photos courtesy of chapter 29 – world war i (1914-1918) the war to end all wars

photos courtesy of www.gwpda.org/photos/greatwar.htm

Chapter 29 – World War I Chapter 29 – World War I (1914-1918)(1914-1918)

The War to End all WarsThe War to End all Wars


The Stage is Set for WarThe Stage is Set for War Should you always support a friend, Should you always support a friend,

no matter what he or she does?no matter what he or she does? What might be the risks of refusing to What might be the risks of refusing to

help an ally?help an ally? What might be the consequences of a What might be the consequences of a

war involving all of Europe?war involving all of Europe? What are the reasons countries go to What are the reasons countries go to

war?war?


The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism A deep devotion A deep devotion

to one’s country to one’s country is calledis called Nationalism.Nationalism.

Can serve as a Can serve as a unifying force or unifying force or can cause intense can cause intense competition b/w competition b/w nations.nations.


Problems w/ Nationalism Problems w/ Nationalism

Competition for materials and markets Competition for materials and markets was one problem.was one problem.

England had been the initiator & leader England had been the initiator & leader in Europe during the Industrial in Europe during the Industrial Revolution.Revolution.

The new country of Germany wanted a The new country of Germany wanted a piece of the industrial pie & started piece of the industrial pie & started competing with England in industry & its competing with England in industry & its navy.navy.


Territorial DisputesTerritorial Disputes

France upset at its France upset at its loss ofloss of Alsace-Alsace-

LorraineLorraine to to Germany during Germany during

the Franco-the Franco-Prussian War Prussian War

(1870)(1870)

http://www.frenchwayoflife.net/int/map.asp


Territorial DisputesTerritorial Disputes

Austria – Hungary Austria – Hungary (AH) & Russia both (AH) & Russia both tried to dominate tried to dominate in the in the BalkansBalkans (region in (region in Southeast Europe).Southeast Europe).

Serbs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians wanted Romanians wanted independence.independence.


NationalismNationalism


Other factorsOther factors

What is it called when stronger What is it called when stronger countries take over weaker ones to countries take over weaker ones to create an empire?create an empire?

The answer is The answer is imperialism.imperialism. As European countries continued to As European countries continued to

compete for an overseas empire in Asia compete for an overseas empire in Asia & Africa mistrust & rivalry deepened. & Africa mistrust & rivalry deepened.

Why do countries try to obtain colonies?Why do countries try to obtain colonies?


ImperialismImperialism


Africa beforeAfrica before

Germany and Germany and France fought over France fought over who would control who would control Morocco.Morocco.


The Scramble for The Scramble for ColoniesColonies


Yet Another FactorYet Another Factor

Increasing nationalism led to a Increasing nationalism led to a dangerous European arms race. dangerous European arms race.

What is the importance of a strong What is the importance of a strong military?military?

The policy of glorifying military The policy of glorifying military power & keeping an army prepared power & keeping an army prepared for war was known as for war was known as militarismmilitarism..


MilitarismMilitarism


Money Spent on Money Spent on WeaponsWeapons

CountryCountry SoldiersSoldiers Money spent in Money spent in MillionsMillions

BritainBritain 750,000750,000 50,000,00050,000,000

FranceFrance 1,500,0001,500,000 40,000,00040,000,000

GermanyGermany 8,250,0008,250,000 60,000,00060,000,000

AustriaAustria 750,000750,000 22,500,00022,500,000

RussiaRussia 1,250,0001,250,000 15,500,00015,500,000

ItalyItaly 750,000750,000 10,000,00010,000,000


Causes of Causes of WWIWWI

Imperialism

Domination by strong nation over a weak nation

MilitarismGlorification of military

NationalismDevotion to

one’s nation

??????????

And the final piece to the puzzle is…And the final piece to the puzzle is…


Tangled AlliancesTangled Alliances Triple Alliance ~Triple Alliance ~ Germany, AH, Italy Germany, AH, Italy Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II forced Germany’s forced Germany’s

chancellor chancellor Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck to resign & to resign & took complete control. took complete control.

Wilhelm ended Germany’s treaty with Wilhelm ended Germany’s treaty with Russia & started to challenge England’s Russia & started to challenge England’s empire. empire.

In Response ………In Response ………

“I and the army were born for one another”


Tangled AlliancesTangled Alliances Great Britain, Great Britain,

France & Russia France & Russia formed the formed the Triple Triple EntenteEntente. .

Did not bind Great Did not bind Great Britain to fight with Britain to fight with them, but made them, but made sure they would not sure they would not fight against them.fight against them.


Empires & AlliancesEmpires & Alliances


Crisis in the BalkansCrisis in the Balkans The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire

was in decline & was in decline & some countries some countries declared declared independence independence (Bulgaria, Greece, (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia)Romania, Serbia)

Serbia wants to Serbia wants to expand & absorb all expand & absorb all of the Slavic peoples.of the Slavic peoples.

Russia supported Russia supported Serbian nationalism Serbian nationalism & AH felt threatened & AH felt threatened by it.by it.

1908 ~ AH annexed 1908 ~ AH annexed Bosnia & Bosnia & Herzegovina which Herzegovina which had large Slavic had large Slavic populations.populations.


Shot Rings Throughout Shot Rings Throughout EuropeEurope

June 28, 1914June 28, 1914 ~ heir to the ~ heir to the Austrian throne, Austrian throne, Archduke Archduke Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand & his wife & his wife Sophie went to Sarajevo Sophie went to Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia). (capital of Bosnia).


Shot Rings Throughout Shot Rings Throughout EuropeEurope Unfortunately, both Unfortunately, both

were killed by were killed by Gavrilo Gavrilo PrincipPrincip

Princip was a member Princip was a member of the of the Black HandBlack Hand (a (a secret society secret society committed to getting committed to getting rid of Austrian rule)rid of Austrian rule)



AH wanted to punish Serbia.AH wanted to punish Serbia. AH presented Serbia with a list AH presented Serbia with a list

of ultimatums.of ultimatums.• End all anti-Austrian activity End all anti-Austrian activity • Allow Austrian officials into Allow Austrian officials into

their country to conduct an their country to conduct an investigation.investigation.

AH refuses to negotiate with the AH refuses to negotiate with the Serbians and on July 28, 1914 Serbians and on July 28, 1914 declared war on Serbia.declared war on Serbia.


War Consumes Europe (Chain War Consumes Europe (Chain Reaction)Reaction)

1.1. AH blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and AH blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia.his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia.

2.2. Serbia agreed to some demands while allowed others to Serbia agreed to some demands while allowed others to be determined by international conference.be determined by international conference.

3.3. AH declared war on Serbia on July 28.AH declared war on Serbia on July 28.4.4. Russia, A Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized Russia, A Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized

(prepared) its forces in preparation of war.(prepared) its forces in preparation of war.5.5. Germany, an ally of AH, declared war on Russia.Germany, an ally of AH, declared war on Russia.6.6. Germany declared war on France, an ally of RussiaGermany declared war on France, an ally of Russia7.7. Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that

German forces could enter France more easily. German forces could enter France more easily. 8.8. Britain declared war on Germany. Britain declared war on Germany.

The machinery of war has been set in motion.The machinery of war has been set in motion.


War Consumes EuropeWar Consumes Europe


War Consumes Europe War Consumes Europe Germany was faced with a two Germany was faced with a two

front war.front war. Germany’s plan called for an Germany’s plan called for an

attack on France first & then go attack on France first & then go after the Russians (who lacked after the Russians (who lacked many railroads to quickly travel).many railroads to quickly travel).

This was known as the This was known as the Schlieffen Schlieffen PlanPlan..

The plan fails because:The plan fails because:• Russian troops mobilized Russian troops mobilized

quicker then expected.quicker then expected.• German supply lines get German supply lines get

bogged down on northernbogged down on northern front.front.


Schlieffen Plan.Schlieffen Plan.


Schlieffen Plan and Plan Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVIIXVII

Plan XVIIPlan XVII was the French offensive into was the French offensive into Alsace and Lorraine, in which it was Alsace and Lorraine, in which it was imagined that French élan (fighting imagined that French élan (fighting spirit) would carry the offensive.spirit) would carry the offensive.


War in EuropeWar in Europe Speed was vital to Germans plan – France had Speed was vital to Germans plan – France had

troops all along their borders w/ Germany.troops all along their borders w/ Germany. Knowing it would be slow to break through – Knowing it would be slow to break through –

found a new route through Belgium.found a new route through Belgium. Belgium being neutral refused to allow Belgium being neutral refused to allow

Germany to pass through, and as a result Germany to pass through, and as a result Germany invaded BelgiumGermany invaded Belgium.


War in EuropeWar in Europe

Central PowersCentral Powers• Germany Germany • Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary• Bulgaria and Ottoman Bulgaria and Ottoman

Empire join later on in Empire join later on in hope to regain lost hope to regain lost territories.territories.

AlliesAllies• Great BritainGreat Britain• FranceFrance• RussiaRussia• Italy and Italy and

Japan Japan joined within joined within weeksweeks


Stalemate along Western Stalemate along Western FrontFront

Germany was in a deadlock Germany was in a deadlock along boarders of France = along boarders of France = Western FrontWestern Front

11stst Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne – Allies – Allies attacked the Germans attacked the Germans northeast of Paris.northeast of Paris.

Over 600 taxicabs rushed Allied Over 600 taxicabs rushed Allied reinforcements from Paris to reinforcements from Paris to the battle.the battle.

An important battle because it An important battle because it ruined the Schlieffen Plan and ruined the Schlieffen Plan and left the Western Front in a left the Western Front in a stalemate.stalemate.


Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Trenches were cut through battlefield fronts in Europe to protect Trenches were cut through battlefield fronts in Europe to protect

troops from deadly artillery and machine-gun fire. Firing trenches troops from deadly artillery and machine-gun fire. Firing trenches were backed by cover trenches, which provided a second line of were backed by cover trenches, which provided a second line of

defense in case enemies overran the firing trench. Each was about defense in case enemies overran the firing trench. Each was about 1.8 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft) deep. Off-duty troops lived in dugouts in the 1.8 to 2.5 m (6 to 8 ft) deep. Off-duty troops lived in dugouts in the

support trenches. Supplies, food, and fresh troops moved to the support trenches. Supplies, food, and fresh troops moved to the front through a network of reserve and communications trenches. front through a network of reserve and communications trenches.

Between the trenches of opposing forces lay no-man’s-land. Between the trenches of opposing forces lay no-man’s-land. Crossing no-man’s-land often resulted in death, because it was Crossing no-man’s-land often resulted in death, because it was strewn with barbed wire and open to the sights of enemy guns.strewn with barbed wire and open to the sights of enemy guns.


Life in the TrenchesLife in the Trenches


Stalemate along Stalemate along Western FrontWestern Front

Soldiers began Soldiers began digging digging trenchestrenches to protect to protect themselves from themselves from enemy fire. enemy fire.

Trench warfare Trench warfare allowed for a slow allowed for a slow drawn out war drawn out war (stalemate).(stalemate).


Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Life in the trenches Life in the trenches was not easy. was not easy.

The space between The space between trenches was known trenches was known as as “no man’s land.” “no man’s land.”

Many times soldiers Many times soldiers would go “over the would go “over the top” to be met with top” to be met with machine gun fire.machine gun fire.


The TrenchesThe Trenches


Images from the Images from the trenchestrenches


Images Images from the from the trenchestrenches


Images from the Images from the trenchestrenches


The trenchesThe trenches


““A Terrain of Death”A Terrain of Death” New & improved weapons New & improved weapons (machine (machine

gun, poison gas, armored tanks, larger gun, poison gas, armored tanks, larger artillery) artillery) helped to kill many soldiers but helped to kill many soldiers but did not speed up the war.did not speed up the war.

Battle of Verdun – over 300,000 killed Battle of Verdun – over 300,000 killed Battle of the Somme – about 500,000 Battle of the Somme – about 500,000

killed killed In the end, only of a couple of miles In the end, only of a couple of miles

gained. gained.


““A Terrain of Death”A Terrain of Death”


““Big Big Bertha”Bertha”

Hurled Hurled one-ton one-ton shells a shells a distance of distance of more than more than 15 km (9 15 km (9 mi).mi).


““A Terrain of DeathA Terrain of Death””


Eastern FrontEastern Front Germany and AH gain the Germany and AH gain the

advantage over Russia after advantage over Russia after both the battle of both the battle of Tannenberg, and also in the Tannenberg, and also in the battle of Limanowa.battle of Limanowa.

Russia’s war effort was near Russia’s war effort was near collapse because it had yet collapse because it had yet to become industrialized!!to become industrialized!!

Central Powers controlled Central Powers controlled sea routes to Russia = sea routes to Russia = Allies were unable to send Allies were unable to send supplies. supplies.


War Affects the War Affects the WorldWorld

By early 1915, the U.S. was the By early 1915, the U.S. was the remaining neutral super power = remaining neutral super power = making this a truly global conflict. making this a truly global conflict.

Allies felt that attacking a region Allies felt that attacking a region known as the known as the DardanellesDardanelles (Ottoman Empire), that it could (Ottoman Empire), that it could sack Constantinople (capital) and sack Constantinople (capital) and open up a supple line for Russia open up a supple line for Russia (Gallipoli campaign).(Gallipoli campaign).

In the end the stalemate continues In the end the stalemate continues and the Allies give up the and the Allies give up the campaign.campaign.


The United States EntersThe United States Enters 1917 – Germany 1917 – Germany

announces that their announces that their submarines would submarines would sink any ship in the sink any ship in the waters around G.B. waters around G.B. (unrestricted (unrestricted submarine warfare)submarine warfare)

Please don’t sink

us!


The United States The United States EntersEnters

May 7, 1915 – May 7, 1915 – Remember Remember the Lusitaniathe Lusitania – Passenger – Passenger ship sunk by German U-ship sunk by German U-boat resulting in 128 U.S. boat resulting in 128 U.S. casualties.casualties.

Germany eventually Germany eventually backed down but started backed down but started again, hoping its blockade again, hoping its blockade would starve Britain long would starve Britain long enough before the U.S. enough before the U.S. could mobilize. could mobilize.


The United States EntersThe United States Enters February 1917, the British intercept a February 1917, the British intercept a

telegram telegram (Zimmerman Note).(Zimmerman Note). It said that Germany would help Mexico It said that Germany would help Mexico

“reconquer” the land it had lost to the “reconquer” the land it had lost to the U.S. if Mexico would ally itself with U.S. if Mexico would ally itself with Germany. Germany.

Many Americans already sided with the Many Americans already sided with the Allies because:Allies because:• (ancestry and language)(ancestry and language)• (economic ties)(economic ties)

April 2, 1917April 2, 1917 – the United States entered – the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies.the war on the side of the Allies.


War Affects the Home War Affects the Home FrontFront

The war affected everyone. It becomes a The war affected everyone. It becomes a total wartotal war (countries devoted all their resources to the war effort).(countries devoted all their resources to the war effort).

People gave up rights to their perspective governments. People gave up rights to their perspective governments. Factories changed, unemployment disappeared, people Factories changed, unemployment disappeared, people

from colonies were utilized as well. from colonies were utilized as well.

Map of World with Participants in World War I - Allies in green Central Powers in orange - neutral in grey


War Affects the Home War Affects the Home FrontFront

So many goods in short supply that So many goods in short supply that governments turned to governments turned to rationing.rationing.

Governments also limited anything that Governments also limited anything that opposed the war.opposed the war.

Governments also used Governments also used propaganda propaganda ((one sided information designed to one sided information designed to persuade & keep up morale & support persuade & keep up morale & support for the war.)for the war.)


Propaganda ExamplesPropaganda Examples


Winning the WarWinning the War

1917 – Shortages of food 1917 – Shortages of food & fuel in Russia caused & fuel in Russia caused the end of Czar’s Nicholas’ the end of Czar’s Nicholas’ gov’t. The new gov’t gov’t. The new gov’t promised to keep fighting promised to keep fighting but that did not last long.but that did not last long.

Nov. 1917 – Nov. 1917 – 22ndnd Russian Russian Revolution – Communist Revolution – Communist Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin took overtook over & & promises to end the war promises to end the war for Russia.for Russia.


Russia’s OutRussia’s Out Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

(ended the war b/w Ger. & (ended the war b/w Ger. & Russia)Russia)

Russia had to surrender Russia had to surrender lands to Germany that lands to Germany that included: Finland, Poland, included: Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. and Lithuania.

Though Germany lost the Though Germany lost the war, these nations still war, these nations still gained their gained their independence.independence.


A Failed Final PushA Failed Final Push With Russia out, With Russia out,

the Germans go for the Germans go for the final blow the final blow against Paris & against Paris & come real close.come real close.

However, this effort However, this effort weakened the weakened the Germany army. Germany army. Why?Why?

French Commander French Commander Ferdinand FochFerdinand Foch used used fresh American fresh American troops to help defeat troops to help defeat the Germans & its the Germans & its allies (Battle of allies (Battle of Belleau Wood & Belleau Wood & Argonne Forest)Argonne Forest)


A Failed Final PushA Failed Final Push July 1918 – Second Battle of July 1918 – Second Battle of

the Marne; Allies storming the Marne; Allies storming into Germanyinto Germany

Germany’s allies began to Germany’s allies began to disappear (Bulgaria, disappear (Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire & AH)Ottoman Empire & AH)

Nov. 9, 1918 – Kaiser steps Nov. 9, 1918 – Kaiser steps down.down.

Nov. 11, 1918Nov. 11, 1918 – – An An armisticearmistice (cease-fire) is signed.(cease-fire) is signed.


A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace

The Big 4 – The Big 4 – Woodrow Wilson (US), Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (GB), & Vittorio Orlando Lloyd George (GB), & Vittorio Orlando (Italy)(Italy) met in Versailles to discuss the met in Versailles to discuss the peace treaty. peace treaty. Which country is missing?Which country is missing?

Wilson wanted the peace settled around Wilson wanted the peace settled around his 14 points which centered around his 14 points which centered around self-determination & League of Nations.self-determination & League of Nations.


The Big FourThe Big Four


The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles (quicksand peace)(quicksand peace)

League of NationsLeague of Nations• international peace international peace

organization; Germany & organization; Germany & Russia excludedRussia excluded

Territorial LossesTerritorial Losses• Germany returns Alsace-Germany returns Alsace-

Loraine; Fr. Border Loraine; Fr. Border extended.extended.

• Germany surrenders its Germany surrenders its colonies.colonies.

• Italy does not get what it Italy does not get what it was promised by England was promised by England and France.and France.

Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions• Germany’s military reduced; Germany’s military reduced;

prohibited from making war prohibited from making war materials; can not build materials; can not build submarines or have an air submarines or have an air forceforce

• Germany cannot have troops Germany cannot have troops in the Rhineland (France in the Rhineland (France does not get it for itselfdoes not get it for itself

War GuiltWar Guilt• Germany accepts Germany accepts

responsibility & must pay war responsibility & must pay war reparations.reparations.


Europe after World War IEurope after World War I


Causes & Effects of WWICauses & Effects of WWI CausesCauses

• nationalism, nationalism, imperialism,militarisimperialism,militarism & tangled m & tangled alliances which alliances which divided Europedivided Europe

• assassination of assassination of Franz FerdinandFranz Ferdinand

• supporting allies supporting allies required involvementrequired involvement

EffectsEffects• a generation killed a generation killed • end of dynastiesend of dynasties• new countries creatednew countries created• League of Nations League of Nations

establishedestablished• nations feel bitter & nations feel bitter &

betrayedbetrayed• certain causes remaincertain causes remain

photos courtesy of chapter 29 – world war i (1914-1918) the war to end all wars

Documents

photos courtesy of

nationalism slide

imperialism slide

militarism slide

wars slide

nationalism devotion

world war

rise of nationalism