philrice publication: soil series guidebook for zambales

ZAMBALES

This handbook belongs to

Name: _____________________________

Address: ___________________________

Contact number: ____________________

Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Copyright © 2013

i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

ZAMBALES

This was funded by the project “Identification, Biophysical Characterization and Mapping of the Rice Areas of the Philippines” of PhilRice ® (ISD -002-001)

Zambales ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword……………………………………….. iv

The Simplified Key to Soil Series……………. 1

Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2

Color Groups.................................................. 5

Gray....................................................... 6

Strong/Reddish Brown.…................... 7

Dark Brown ….……………................. 8

Brown…..………………………………….. 8

Yellowish Red…………….................. 9

Olive Gray……….…………................. 9

Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 10

Soil Productivity Index for Lowland Rice........ 19

Crop Suitability Ratings.…….......................... 21

Soil Management Recommendations............ 26

Appendices……………………………….……. 31

Steps to Identify Soil Series……............... 32

Soil Sampling....................................... 32

Color Determination............................. 33

Texture Determination.......................... 34

pH Determination................................. 35

The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 36

Glossary………………………………………… 38

References…………………………………….. 40

iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

EUFEMIO T. RASCO, JR Executive Director

Zambales iv

FOREWORD

This guidebook on “Simplified Key to Soil Series Identifica-tion” was developed to make field identification of soils easier.

Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be efficient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dy-namic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and im-prove crop yield and input-use efficiency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observ-able properties of the most common soils of Zambales and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil prop-erties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommenda-tions. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the project “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identified in the field.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agricultural officers for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

The “Simplified Key to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural tech-nicians, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more ac-curate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For in-stance, because same soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil name are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of different region.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided in the guidebook, the soil se-ries in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity rat-ings, soil properties that limit production and soil management recommendations can be determined. Eight soil series found in the province of Zambales were included in this guidebook. These are Alaminos, Angeles, Antipolo, Bancal, Bani, Bulaoen, La Paz, and Quingua series.

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series

1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION

2. Choose a vacant area in your site and dig up to 50 cm depth from the surface (see page 32).

3. Get bulk soil sample (500 g) between 30 cm and 50 cm depth .

1. Conduct preliminary interview on the historical background of your sampling site. Gather in-formation on cultivation practices, natural oc-

currences such as flood, erosion and hu-man activities that af-fect the condition and structure of the soil. Check whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.

Zambales 2

6. Take one spoonful of the same soil sample and put it in a test tube. Add 7 drops of reagent; shake gently, and compare it with pH chart (see page 35).

7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

mottles slickenside


5. Take a half handful of the same soil and check its tex-ture by moistening the soil sample (neither too wet, nor

too dry) (see page 34)

4. Compare the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook (see page 33).

8. Take note of the presence, or absence, of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock frag-ments, lateritic nodules, manganese Mn (black) and iron/Fe (red) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from surfaces up to 50 cm depth.

Lateritic nodules

Manganese concretions Quartz

9. Use the Simplified Keys to Soil Series Guidebook and com-pare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is

Zambales 4

Bani

alaminos

Bancal Quingua

Olive Gray

Strong/Reddish Brown go to page 7

Brown Dark Brown

SOIL Color GroupColor GroupColor Group


Gray go to page 6

go to page 8

go to page 9

Yellowish Red

go to page 8

go to page 9

Angeles figure on page 12

Coarse Fragments Gravels and sandstones

pH 5.5-6.5

Other features Structureless

Texture: Sand

Gray

Zambales 6

La Paz figure on page 17

Coarse Fragments None

pH 5.5-7.5

Other features Nodules; red and black mott-les; structureless

Texture: Sand/Loamy sand


Antipolo figure on page 13

Coarse Fragments Highly weathered basaltic and tuffaceous rock fragments; gravels

pH 5.5-6.7

Other features Few Fe and Mn concretions

Texture: Clay

Strong/Reddish Brown

Bulaoen figure on page 16

Coarse Fragments Weathered rocks & minerals; boulders of gabbro rocks at the surface

pH 6.0-6.5

Other features Red/brown (Fe) concretions

Texture: Clay Loam

Zambales 8

Quingua figure on page 18

Coarse Fragments Soft black (Mn) concretions

pH 6.0-7.8

Other features Yellowish brown mottles; slightly compact

Texture: Clay/Silt Loam/Silty Clay Loam

Brown

Bancal figure on page 14

Coarse Fragments Fine quartz and gravels

pH 6.5-7.0

Other features Compact; cracks and hard when dry

Texture: Clay Loam/Clay

Dark Brown

Bani figure on page 15

Coarse Fragments None

pH 6.5-7.0

Other features

Greenish gray and strong brown mottles; Sticky and waxy when wet; cracking of the topsoil when dry

Texture: Loam/Sandy Loam


Olive Gray

Alaminos figure on page 11

Coarse Fragments

Limestone rocks mixed with weathered basalts & chalk-white tuffaceous rocks (gravels); boulder outcrops

pH 4.5-5.5

Other features Yellowish red (Fe) mottles

Texture: Clay Loam/Silt Loam

Yellowish Red

SOIL profile

Zambales 10

Soil Fertility Indicator

Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Acidic (4.5-5.5)

Organic matter Fair

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low

Base saturation Low

Salinity hazard Low

Physical Soil Quality

Relief Slightly rolling to moun-tainous

Water retention Moderate

Drainage Good

Permeability Moderate to rapid

Workability/tilth Moderate

Stoniness Boulder outcrops / few weathered gravels be-low 0.2 m depth

Root depth Deep (>1 m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Soil Type: Sandy Loam/Clay Area: 19,711 ha

Family: Fine-clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Kanhaplustult

This is a fine textured soil with clay content of 35-60% and has a isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Ultisol (-ult) which is a highly leached soil that has clay illuviation and low base saturation. This is a typical representative of the greatgroup Kanhaplustult that has low cation exchange capacity (Kanhapl-), thus has low fertility status.


Alaminos

00 cm

26

42

70

Ap

Bw1

Bw2

BC



Soil pH Slightly acid (5.5-6.5)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low


Base saturation Moderate

Salinity hazard None

Angeles

Soil Type: Sandy loam/ fine Sand Area: 39,837 ha

Family: Sandy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustipsamment

A young soil with only slight development and soil properties that are determined largely by the parent material (-ent, Entisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Ustipsamments. This soil is dominantly sandy (psamm-) in texture occurring in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (usti-, Ustic). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

16

29

50

Apg

104+

C1

C2

C3

AB


Relief Level to slightly undulating

Water retention Poor

Drainage Good

Permeability Rapid

Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness Gravels at 0.3 m


Flooding Seasonal river overflow in some areas

Zambales 12

Antipolo


Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous


Drainage Good

Permeability Moderate


Stoniness Presence of tuffaceous rock fragments


Erosion Moderate to severe

Soil Type: Clay Area: 57,721 ha

Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Kandic Paleustalf

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering with illuvi-al accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from the underly-ing horizon (-alf, Alfisol). This can be found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry season (-ust). It is a representative of the greatgroup Paleustalf with low nutrient retention (kandic). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Inherent fertility Moderate


Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate

Base saturation High

Salinity hazard Low


00 cm

20

40

120

Ap1

Ap2

BC

C

Bancal


Family: Fine-loamy, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalf

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol) and which exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry season (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

19

44

77

Ap

Bt2

BC

Bt1 Physical Soil Quality

Relief Level to slightly undulating

Water retention High

Drainage Moderate



Stoniness Fine gravels at the sur-face (0-0.50 m)

Root depth Deep (>0.8 m)

Flooding None




Organic matter Medium

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K)

Nutrient retention (CEC)

Moderate

Base saturation

Salinity hazard

Zambales 14



Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral(5.5-7.0)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Moderate

Potassium (K) Moderate

Nutrient retention (CEC)

Base saturation

Salinity hazard

Bani


Relief Rolling upland, hilly and mountainous

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Poor



Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (1 m)

Erosion Moderate

Flooding None


Family: fine loamy, isohyperthermic, Aeric Epiaquert

A fine-textured soil having 35 – 60% clay dominated by minerals with high shrink and swell capacity creating wide cracks, and which is very sticky when wet and compacted when dry (-ert, Vertisol). It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, meaning it is better aerated, usually because either groundwater is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (aeric). It has an annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

16

Apg


34

47

63

AB

Bg1

Bg2

BCg




Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K)


Base saturation

Salinity hazard

Bulaoen


Relief Flat upland to undulating and rolling

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Moderate to good



Stoniness Gravels; Fe concretions; gabbro; boulders

Root depth Deep (1m)

Erosion Moderate

Soil Type: Sandy Clay Loam Area: 12,038 ha

Family: Loamy-skeletal, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Kandiustalf

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol) but have low cation exchange capacity (kandi-). This can be found in are-as with pronounced wet and dry season (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

18

31

52

A

Bt

BC

C

Zambales 16



Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.5)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low


Base saturation Moderate

Salinity hazard Low

La Paz


Relief Level to slightly rolling

Water retention Low

Drainage Good


Workability/tilth Easy to moderate

Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (>1m)

Erosion None

Flooding None to seasonal

Soil Type: fine Sandy Loam Area: 4,063 ha

Family: Sandy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Psammaquent

A young soil with only slight development and soil properties that are determined largely by the parent material (-ent, Entisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Psammaquent. This soil is dominantly sandy (psamm-) in texture occurring in areas saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) manifested by its gray color with or without mottles. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

16

32

107

Apg

Bwg1

Bwg2

BCg


Inherent fertility Moderate to High

Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low to Moderate

Potassium (K) Low to Moderate

Nutrient retention (CEC) High

Base saturation High

Salinity hazard Low

Quingua


Relief Level to slightly undulat-ing


Drainage Excessive



Stoniness None

Root depth Deep

Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Silt Loam Area: 7,767 ha

Family: Fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustalf

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol) and which exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry season (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

18

39

Ap

AB

Bw1

84

112

Bw2

Bw3

Zambales 18

SOIL productivity Soil productivity is that quality of a soil that summarizes its potential in producing plants or se-quences of plants under defined sets of management practices; it is also a synthesis of condition of soil fer-tility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest con-trol and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Ba-dayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of amount of inputs of production factors required to correct soil limitation(s) in order to attain a certain level of production. It is express as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and po-tential. The inherent productivity is the natural capa city of the soil to produce a given yield; potential re-fers to the capacity of the soil to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been remedied. In economics, the predicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is computed by multiplying the potential index by the maximum potential yield. For instance, the maximum potential yield in the dry season is 8 tons/hectare, and the inherent and potential productivity ratings for Alaminos series is 0.47 and 0.71, respec-tively. Then, the predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Alaminos soils are 3.76 and 5.68 tons/ha, respectively.


Soil Series Inherent

Productivity Potential

Productivity

Alaminos 0.47 0.71

Angeles 0.48 0.58

Antipolo 0.60 0.70

Bancal 0.75 0.85

Bani 0.88 0.98

Bulaoen 0.43 0.63

La Paz 0.51 0.61

Quingua 0.65 0.75

Table 1. The Soil Productivity Index for rice

Zambales 20

CROP

Suitability Analysis Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis, based on physical and chemi-cal properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and this may come up through a good judgment and a thorough evaluation of soil properties and qualities like soil depth, soil texture, slope, soil drainage, erosion, flooding and fertility. Based from these properties, the suitability of a certain tract of land for crop production was determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the poten-tial of the soil to different crops. It implies what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicated by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The sym-bol N implies that the crop is either currently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limitations cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides infor-mation on soil properties that limits the production of spec-ified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentage shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential yield of the crop when the soil index is highly suitable while less than 25% of the po-tential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25


So

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eri

es

S

lop

e

Ric

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ate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

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fed

U

pla

nd

R

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ain

fed

L

ow

lan

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Maiz

e

On

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P

ap

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Ala

min

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>3

%

S3

wsfc

t N

2w

sfc

N

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c

N2cf

N1

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Ang

ele

s

0-2

%

S3

wscf

N2w

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N

2sw

fc

N1fw

sc

N2cw

sf

N2fw

sc

Antipo

lo

>5

%

N2ts

fwc

N2tf

wc

N2tf

wc

S2

tc

N2ctf

S3

fct

Banca

l 0

-2%

S

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c

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N

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c

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c

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S2

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Ta

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ting

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ba

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ps

Zambales 22

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

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s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

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e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

So

il S

eri

es

S

lop

e

Ric

e I

rrig

ate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

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ain

fed

L

ow

lan

d

Maiz

e

On

ion

P

ap

aya

Ban

i >

2%

S

2ts

fc

N2fc

w

N2sfc

N

1w

c

N2cw

f N

1w

fc

Bula

oen

>

3%

N

1stw

fc

N2sw

fc

N2w

fc

S3

fc

N2cf

S2

fcs

La P

az

0-3

%

S3

fwc

N2fs

wc

N2fs

wc

S3

fwsc

N2cw

f N

2w

fc

Quin

gua

0

-2%

S

3fs

wc

N2fw

c

N2fw

cs

S3

wc

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cf

N2

wfc

Ta

ble

2a. T

he c

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uitab

ility

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ting

s o

f so

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f Z

am

ba

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iffe

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ps

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate


Zambales 24

So

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S

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To

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ato

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go

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min

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>3

%

S3

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S3

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N1fc

N

2csf

N1sf

N1

fsc

Ang

ele

s

0-2

%

N1w

cf

S3

wcsf

N1w

fc

N2cw

f N

2w

sf

S3

fwsc

Antipo

lo

>5

%

S2

ctf

S2

ctf

S2

tcf

N2cts

f S

2t

S2

tc

Banca

l 0

-2%

S

2cf

S2

cf

S2

cf

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S2

w

S3

c

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Su

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Lim

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s d

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o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

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e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

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ble

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T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

So

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S

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M

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2%

N

1w

cf

N1w

cf

N1w

cf

N2cw

sf

N1w

N

1w

cf

Bula

oen

>

3%

S

3cf

S3

cf

S3

fc

N2csf

S2

sf

S2

cs

La P

az

0-3

%

S3

wcf

S3

fcw

S

3w

fc

N2cw

f S

2w

f S

3fc

sw

Quin

gua

0

-2%

N

2w

cf

S3

cw

f S

3w

cf

N2cw

f N

2w

f S

3w

c

Ta

ble

2b. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s o

f so

ils o

f Z

am

ba

les fo

r d

iffe

rent cro

ps

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate


SOIL Management recommendation

The goal of soil management is to protect soil and enhance its performance to increase farm profitably and preserve environmental quality. It is the combi-nation of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while leaving the soil in a productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition, maintaining the soil fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil so that maximum benefits result (Harpstead, et.al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified were enumerated in the suc-ceeding pages. Soil factors such as slope, texture and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, chemical content of soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, and nutrient availabil-ity and crop production.

Zambales 26

Ta

ble

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g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

itati

on

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ala

min

os

Acid

soil;

lo

w f

ert

ility

; excessiv

e e

rosio

n

Upla

nd r

ice farm

-in

g;

limin

g; appli-

catio

n o

f fe

rtili

zers

Conto

ur

farm

ing a

nd/

or

str

ip c

roppin

g; addi-

tio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

and a

nim

al m

anure

; applic

atio

n o

f phos-

phate

fert

ilizers

Suitable

for

root

cro

ps; pra

ctice

conto

ur

cro

ppin

g

Suited for

coconut

and

fruit tre

es

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice-c

orn

/root cro

ps/v

egeta

ble

s

rice-f

allo

w

fruit t

rees/c

oconut

Ang

ele

s

Str

uctu

rele

ss; poor

WH

C; lo

w f

ert

ility

; sub-

ject to

seasonal flo

od-

ing;

gra

vels

pre

sent

thro

ughout

the p

rofile

Suitable

for

rice

durin

g w

et

season

with s

upple

ment

irrig

atio

n; fe

rtili

zer

additio

n

Applic

atio

n o

f O

M;

deep p

low

ing;

pra

ctice

tim

ing o

f pla

ntin

g;

irrig

atio

n s

yste

m

Suitable

for

root

cro

ps d

ue t

o s

andy

textu

re

Suitable

for

citru

s, papa-

ya,

and m

ango w

ith

suffic

ient fe

rtili

zatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice

r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps


Zambales 28

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

kin

d o

f cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

itati

on

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Antipo

lo

Slo

pin

g topogra

phy t

hat

causes r

isk o

f ero

sio

n;

low

availa

ble

P;

acid

soil

Suitable

for

upla

nd

rice; phosphate

fe

rtili

zers

applic

a-

tio

n

Conto

ur

farm

ing; suit-

able

for

acid

-tole

rant

cro

ps; lim

ing; additio

n

of

phosphate

fert

ilizers

Conto

ur

farm

ing;

phosphoru

s a

ppli-

catio

n; suitable

for

gro

win

g c

assava

and c

am

ote

Suited for

fruit tre

es lik

e

mango, citru

s, and p

a-

paya

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice-c

orn

/root cro

ps/v

egeta

ble

s

rice-f

allo

w

fruit t

rees lik

e c

itru

s a

nd p

apaya

Banca

l

Soil

cra

cks into

clo

ds

when d

ry;

com

pact

Plo

w a

nd h

arr

ow

w

ith o

ptim

um

m

ois

ture

conte

nt

to m

ake a

good

tilth;

irrig

atio

n s

ys-

tem

Plo

w a

nd h

arr

ow

with

optim

um

mois

ture

conte

nt to

make a

good t

ilth;

applic

atio

n

of

org

anic

matt

er

or

anim

al m

anure

to

impro

ve s

oil

str

uctu

re

Plo

w a

nd h

arr

ow

w

ith o

ptim

um

m

ois

ture

conte

nt

to m

ake a

good

tilth;

applic

atio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

or

anim

al m

anure

to

impro

ve s

oil

str

uc-

ture

Suited for

fruit tre

es lik

e

mango, caim

ito

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice-r

ice

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

kin

d o

f cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

itati

on

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ban

i

Poor

dra

inage;

rolli

ng

topogra

phy c

auses r

isk

of

ero

sio

n; surf

ace

cra

ckin

g w

hen d

ry

Constr

uctio

n o

f dik

es; fe

rtili

zers

applic

atio

n;

deep

plo

win

g d

urin

g

land p

repara

tio

n

Esta

blis

h p

roper

dra

in-

age a

nd irr

igatio

n

syste

m; conto

ur

farm

-in

g;

additio

n o

f fe

rtili

z-

ers

; S

uited f

or

annual

cash c

rops; applic

a-

tio

n o

f fe

rtili

zers

and

limin

g; conto

ur

farm

ing

and/o

r str

ip c

roppin

g

Not

suitable

due t

o

textu

re c

onstr

ain

t

Fru

it tre

es

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice-r

ice

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s

Bula

oen

Scatt

ere

d g

ravels

and

rock f

ragm

ents

, and

rock o

utc

rops a

nd b

oul-

ders

pre

sent; lo

w f

ert

ility

Sm

all

are

as in

betw

een h

ills/fla

t la

nds c

an b

e u

ti-

lize f

or

low

land

rice; suitable

for

upla

nd r

ice; appli-

catio

n o

f fe

rtili

zers

; use o

f m

ould

board

plo

w t

o

manage p

resence

of

outc

rops a

nd

bould

ers

Applic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

z-

ers

; str

ip c

roppin

g;

additio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

and a

nim

al

manure

; adequate

irrig

atio

n s

yste

m

Pro

ductio

n c

on-

train

ts d

ue to p

res-

ence o

f bould

ers

and r

ock f

rag-

ments

in t

he s

ub-

soil

Suited for

fruit tre

es lik

e

mango,

papaya,

and

citru

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice;

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d; cro

ps/v

egeta

ble

s


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

kin

d o

f cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

itati

on

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

La P

az

Hig

h w

ate

r ta

ble

and

local flo

odin

g in w

et

seasons p

reclu

des d

ry

land c

rops,

rapid

perm

e-

abili

ty p

reclu

des g

ravity

irrig

atio

n e

xcept

when

wate

r ta

ble

is s

easonally

hig

h,

low

fert

ility

Suitable

for

rice

durin

g w

et

season

but

needs a

mple

am

ount

of fe

rtili

z-

ers

to a

ddre

ss t

he

fert

ility

pro

ble

m;

phosphoru

s a

ppli-

catio

n

Applic

atio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er;

pra

ctice tim

ing

of

pla

ntin

g;

deep p

low

-in

g;

phosphoru

s a

ppli-

catio

n

Suitable

for

root

cro

ps d

ue t

o s

andy

textu

re

Pla

nt lo

cally

adapte

d

tree s

pecie

s; suitable

for

citru

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-m

aiz

e/s

org

hum

/

v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Quin

gu

a

Clim

ate

, seasonal flo

od-

ing;

excessiv

e d

rain

age

S

uited for

paddy

rice w

ith a

mple

irrig

atio

n s

upply

; applic

atio

n o

f in

or-

ganic

fert

ilizers

to

main

tain

the fert

ili-

ty o

f th

e s

oil

Suited for

div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps; constr

uctio

n o

f adequate

dra

inage,

irrig

atio

n a

nd flo

od

contr

ol syste

m;

pro

per

tim

ing o

f cultiv

atio

n

and p

lantin

g

Suited for

root

cro

ps; constr

uctio

n

of

adequate

dra

in-

age irr

igatio

n a

nd

flo

od c

ontr

ol sys-

tem

; pro

per

tim

ing

of cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

ntin

g

Suited for

root cro

ps;

constr

uctio

n o

f ade-

quate

dra

inage irr

igatio

n

and f

lood c

ontr

ol sys-

tem

; pro

per

tim

ing o

f cultiv

atio

n a

nd p

lantin

g

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice

r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Zambales 30

Appendices


APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

1 Soil sampling

Choose a vacant area in your field. Using a spade/auger, dig up to 50cm from the soil sur-face.

Depth of the soil is im-portant. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always culti-

vated.

Get bulk soil sample (½ kilo) from a 30-50cm depth; place it in a con-tainer (plastic/pail). This sample will be used for soil series identification.

Zambales 32

2 Soil color determination

Soil color is an indirect measure of other characteristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indicates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indic-ative of good aeration and drainage.

Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Rec-ord the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.

Compare the color of the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classification of the color.


3 Texture determination

Zambales 34

4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure

Get soil sample from 30-50cm depth. Fill the test tube with soil sam-ple up to the scratch

Add 7 drops of CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube

If pH is 6 or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is 5 or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).

Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.


APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM

The Palaycheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the tech-nologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next sea-son to increase grain yield, input use efficiency, and profit with environmental concerns. The Palaycheck® System describes the crop manage-ment practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

1) Used certified seeds of a recommended variety.

2) No high and low soil spots after final level-ing.

3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.

Zambales 36

4) Sufficient number of healthy seedlings.

5) Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.

6) Avoided excessive wa-ter or drought stress that could affect the growth and the yield of the crop.

7) No significant yield loss

due to pests.

8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.


Glossary

Zambales 38

Base Saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are absorbed on the surface of soil particles and is measured and reported as a percentage.

Boulders – is a rock with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.

Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse Fragments – is a significant proportion of fragments coarser

than very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. It influences the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. It also reflects the origin and stage of development of the soil.

Cobblestones – a naturally rounded stone larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder.

Concretion – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.

Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.

Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Inherent Fertility – is the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutri-ents.

Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape. The color differ from the soil matrix color.

Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as discrete units from soil.

Nutrient Retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.

Pebbles – a small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.

Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air.. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.

Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.

Relief – refers to the elevations or inequalities of the land surface con-sidered collectively.

Rocks – is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Rooting Depth – is the ability of plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layers or cemented layers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid


Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.

Slickenside – polished and grooved surfaces that are produced by one mass sliding past another.

Soil compaction – is described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.

Soil Drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.

Soil Family – is a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physi-cal and chemical properties that affect their responses to man-agement and manipulation for use.

Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.

Soil Profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.

Soil Series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.

Soil Taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permits one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.

Soil Texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.

Soil Type – is the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.

Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) so as to allow their continued growth and sur-vival.

Stoniness – is the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diame-ter in or on the soil.

Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.

Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually

fused together by heat.

Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regards to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity

References

Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivi-ty. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science

Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize Produc tion), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site- Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of Tropics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand. Soil Survey of Zambales Province. Department of Agriculture and

Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agri cultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th Edi tion. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conser vation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making

and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Sys, I.C., et.al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements. Ag-

ricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.

Zambales 40

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

PhilRice® Wilfredo B. Collado Reynilda M. Monteza Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. de Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos Armando E. Soliman

Authors

Managing Editor / Layout Artist

Rodolfo V. Bermudez, Jr

Editorial Adviser

Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr

Zambales 41

For more information

text the farmers’ Text Center (0920) 911-1398;

write, visit, or call:

Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division/

Information Systems Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science city of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217,

215, 212, 233

For Published Material:

Development Communication Division/ PhilRice

Bussiness Development Office

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science city of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 511,

509, 520

Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this

guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:

PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Zambales”.

Soil Series Guidebook ISBN no.__:48p., January, 2013.

philrice publication: soil series guidebook for zambales

Documents

soil series zambales

soil identification

soil series identification

philippine soil series

soil series eufemio

soil sampling

soil series identification

soil productivity index