phonology

the relationship between sounds

Understanding Hebrew /p/

• Hebrew has a phoneme /p/ • /p/

[p] [f]

/p/ is realised as [f] when it follows vowels and as [p] elsewhere

Identifying phonemes

• We know now how to identify allophones of a phoneme

• WE also can use this inspection method to identify separate phonemes

• IF ALLOPHONES are in COMPLIMENTARY DISTRIBUTIONPHONEMES are in PARALLEL DISTRIBUTION

Looking for minimal pairs• Two words that differ in meaning and only

one sound are minimal pairs• If we have a minimal pair the two sounds

must be separate phonemes in that language

• [pʰak] versus [pʰat] • /t/ and /k/ are in parallel distribution• They can appear in the same place• These two words creates a minimal pair • /t/ and /k/ must be separate phonemes in

English.

Korean

• kɑl ‘that’ll go’ iɾɯmi ‘name’• kɯnɯl ‘shade’ kuɾɯm ‘cloud’• mul ‘water’ sɑɾɑm person• pɑl ‘leg’ uɾi ‘we’• tatɯl ‘all of them’ ʃilkwɑ ‘fruit’• ilkop ‘7’ səul ‘Seoul’• ipɑlsa ‘barber’ pʰɑl ‘arm’

doing phonological analysis• usually problems will ask you to explore 2 or more

particular phones and decide whether they are separate phonemes or allophones of a single phoneme.

• write down each phone’s 3 term label• look for minimal pairs• if no minimal pairs • write down the environments the two phones

appear in • Use _ for the spot the sound fits in• use # to mean word edge• #_ for beginning _# for end of a word

Korean ɾ and l

• kɑl ‘that’ll go’ iɾɯmi ‘name’• kɯnɯl ‘shade’ kuɾɯm ‘cloud’• mul ‘water’ sɑɾɑm person• pɑl ‘leg’ uɾi ‘we’• tatɯl ‘all of them’ ʃilkwɑ ‘fruit’• ilkop ‘7’ səul ‘Seoul’• ipɑlsa ‘barber’ pʰɑl ‘arm’

Writing the environments

• ɾ l• Voiced, alv, flap voiced alv

lateral• i_ɯ ɑ_#• u_ɯ ɯ_#• ɑ_ɑ i_k• u-i ɑ_s

Korean (2)

• What is the relationship between s, ʃ and z?

• sɑtɑn division ʃinpubride• sɑk colour inzweʧɑ publisher• ʃilsu mistake susul

operation• pʰuŋzɯp custom ʧɑnzɑ business• inzɑ greetings• ʃeke world ʃihɑpgame• ʃesuʃil washroom• pɑŋzək cushion

Types of phonetic environments• Word initial processes – English Aspiration• Word final voicelessness• German the child – Das Kind /d/ [t]• kindergarten• Between vowels – voiced allophones, flaps• /stops/ [fricatives]• Preceding sounds• Following sounds• Adjacent sounds – English nasalisation can be provoked by

nasals on either side

Natural classes

• Sometimes expect to see allophones for a whole bunch of sounds –Aspiration on p t k

• Same row of the IPA i.e. all sounds of the same manner

• Same column – same place • So if there is an allophone for one velar

consonant look for an allophone for other velar consonants.

Japanese

• sɑkɑ ‘hill’ ʃinu ‘die’• sorɑ‘sky’ wɑtɑʃi ‘I’• suru‘do’ kimɑʃitɑ ‘came’• mizu ‘water’ ʤi ‘hour’• zɑʃi ‘magazine’ toʤite ‘close’

• what is relationship between [s] and [ʃ]?