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Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University

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Page 1: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Physical Eye Examination

Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD

Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol Universityp , y

Page 2: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

OutlineOutline• Visual acuity (VA) testing

– Distant VA test– Pinhole test– Near VA test

• Visual field testing• Record and interpretations• Record and interpretations

Page 3: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

OutlineOutline • Penlight examination• Swinging penlight testg g p g• Direct ophthalmoscopy

– Red reflex examinationRed reflex examination• Schiotz tonometry

R d d i t t ti• Record and interpretations

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Conjunctiva, Sclera Retina

Cornea

Retinal blood vesselsIris

Pupil Fovea

Retinal blood vessels

Pupil

A t i h bAnterior chamber

Aqueous humorVitreous

Lens Optic nerveLens

Trabecular meshwork

Optic nerve

Ciliary body Choriod and RPE

Page 5: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Function evaluationFunction evaluation• Visual function

– Visual acuity test– Visual field test– Refraction

• Motility function

Page 6: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Anatomical evaluationAnatomical evaluation

Page 7: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Visual acuity testVisual acuity test• Distant VA test• Near VA test

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Distance VA testDistance VA test

Snellen’s chart

• 20 ฟต หรอ 6 เมตร• วดทละขาง ตาขวากอนตาซาย

• อานทละตา แถวบนลงลางอานทละตา แถวบนลงลาง

• บนทกแถวลางสดทอานได

Page 9: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Pinhole testPinhole test

VA with pinhole (PH)

Page 10: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Refractive errorRefractive errort iemmetropia

myopia hyperopiahyperopia y p hyperopiahyperopia

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VA recordVA record

20/200

ผปวยสามารถอานตวเลขทม

ขนาดใหญพอทคนปกตขนาดใหญพอทคนปกต

สามารถอานไดจากทระยะ

200 ฟต แตผปวยอานไดจาก200 ฟต แตผปวยอานไดจาก

ทระยะ 20 ฟต

20/20

Page 12: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Distance VA testDistance VA test ไ ไ h t ไ • ถาอานแถวบนสดไมได ใหเดนเขาใกล chart ทละกาวจนอานได

(10/200, 5/200)• Counting finger 2ft - 1ft - 1/2ft• Hand motionHand motion• Light projection

Light perception• Light perception• No light perception (NLP)

Page 13: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

ETDRS ChartETDRS Chart

Most accurate

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Illiterate E chartIlliterate E chart

For children age ≥ 3.5 year

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Near VA testNear VA testNear chartNear chart

•14 33 •14 นว หรอ 33 เซนตเมตร• วดทละขาง ตาขวากอนตาซาย

• อานทละตา แถวบนลงลาง

• บนทกแถวลางสดทอานได

• Age ≥ 40 years• Decrease in accommodation• Decrease in accommodation• Decreased near vision• “Presbyopia”• Presbyopia”

Page 16: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Example 1Example 1

OD OS

VA 20/200 20/200

VA with PH 20/40 20/80VA with PH 20/40 20/80

VA with glasses 20/20 20/20

Refractive error

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Example 2Example 2

OD OS

VA HM CF 1 foot

VA with PH HM 20/200VA with PH HM 20/200

VA with glasses HM 20/100

VA with glasses, PH HM 20/40

Non-refractive error RE

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Visual field (VF) testVisual field (VF) test

Page 19: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

VF examinationVF examination• Confrontation field• Goldmann Kinetic Perimetry

1y

• Humphrey Computerized Visual Fieldนงเผชญหนากบผปวย หางกนประมาณ 1 เมตรตรวจตาทละขาง ทงผปวยและผตรวจตองหลบตาขางทไมไดตรวจ

ใชตาขวาของเรา ตรวจตาซายของคนไข

ใชตาซายของเรา ตรวจตาขวาของคนไขใชตาซายของเรา ตรวจตาขวาของคนไข

ยนมอใหระยะระหวางมอและเรา เทาๆกบระยะระหวางมอและคนไข

ถามใหคนไขตอบวา เหนเราขยบมอขางไหน และใหคนไขชถามใหคนไขตอบวา เหนเราขยบมอขางไหน และใหคนไขช

สมตรวจทงสทศทางของลานสายตา

Page 20: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi
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Normal visual fieldNormal visual field

abnormal

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Penlight examinationPenlight examination• Ocular adnexa• Conjunctiva• Sclera• Cornea• Cornea• Anterior chamber• Iris• Pupil• Lens

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Ocular AdnexaOcular Adnexa

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ConjunctivaConjunctiva

T l/ P l b l tTarsal/ Palpebral part

Forniceal part

Bulbar part

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CorneaCornea • Clarity : can see iris details easily

(clear anterior chamber)( )• Contour : almost round• Smoothness: corneal light reflex• Smoothness: corneal light reflex

Page 27: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Normal corneaNormal cornea

10-11 mm

11 12 mm11-12 mm

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Normal contour

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External AppearanceExternal Appearance

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Eyelids & LashesEyelids & Lashes

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Eyelids & LashesEyelids & Lashes

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Eyelids & LashesEyelids & Lashes

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Eyelids & LashesEyelids & Lashes

Page 34: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Fine papillary reaction of palpebral conjunctiva

Page 35: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Giant papillary reaction of palpebral conjunctiva

Page 36: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Follicular reaction of palpebral conjunctiva

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Pterygium

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Advanced pterygium

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Subconjunctival hemorrhagej g

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Petechial hemorrhage in viral conjunctivitisg j

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Scleral necrosis

Calcium plaque

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Infectious keratitis

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Corneal degeneration

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Corneal scar

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Keratoconus

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Anterior chamberAnterior chamber• Clarity

– Clear– Opacity

• Blood in anterior chamber• Pus in anterior chamber

• Depth• Depth– Shallow

D– Deep

Page 47: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Normal anterior chamberNormal anterior chamber

Page 48: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Anterior chamber opacityAnterior chamber opacity

Hyphema Hypopyon Hyphema yp py

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Anterior chamber depthAnterior chamber depth

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IrisIris • Color• Color

– Black, brown, blue, green, hazel• Shape • Nodule, mass

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Iris atrophyIris atrophy

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Iris nodulesIris nodules

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PupilPupil • Size

– Using pupillary gauge: 3 mm, 5 mm, ….– Eqality

• Shape: round, oval, keyholeShape: round, oval, keyhole• Location: central, eccentric• Reaction to light (RTL)• Reaction to light (RTL)

– SRTL (sluggish RTL), NRTL (non RTL)– Relatively afferent pupillary defect: RAPD

Page 55: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Light reflexLight reflex

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LensLens

Normal lens

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Congenital cataractg

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Sutural cataractSutural cataract

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Senile cataract

Cortical cataract Mature cataractCortical cataract Mature cataract

Page 61: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Swinging penlight testSwinging penlight test• Direct response• Consensual response• Test optic nerve function

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Marcus Gunn PupilMarcus Gunn Pupil• Present in

– Optic nerve diseases– Extensive retinal diseases

• Absent inOcular media opacity only– Ocular media opacity only

• Corneal scarCataract• Cataract

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Posterior segmentPosterior segment• Vitreous• Retina• Choroid• Optic nerve head• Optic nerve head• Vascular supply

Page 64: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Direct ophthalmoscopeDirect ophthalmoscope

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Direct ophthalmoscopyDirect ophthalmoscopyใ hth l f dการใช ophthalmoscope เพอตรวจด fundus

- หมนหว ophthalmoscope เขากบดามถอทมถานบรรจอ p p

- หมน rheostat เปดไฟสวางตามตองการ ป - เขาทางดานขวาของผปวยเพอตรวจตาขวา

- ถอเครองมอดวยมอขวาและดดวยตาขวา

- ใหผปวยมองทไกล

ทามมประมาณ 15 องศากบแนวมองผปวย- ทามมประมาณ 15 องศากบแนวมองผปวย

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Red reflexRed reflex

1-2 feet

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Red reflex

Direct visualization

Page 68: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Senile cataractSenile cataract

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Childhood cataractChildhood cataract

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Abnormal red reflexAbnormal red reflex

White pupil (leukocoria)

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RetinoblastomaRetinoblastoma

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Direct ophthalmoscopyDirect ophthalmoscopy

Optic nerve head

Page 72: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Normal optic discNormal optic disc

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Direct ophthalmoscopyDirect ophthalmoscopyF i diFocus ใหเหน optic disc

- ปรบไปทาง + (สดา) ถาสายตายาวArteriole

ปรบไปทาง (สดา) ถาสายตายาว- ปรบไปทาง – (สแดง) ถาสายตาสน

Focus disc ใหชดไลตามเสนเลอด- Venule เสนใหญกวา สคลากวาe u e ญ

- Arteriole เสนเลกกวา สออนกวา

A V ti 2 3- A:V ratio = 2:3Venule

Page 74: Physical Eye Examinationmed.mahidol.ac.th/eye/sites/default/files/public/presentation... · Physical Eye Examination Kaevalin Lekhanont, MD Department of Ophthalmology Ramathibodi

Direct ophthalmoscopyDirect ophthalmoscopy ใหผปวยมองขนเพอตรวจ fundus ดานบน

ใหผปวยมองลงเพอตรวจ fundus ดานลางใหผปวยมองลงเพอตรวจ fundus ดานลาง

ใหผปวยมองขวาเพอตรวจ fundus ดานนอก

ใหผปวยมองซายเพอตรวจ fundus ดานใน

ตรวจตาซายดวยหลกเกณฑเดยวกนตรวจตาซายดวยหลกเกณฑเดยวกน

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Macular examinationMacular examinationF di ใ Focus disc ใหชดmacula อย temporal ตอ optic disc 1.5 – 2 DDตรวจโดยเบยงแสงจากดานนอกเขามาดานในใหตรงกบ visual axis ของผปวย

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RecordRecord • Optic disc• Blood vessels• Retinal background• Macula• Macula

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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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QuickTime™ and a

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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Intraocular pressureIntraocular pressure measurement

Indentation tonometry - Schiotz tonometerApplanation tonometry - Goldmann tonometerApplanation tonometry Goldmann tonometer

หลกการของ indentation คอหลกการของ indentation คอ

- เปนการวดปรมาณกระจกตาทถกกดดวยคานาหนกทกาหนด

- ปรมาณกระจกตาทถกกดจะแปรตามคานาหนกทกาหนด และ- ปรมาณกระจกตาทถกกดจะแปรตามคานาหนกทกาหนด และ

แปรผกผนกบคาความดนลกตา

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Schiotz tonometerSchiotz tonometer

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Schiotz tonometrySchiotz tonometryDifferential tonometry is recommended with 5.5 and 10 grams weightTechnique of measurement is important

RelaxationStaring gazePerpendicular placementPerpendicular placement Proper manipulation of eyelids

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Normal IOP = 6 21 mm HgNormal IOP = 6-21 mm Hg

• High IOPGla coma

• Low IOPRetinal detachment– Glaucoma

– Uveitis– Retinal detachment– Choroidal detachment– Ciliary body shutdown– UveitisUveitis

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QuestionsQuestions

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Thank you