OGT REVIEW DAY 2Physical Science

Physical Science Topics

Atoms & Molecules (Periodic Table) Conservation of Matter Physical and Chemical properties Physical and Chemical Changes Conservation of Energy Motion & Forces (Newtons Laws)

Atom Structure Activity

In the atom there are three Sub atomic particles:

1.) Protons2.) Neutrons3.) ElectronsOn your paper label these subatomic

particles in the atom.

Atoms and the Periodic Table

Atomic Structure Simulation

Atoms and the Periodic Table Continued…

Element Symbol

Atomic Number-Number of Protons in the atom- Number of electrons in the atom

Atomic Mass-Mass of the atom

**To find the # of neutrons in an atom subtract the atomic number from this number.

Atom Charges

Atoms of the elements on the periodic table are naturally neutral.

- Neutral: No Charge (0)- Ion: When an atom has a positive or

negative charge due to the loss or gain of electrons

**Atoms gain and lose electrons as a result of chemical reactions.

The Role of Neutrons

Neutrons are the particle that stabilizes an atom.

- Watch what happens when you have more than 1 proton in the nucleus without any neutrons.

Why do you think the nucleus is unstable without any neutrons?

Neutrons Continued…

A neutral Helium atom from the periodic table has 2 protons/electrons and 2 neutrons

What do you think will happen if I add another neutron? What changes?

The atom’s mass changes when you add neutrons which results in an unstable atom that is often times considered radioactive.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

Isotope Example

Boron-10 (Mass #) Boron-11 (Mass #)

5 Protons 5 Electrons 5 Neutrons

5 Protons 5 Electrons 6 Neutrons

Physical vs. Chemical

Watch the following paper demonstrations and determine which is an example of a chemical change, and which is an example of a physical change.

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

Appearance- Color- Solid, Liquid, or Gas- Shape- Mass

Behavior- What does it do?- Magnetism

Flammability

Anything that allows a material to undergo a chemical reaction.

*** Anything containing the word REACTION or REACT refers to a chemical change!

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Physical Change Chemical Change

Ask yourself:

Can I transform it back into its original form?

If the answer is YES, it is a PHYSCIAL CHANGE.

Ask yourself:

Can I transform it back into its original form?

If the answer is NO, it is a CHEMICAL CHANGE.

Physical or Chemical?

Decide whether each example is a physical or chemical change.

- An ice cube melting - Eating and digesting food - A haircut - Formation of rust

Chemical Reactions Chemical Bonds

Q: Why do some atoms bond easily while others do not bond at all?

A: It depends on the number of electrons in an atoms outermost shell

Q: Why do atoms need to bond?

A: Stability

Eight is Great

The goal of all atoms is to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell.

8 is great because 8 electrons = Stable

Q: How do you know how many electrons are in an element’s outermost shell?

A: The way elements are grouped on the periodic table.

Periodic Table and Valence ElectronsGroup 1 = 1

Valence ElectronGroup 2 =

2 Valence

Electrons Group 3 =

3 Valence

Electrons

Group

4

= 4

Va

lenc

e

Elec

tron

s

Fusion vs. Fission

Fusion and Fission are a different type of chemical reaction that releases a great deal of energy.

Fusion: When two nuclei combine. Fission: When one nucleus splits

into two.

Properties of Matter: The Periodic Table There are three categories of

elements on the Periodic Table1.) Metals2.) Nonmetals3.) Metalloids Each of these have specific properties Questions will often ask you to

categorize an unknown material based on these properties.

Example

Which of these elements would most likely be a shiny, gray-colored solid at room temperature, conduct electricity, and dent when you hit it with a hammer?

A. AluminumB. ArgonC. ChlorineD. Sulfur

Periodic Table Practice

Using your blank periodic table, label your groups 1-8

Put an “X” by the groups that will definately bond

Put a dot by the groups that will probably bond

Put a star by the one group that will not bond at all

***Remember 8 is great!

Conservation

In physical science there is a theme of conservation.

Conservation simply means that nothing is created nor destroyed

There are laws for the conservation of energy and the conservation of mass.

**Think back to the paper change demonstration. Was there less matter when the paper was burned?

Conservation of Energy

Energy, like mass, is neither created or destroyed, it simply transfers into various forms.

Energy Skate Park Simulation

Newton’s Laws

Newton’s 1st Law

Newton’s 2nd Law

Newton’s 3rd Law

A: F=MA

B: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

C: An object in motion remains in motion until acted upon by an outside force.

Newton’s Laws Answers

An object in motion remains in motion until acted upon by an outside force (inertia).

Newton’s 1st Law

F=MA (Force = Mass X Acceleration)Newton’s 2nd Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s 3rd Law

Newton’s Laws Examples

See if you can identify which of Newton’s laws is at work in each of these examples.

Rocket Launch

Car Crash

Easily Confused Terms

Speed Velocity

How fast an object moves

Measured in:

- Meters per second (m/s)

- Kilometers per hour (km/h)

How fast an object moves AND ITS DIRECTION!!!

Also measured in:

- Meters per second (m/s)

- Kilometers per hour (km/h)

Easily Confused Terms Cont…Speed Acceleration

How fast an object moves

Measured in:

- Meters per second (m/s)

- Kilometers per hour (km/h)

The amount of CHANGE in an object’s speed

Acceleration includes: changing direction, slowing down, and speeding up.

Measured in:

- Meters per second per second (m/s/s or m/s²)

Easily Confused Terms Cont…Mass Weight

How much material an object is made of

Weight on different planets

How much the force of gravity on mass

Practice Test Questions

Answer the practice test questions over

1.) Atoms & Molecules (Periodic Table)2.) Conservation of Matter3.) Physical and Chemical properties4.) Physical and Chemical Changes5.) Conservation of Energy6.) Motion & Forces (Newtons Laws)