dissatisfaction of the fast)

1944Independence for India

-Agreement of the 2 political parties(Muslim League & Congress Party) to settle their own problems.-Gandhi disagreed with the Muslims’ claim but then he conceded.

1948Peace in New Delhi

-As a consequences of the disturbances in New Delhi, Gandhi fasted

• His shows sympathy towards the Indian people’s problems

• He became as the voice for the oppressed, in and outside the country

• The Indians believe he could solve their political or economical problems

• He held the principles of life(ahmisa), non-resistance, truth belief and so on.

STRUGGLES AND NOBLE EFFORTS OF TEACHER PATRONS

-Western Educationist-Eastern Educationist

John Dewey• John Dewey was born October 20, 1859 in Burlington,

Vermont. • He died June 1, 1952.

• His interest in philosophy was nurtured since his undergraduate years.

• He works at the University of Minnesota for 10 years.

Contributions to Psychology:

• Dewey's work had a vital influence on psychology, education and philosophy.

• He is often considered one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th-century.

• Emphasis on progressive education. • Dewey was also a prolific writer, publishing

numerous books and articles on a wide range of subjects

Selected Publications:

• The School and Society (1900)• The Child and the Curriculum (1902)• How We Think (1910)• Experience and Nature (1925)• Philosophy and Civilization (1931)

Maria Montessori• Born Aug. 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy—died

May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Neth• Italian educator and originator of the educational system

that bears her name.• The Montessori system is based on belief in the child’s

creative potential, his drive to learn, and his right to be treated as an individual.

• After graduating in medicine from the University of Rome in 1896—the first woman in Italy to do so—Montessori was appointed assistant doctor at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome, where she became interested in the educational problems of mentally retarded children

CONTRIBUTION

• Montessori method.• Classroom exhibition at the International

Panama-Pacific Exhibition in San Francisco in 1915

• Montessori Training Center in Laren, Netherlands

• A series of teacher training courses in India• Montessori Center in London

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Background:• Born : 1896 in Lake Neuchatel,Switzerland.• Died: 1980 • Intelligent and extremely curious about

nature.

Contributions:• Inspired educational reforms in Europe and

America

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Background• Born: in 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois• Got involved in: agriculture at University of

Wisconsin-Madison, History and religion.• Obtained his Masters and Doctor of

Philosophy

Contributions:• His books help the client overcome problems

he was facing and help him gain insight to restructure his life.

• Set up a counseling center at the University of Chicago.

Albert Bandura (1925-present)

Background:• Born: in 1925 in Mundare,

Canada.• Appointed as President of

the American Psychology Association.

Contributions:• Explains the cognitive theory in relation to

human functioning.• His books focused on social learning theories

and self-efficacy.

EASTERN EDUCATIONIST

HAMKA LAO TZE

HAMKA Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah

Indonesia theologian and scholar.

Well known in Malaysia & Singapore

Born 1908 in Kg Molek, Maninjau, west Sumatera.

Buya, “a respected teacher” minangkabau name

Sekolah Dasar Maninjau until Class 2.

Age 10: continue study religion and Arabic in Sumatera Thawalib, Padang

Panjang.

a religion teacher in 1927 and around 1929. 

teacher in University of Islam, Jakarta and University of Muhammadiyah,

Padang Panjang from 1957 to 1958.

rector in High Institute of Islam, Jakarta

the title Professor from University of Mustopo, Jakarta.

July 24, 1981 (aged 73) in Jakarta.

CONTRIBUTION

Journalist,writer,editor

and publisher

Since 1920, journalist

dailies: Pelita Andalas,

Seruan Islam, Bintang

Islam and Seruan

Muhammadiyah

Editor: magazines Kemajuan

Masyarakat, Al-mahdi,

Pedoman Masyarakat, Panji

Masyarakat and Gema Islam.

Study philosophy, literature,

history, sociology and

politics, both from Islamic

side and Western side.

skillful ability in Arabic language, mastered works

from Middle Easterners high scholars such as Zaki

Mubarak, jurji zaydan, Abbas al-Aqqad, Mustafa al-

Manfaluti and  hussain haikal.

examined works of

French, British and

German scholars

Tafsir al-azhar have 5 volumes

Novel & short stories: Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck, Di Bawah Lindungang Kaabah And Merantau Ke Deli (text in Malaysia & Singapore)

FAMOUS WORK

Lao Tze(great teacher or Old

Master)Lao Tzu: Lao Tse

Chinese philosopher founder of Taoism.

Born 570 B.C in Luoyang

LAO TZE

According history

CONTRIBUTION• Many followers

• confucius asked opinion about chinese customs.

• concludes “world is made up of sky, earth human beings and

principles called dao. “everything in this world regulated by

natural laws.

• Ex: concept rich/poor, life/death, beautiful/ugly

• All interdependent

• Tao Te Ching contains teaching of Lao tze covers individual,

spiritual and interpersonal dynamics to political dynamics

• stressed changes how human beings do something and what they

do.

Thank you