The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

Phylogeography of the cosmopolitan genusMyotis (Chiroptera) using model-based

Phylogeography of the cosmopolitan genusMyotis (Chiroptera) using model-based

Presented by: Yann Gager

Supervised by: Emmanuel Douzery (University of Montpellier 2 - France)

Manuel Ruedi (Museum of Geneva - Switzerland)

using model-basedreconstructions

using model-basedreconstructions

1 - The genus Myotis

The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

1 - The genus Myotis

• Global distribution (except Antarctica)

1 - The genus Myotis

• Global distribution (except Antarctica)

• More than 100 species described:

2nd most diversified genus of Mammals

1 - The genus Myotis

• Global distribution (except Antarctica)

• More than 100 species described:

2nd most diversified genus of Mammals

• Difficulty differentiating species

on the basis of morphological criteria

1 - The genus Myotis

M. brandtii M. alcathoe M. mystacinus

© Dietz & von Helversen

1 - The genus Myotis

• Phylogeny of Myotis from America

and Africa already known

1 - The genus Myotis

• Phylogeny of Myotis from America

and Africa already known

• Poor knowledge of relationships

of Eurasian Myotisof Eurasian Myotis

1 - The genus Myotis

• Phylogeny of Myotis from America

and Africa already known

• Poor knowledge of relationships

of Eurasian Myotisof Eurasian Myotis

• Incomplete picture of the genus evolution

at a worldwide scale

2 - Aims of the study

The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

2 - Aims of the study

• Important sampling of species

and molecular data

2 - Aims of the study

• Important sampling of species

and molecular data

• Phylogenetic trees of taxa

at a worldwide scaleat a worldwide scale

2 - Aims of the study

• Important sampling of species

and molecular data

• Phylogenetic trees of taxa

at a worldwide scaleat a worldwide scale

• Preliminary to the study

of biogeographic and temporal origins

3 - Samplings

The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

3 - Samplings

• 85 recognised species,

5 new species and 5 outgroups

West Palaearctic

13 species

EastPalaearctic

8

Oriental

Nearctic

17

Ethiopian

6

Oceania

1

Oriental

21

Neotropics

13

West Palaearctic

13 species

EastPalaearctic

8

Oriental

Nearctic

17

Eurasia

Ethiopian

6

Oceania

1

Oriental

21

Neotropics

13

West Palaearctic

13 species

EastPalaearctic

8

Oriental

Nearctic

17

Eurasia

Ethiopian

6

Oceania

1

Oriental

21

Neotropics

13

Africa

West Palaearctic

13 species

EastPalaearctic

8

Oriental

Nearctic

17

Eurasia America

Ethiopian

6

Oceania

1

Oriental

21

Neotropics

13

Africa

3 - Samplings

• 85 recognised species,

5 new species and 5 outgroups

• Compilation & concatenation of 2 genes:

Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)

3 - Samplings

• 85 recognised species,

5 new species and 5 outgroups

• Compilation & concatenation of 2 genes:

Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)Cyt b (mitochondrial) & Rag 2 (nuclear)

• Alignement of 136 Cyt b & 116 Rag 2,

with 164 seq. of GenBank & 88 new seq.

4 -Phylogenetic inferences

The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

4 - Phylogenetic inferences

• Search of phylogram:

Probabilistic approach

- Maximum Likelihood (PAUP*)

- Bayesian Inference (PhyloBayes)- Bayesian Inference (PhyloBayes)

Assesment methods (Nodal support)

« latirostrislineage»

AmericanClade

EthiopianClade

VIVII

EurasianClade

VIIVIII

IX

New speciesNew species

New speciesNew species

New speciesNew species

4 - Phylogenetic inferences

• A new genus for the

« latirostris lineage » ?

Drawing: Ravel et al. 2011

Nyctalodoncy

MyotodoncyMyotis latirostris

5 - Molecular dating

The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

5 - Molecular dating

• Search of chronograms (BEAST) :

- 4 chains of 5.106 generations

- Molecular clock called relaxed

- 18000 trees sampled

Fossil calibrations

Diversification American

Clade: 10.9 ±2.7

My

Colonization Oceania :

4.2 ±1.5 My

5 - Molecular dating

• Search of biogeographic origins:

- Estimate of ancestral character states

with a probabilistic model (Lagrange)

on the final chronogram

Species 1

Species 2

?

Species 3

?

Palaearctic

Oriental region

5 - Molecular dating

• Search of biogeographic origins:

- Estimate of ancestral character states

with a probabilistic model (Lagrange)

on the final chronogram

Species 1

Species 2

Species 3

Palaearctic

Oriental region

5 - Molecular dating

• Search of biogeographic origins:

- Consideration of branch lengths

5 - Molecular dating

• Search of biogeographic origins:

- Consideration of branch lengths

- Area-adjacency matrix

A B

C

DOceanian

E

F

G

A B C D E F G

A 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

B 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

C 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

D 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

E 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

F 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

G 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

5 - Molecular dating

• Search of biogeographic origins:

- Consideration of branch lengths

- Area-adjacency matrix

- Area-dispersal matrix

A B

C

DOceanian

E

F

G

A B C D E F G

A 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

B 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

C 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

D 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

E 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

F 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

G 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

« latirostrislineage»

AmericanClade

EthiopianClade

EurasianClade

C

EurasianClade:

Oriental

C

C

Ethiopian Clade:

Oriental

C

C

Old World Clade:

Oriental

C

Oriental

C

C

C

BAmerican Clade:E. Pal.

C

C

C

B

BC

E. Pal. + Oriental

17.7 ±3.9

My

Oriental

Cradle ofMyotis

17.7 ±3.9

My

Cradle ofMyotis

15.1 ±3.4

My

Cradle ofMyotis

15.1 ±3.4

My

11.1 ±2.7

My

Cradle ofMyotis

15.1 ±3.4

My

10.9 ±2.7

My

?

11.1 ±2.7

My

Cradle ofMyotis

15.1 ±3.4

My

10.9 ±2.7

My

?

5.2 ±1.4

11.1 ±2.7

My

8.3 ±2.1

My

5.2 ±1.4

My

Cradle ofMyotis

15.1 ±3.4

My

10.9 ±2.7

My

?

5.2 ±1.4

11.1 ±2.7

My

8.3 ±2.1

My

5.2 ±1.4

My

4.2 ±1.5

My

6 - Perspectives

The fabulous odyssey of Myotis

6 - Perspectives

• Phylogenies: working basis

for many research !

BiogeographySystematics

ConservationLife-history

traits

Thank you !

QuickTime™ et undécompresseur

sont requis pour visionner cette image.

Merci !© M. König

Order Chiroptera

Jones and Teeling, 2006

Chiroptera

Phylogeography

• Study of the historical processes that may be

responsible for the contemporary geographic

distribution of individuals.

• This is accomplished by considering the• This is accomplished by considering the

geographic distribution of individuals in light

of the patterns associated with a gene

genealogy.

Biogeographic reconstructions

• H0 = without constraints : lnL = 146.8

• H1 = with constraints : lnL = 139.5

Better likelihood with the area-adjacency matrix

and the area-dispersal matrix !and the area-dispersal matrix !

Biogeographic reconstructions

• Relative probabilities for each node

e.g. Node of the Myotis sensu lato:

• E.g. At node X:

• split lnL Rel.Prob

• [BC|C] -141.2 0.7381 • [BC|C] -141.2 0.7381

• [C|C] -143.6 0.06645

• [B|C] -144 0.04323

• [A|C] -144.5 0.02802

• [AB|A] -144.5 0.02596

• [AB|B] -144.6 0.02476

• [AC|C] -145 0.01643

• [BC|B] -145.5 0.009844

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

P ,MP ,M

• Nucleotidic model of evolution:

- General Time Reversible (GTR)

- Gamma distribution of the variation rate (ΓΓΓΓ)

- Proportion of invariant sites (INV)

GTR + Γ + INV

• Base frequencies ∏, substitution rates (from

a to f) and branch lengths

A C G T

A - a∏C b∏G c∏T

C a∏A - d∏G e∏T

G b∏A d∏C - f∏T

T c∏A e∏C f∏G -