Photography

Group members： Jia-Qing Yao(49814055) Bo-Jia Chen(49814021)

Teacher:Ru-Li Lin

Outlines

The evolution of the cameraUnderstanding Camera Lenses: Focal

Length & ApertureUnderstanding Camera Exposure:

Aperture, ISO & Shutter SpeedUnderstanding Depth of Field

Understanding Depth of FieldUnderstanding White BalanceConclusionsReference

Prehistoric Fine Arts

Cave paintings are paintings found on cave walls and ceilings, and especially refer to those of prehistoric origin. The earliest such art in Europe dates back to the Aurignacian period, approximately 40,000 years ago

Ancient ArtPompeii frescoesErotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum was discovered in the ancient cities around the bay of Naples (particularly of Pompeii and Herculaneum) after extensive excavations began in the 18th century.

MedievalMost surviving art from the Medieval period was religious in focus, often funded by the Church, powerful ecclesiastical individuals such as bishops, communal groups such as abbeys, or wealthy secular patrons. Many had specific liturgical functions — processional crosses and altarpieces

RenaissanceThe Renaissance is characterized by a focus on the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome, which led to many changes in both the technical aspects of painting and sculpture, as well as to their subject matter. It began in Italy, a country rich in Roman heritage as well as material prosperity to fund artists

The first camera of world

Now this

Photography

Heliography  is the photographic process invented by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce around 1822, which he used to make the earliest known permanent photograph from nature, View from the Window at Le Gras  The process used bitumen ,as a coating on glass or metal, which hardened in relation to exposure to light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, only the hardened image area remained.

earliest surviving camera photograph

One of the oldest photographic portraits known in 1839

The digital camera

Photpgraphy by smart phone in this century

Understanding Camera Lenses: Focal Length &

Aperture

INFLUENCE OF LENS FOCAL LENGTH

Understanding Camera Exposure: Aperture, ISO & Shutter Speed

EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: APERTURE, ISO & SHUTTER SPEED

Each setting controls exposure differently:Aperture: controls the area over which light can enter your cameraShutter speed: controls the duration of the exposureISO speed: controls the sensitivity of your camera's sensor to a given amount of light

Shutter speedShutter Speed Typical Examples

1 - 30+ seconds Specialty night and low-light photos on a tripod

2 - 1/2 secondTo add a silky look to flowing water

Landscape photos on a tripod for enhanced depth of field

1/2 to 1/30 second

To add motion blur to the background of a moving subject

Carefully taken hand-held photos with stabilization

1/50 - 1/100 second Typical hand-held photos without substantial zoom

1/250 - 1/500 second

To freeze everyday sports/action subject movement

Hand-held photos with substantial zoom (telephoto lens)

1/1000 - 1/4000 second To freeze extremely fast, up-close subject motion

Slow Shutter SpeedFast Shutter Speed

Aperture Setting

Aperture Setting

Relative Light

Example Shutter Speed

f/22 1X 16 seconds

f/16 2X 8 seconds

f/11 4X 4 seconds

f/8.0 8X 2 seconds

f/5.6 16X 1 second

f/4.0 32X 1/2 second

f/2.8 64X 1/4 second

f/2.0 128X 1/8 second

f/1.4 256X 1/15 second

Wide Aperturef/2.0 - low f-stop numbershallow depth of field

Narrow Aperturef/16 - high f-stop numberlarge depth of field

CAMERA EXPOSURE MODES

Most digital cameras have one of the following standardized exposure modes: Auto ( ), Program (P), Aperture Priority (Av), Shutter Priority (Tv), Manual (M) and Bulb (B) mode. Each of these modes influences how aperture, ISO and shutter speed are chosen for a given exposure. Some modes attempt to pick all three values for you, whereas others let you specify one setting and the camera picks the other two (if possible). The following charts describe how each mode pertains to exposure:

Understanding Depth of Field

CONTROLLING DEPTH OF FIELD

f/8.0

f/5.6 f/2.8

Understanding White Balance

Color Cast Daylight White Balance

Relative intensity has been normalized for each temperature (in Kelvins).

color temperature of some common light sources

Color Temperature Light Source

1000-2000 K  Candlelight

2500-3500 K  Tungsten Bulb (household variety)

3000-4000 K  Sunrise/Sunset (clear sky)

4000-5000 K  Fluorescent Lamps

5000-5500 K  Electronic Flash

5000-6500 K  Daylight with Clear Sky (sun overhead)

6500-8000 K  Moderately Overcast Sky

9000-10000 K  Shade or Heavily Overcast Sky

F-number Aperture value (f / #) = N = lens focal length f /

aperture hole diameter D Aperture value can be regarded as a ratio of f / #,

such as f / 1, f/1.4, f / 2 We take the denominator of this ratio as described in

the aperture value N, that is, 1,1.4,2 Examples: 50mm focal length of the lens, the

diameter of the aperture hole formula from the previous Example thrust reverser as: D = f / N

Aperture value 1, the aperture hole diameter is 50mm Aperture value of 1.4, the aperture hole diameter of

approximately 35mm Aperture value, the aperture opening diameter of

approximately 25mm

We set f is the lens focal length, aperture hole to set the aperture value to a diameter d, formula is a = F / D, if we desire to half of the aperture hole diameter is set to D, D projections:

When the diameter d, the area of the circle c is C = 1/2 * c, seeking D =?

Life R = D / 2, r = r / 2 C = R ^ 2 * π, c = r ^ 2 * π R ^ 2 * π = r ^ 2 * π / 2 R = sqrt (r ^ 2/2) = r / sqrt (2) = sqrt (2) * r / 2 Then D = R * 2 = sqrt (2) * (d / 2) / 2 = sqrt (2) * d / 2 The new aperture value A should be: (Known: f / d = a) A = f / D = f / (sqrt (2) * d / 2) = f / sqrt (2) / d * 2 =

sqrt (2) * (f / d) = sqrt (2) * a

Checking 1 Radius: 50/2 = 25 Area: 25 ^ 2 * pi 3 half of the area: 25 ^ 2 * pi / 2 4 reverts back half of the area of the radius value:

sqrt (25 ^ 2 * π / 2 / π) = sqrt (25 ^ 2/2) = sqrt (2) * 25/2

Then into: sqrt (25 ^ 2/2) * 2 = sqrt (50 ^ 2/8) * 2 = sqrt (50 ^ 2/2) = sqrt (2) * 50/2 diameter

6 new aperture value: 50 / sqrt (50 ^ 2/2) = 50 / sqrt (2) / 50 * 2 = sqrt (2) * 50

Note: sqrt (2) is the square root of 2 After completion of the above calculation can be

simplified to a formula: A = sqrt (2) * a Means, aperture value * square root of 2 can calculate

the value of the small aperture.

If we start to f / 1, under = behalf of approximation:

1 * root 2 = 1.414 close to 1.41.4 * square root of 2 = 1.979 close to 22 * root 2 = 2.828 close to 2.82.8 * square root of 2 = 3.959 close to 44 * square root of 2 = 5.656 close to 5.65.6 * square root of 2 = 7.919 close to 88 * root 2 = 11.313 nearly 1111 * root 2 = 15.556 nearly 1616 * root 2 = 22.627 nearly 2222 * root 2 = 31.112 close to 32

Conclusions

Due to the rapid development of the mobile phone, the phone combines camera so that everyone can take a picture at any time.

The functional requirements of the camera more and more, the machine is getting smaller and smaller, the precision of the relative production will increase, thus increasing the cost.

Reference Medieval Renaissance The first camera of world Now this Photography earliest surviving camera photograph One of the oldest photographic portraits known in 1839 The digital camera Photpgraphy by smart phone in this century http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/depth-of-field.h

tm http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-expos

ure.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lenses.

htm F-number