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George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)

-  Idealist 

-  Philosophy of right 

-  Philosophy of history

-  Phenomenology of the mind (spirit)

a.  Freedom “Should and ought to be free” -  Man, the individual subject, when he is conscious

of his freedom. Expresses his freedom by

Approaching, Owning and Using, Utilizing material

things. (free will) 

-  Slave, not conscious of freedom. (he do only for his

master)

-  Property, material thing not spiritual, has no

rights.

-  Instrument, means for the individual subject to

express his will. (talking about freedom) -  The individual subject can withdraw his will from

a thing. (Alienation) 

-  He can choose to disown a property, by giving it 

away or selling it.

-  There can also be coordination/ union of wills

among people relating to a material thing or

property. (What instances?) Like, when there’s an

 Agreement to sell something or to use something

jointly. Contract  

-  It is possible for the individual wills not to remainunited.

-  (What instances?) When there is disagreement or

if I partly does not abide by the agreement 

(Disunity of the will). 

B. Wrong

- Inconsistency between the individual will(Particular

will) and the Universal will (collective will).

- Universal is right.

- by going against the universal will, individual will goes

against what is right.

- (Concept of Punishment) Punishment, is the correction

of what is wrong.

- But it is imposed by an external factor. (Authority,

Government)

- Therefore, the inconsistency may still be there (Present,

Exist) = as long as he don’t regret  

- (how inconsistency be resolve?) to resolve this, the

individual will should be harmony with the universal will,

as when the criminal regrets and accepts his mistakes.

- When the individual will is consistent with the universal

will

-“Moral will” knowing and performing your duties (what

you ought to do) in society.

C.) State

- people working together in the satisfaction of their

economic needs.

- people united by their economic activities

- used each other for their survival- people governed by laws, supported by law enforcement

and the judiciary (courts).

-union of the universal will and the individual will.

- “unity is difference”, Unity Diversity  

- there are many member with different skills, professions

But they unite to form a harmonious organizations.

“Different strokes different pokes” 

- individual members, do not lose their individuality.

(Unity does not mean uniformity but people do together to

form a society)

- rights of individual’s duties in society depends on his

position/ states.

- different positions lead to different duties.- the individual also has duties toward his family.

- the state is important but individual freedom (as long as

it does not go against the state) should be protected.

- “Divine” 

- the state is not always perfect 

- not free from errors, can always be improved.

- the will of the state (Universal will) should have primacy

if there’s inconsistency between the individual and

universal will.

- if the individual will is consistent with the universal will

then the individual will is for the common good.

- the individual will is not selfish.

- freedom, is acting within the limits set by the universalwill

- for the stability of the state, the individuals should be

allowed to develop their abilities.

(as long the abilities don’t threatened the society) 

- the individual rights should be protected.

- a rational constitution is a liberal, allows more freedom

to the individuals.

- form of government depends on the nation’s history. 

- what is the role of Philosopher, historian is to understand

or to interpret history.

- the role of the Philosopher or historian is not to forecast

history, not to recommend forms of government.

- History, is Dynamic meaning, always changing. By thetime you have finish criticizing a state or making

recommendations, that states has already changed

somewhat making you criticisms, recommendations

outdated.

- people working together in the satisfaction of their

economic needs.

- people united by their economic activities.

- used each other for their survival.

- people were governed by laws, supported by law

enforcement and the judiciary.

- States, promotes the union of “Universal will” and the

“Individual Will”. 

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- “UNITY IN DIFFERENCE/DIVERSITY”, there are many

members with different skills, professions, but they unite

to form a harmonious organization.

- Individual members do not lose their individuality.

- Rights of Individual are established to convey the

Universal will.

- An individual’s duties in society, depends on his position  

or status.

- Different positions lead to different duties.

- The individual also has duties toward his family.- The state is important but individual freedom (as long as

it does not go against the state) should be protected.

“Divine” 

- The state is not always perfect, not free from errors, and

can always be improved.

- The will of the state (universal will) should have primacy

if there’s inconsistency between the individual and

Universal will.

- If the individual will is consistent with the Universal will,

then the individual will is for the common good.

- The Individual will is not selfish.

- FREEDOM, is acting within the limits set by the Universal

will.- For the STABILITY of the state, the individuals should be

allowed to develop their abilities.

(as long the abilities don’t threatened the society) 

- The individual rights should be protected.

- a rational constitution is a liberal constitution, it allows

more freedom to the individuals.

- Form of government depends on the Nation’s history.  

- The historian/ Philosopher role is, to understand and to

interpret history is not to forecast history, not to

recommend forms of government.

- History is DYNAMIC, always changing. By the time you

have finish criticizing a state or making recommendations,

that states has already changed somewhat making youcriticisms, recommendations are outdated.

d. WAR

- each state is a sovereign entity in relation to one another.

- states governed by treaties and International law.

- if disputes could not be settled, war is a last resort.

- because there’s no higher authority above the state. 

- war causes casualties and destructions.

- for him, war is not totally evil or bad, could be necessary,

rational occurrence as a means for history to advance.

- war is not necessary but a means by which an unhealthy,

weak, political organization (state) is replaced by a new

dynamic organization, is replace by a new dynamic

organization or state.

E. HISTORY 

- what are the main types of history

1. ORIGINAL HISTORY, descriptions of events by those

who witnessed the events.

2. REFLECTIVE HISTORY, base on the accounts of those

who did not witness the events.

3. PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY, “THOUGHTFUL

CONSIDERATION OF A HISTORY”, to be able to discover or

understand that history is the unfolding of the REASONS

or SPIRITUAL.

- HISTORY is a RATIONAL PROCESS, governed by the

reason. Nous is a greek word for REASON, laws by nature

are order. REASON is God governed or manages the world

and its history.

- DIVINE PROVIDENCE, history is a teleogical process. Has

a goal/purpose, will have a good end, even if many event

are unfortunate or tragic.

- HISTORY IS A DIALECTICAL PROCESS, progress result

from “the class of opposition” or the resolution of Conflicts

the resolution of opposition or by the working out of

contradiction.

- THESIS <- ANTI-THESIS = SYNTHESIS

- Every system has the causes of its own modification, has

inherent witnesses, State problems, weaknesses resolution

of these weakness problems.

- WORLD HISTORY, a process where the spirit becomes

conscious of itself.

- it is manifested by the conscious of the freedom, so

History is the progress in the consciousness of freedom.

-where the people become more conscious of freedom.

- SPIRIT is expressed through man’s consciousness o

freedom.

(WELL GEIST) world SPIRIT- Highest judge of nations.

- world history is the highest court in the judgment o

nations.

- the fate of each nation (country or state) is the result of

judgment.

- good fortune (of one nation) means favorable judgment.

- Bad fortune (of one nation) means unfavorable judgment

- at a given era, a certain nation is dominant, shows the

thread in the development of the weltgeist ; shifting focus

but after a period reaching its peak that nation declines.

(GREEKS, ROMANS, BYZANTINE, OTTOMAN TURKS

EUROPE)

F. FREEDOM IN HISTORY ( 4 worlds)- in history, more conscious of freedom, more freedom.

1. ORIENTAL WORLD (Ancient) – ASIA

- lack of consciousness among the people that they should

be free.

- no freedom.

2, 3. The Greek, and Roman WORLD – there was a

consciousness of freedom, limited consciousness o

freedom of some people being free.

-  There were free men

-  But there were also slaves.

4. The GERMANIC WORLD

- the germans arrived at the consciousness that humans

should ought to be free.

- Freedom, was a right of every person.

- this consciousness of freedom shows the development o

welt geist.

- that became the foundation or basis of the state.

- the people were governed by Laws.

G. WORLD HISTORICAL FIGURES.

- their passions advance history, ethics can judge the

actions of these historical figures to be moral or not.

- but from the point of view of history, we have to

understand that those figures their actions and the result

of their actions still put history.