physical sciences grade 12 term 4 revision booklet

PHYSICAL SCIENCESGrade 12TERM 4Revision BookletTARGETED SUPPORT

Gr12_T4-PhysicalScience_Revision_Book.indb 1 2019/05/31 1:03:51 PM

Contents

Electrochemistry 6

Organic Reactions 16

Flow Diagram 31


A Message from the NECTNational Education Collaboration Trust (NECT)

Dear TeachersThis learning programme and training is provided by the National Education Collaboration Trust (NECT) on behalf of the Department of Basic Education (DBE)! We hope that this programme provides you with additional skills, methodologies and content knowledge that you can use to teach your learners more effectively.

What is NECT?In 2012 our government launched the National Development Plan (NDP) as a way to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by the year 2030. Improving education is an important goal in the NDP which states that 90% of learners will pass Maths, Science and languages with at least 50% by 2030. This is a very ambitious goal for the DBE to achieve on its own, so the NECT was established in 2015 to assist in improving education and to help the DBE reach the NDP goals.

The NECT has successfully brought together groups of relevant people so that we can work collaboratively to improve education. These groups include the teacher unions, businesses, religious groups, trusts, foundations and NGOs.

What are the Learning programmes?One of the programmes that the NECT implements on behalf of the DBE is the ‘District Development Programme’. This programme works directly with district officials, principals, teachers, parents and learners; you are all part of this programme!

The programme began in 2015 with a small group of schools called the Fresh Start Schools (FSS). Curriculum learning programmes were developed for Maths, Science and Language teachers in FSS who received training and support on their implementation. The FSS teachers remain part of the programme, and we encourage them to mentor and share their experience with other teachers.

The FSS helped the DBE trial the NECT learning programmes so that they could be improved and used by many more teachers. NECT has already begun this embedding process.

Everyone using the learning programmes comes from one of these groups; but you are now brought together in the spirit of collaboration that defines the manner in which the NECT works. Teachers with more experience using the learning programmes will deepen their knowledge and understanding, while some teachers will be experiencing the learning programmes for the first time.

Let’s work together constructively in the spirit of collaboration so that we can help South Africa eliminate poverty and improve education!

www.nect.org.za


REVISION EXERCISES


REVISION BOOKLET

6 Grade 12 Physical Sciences

(heading)

ElectrochemistryMEMBRANE CELL

Provide labels for the diagram below.

Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the anode.

Anode: _________________________________________________________________

• The Na+ ions move through the membrane into the cathode compartment.

Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode.

Cathode: _________________________________________________________________

• The Na+ ions in the cathode compartment combine with the OH- ions that are the product of the reduction half reaction. Write an equation to represent this.

_________________________________________________________________________


Term 4 7

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

REVISION

• The membrane is selective to positive ions only, therefore:• no OH- ions pass back into the anode compartment. If they did, they would

undergo oxidation at the anode and O2 (g) would be formed there, contaminating the production of Cl2 (g).

• no Cl- ions pass into the cathode compartment. Therefore, no production of NaCl to mix with the NaOH.

ADVANTAGES:List two advantages of the membrane cell.

• •

DISADVANTAGES:• Membranes are expensive.• High purity brine is required.

USES OF PRODUCTS

HYDROGEN (H2)• making ammonia in the Haber process (NH3).• making margarine.

CHLORINE (Cl2)• • • • • • •

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)• making soap.• making paper.• making ceramics.


REVISION BOOKLET


RECOVERY OF ALUMINIUM FROM BAUXITE

Provide labels for the diagram below.

_____________________________________________________________ (heading)

• Raw material = Bauxite. Write equations to show how bauxite becomes pure alumina._________________________________________________________________________

• Cryolite is added to the alumina to lower its melting point. Write the equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode. Cathode: ______________________________________________________________

• Molten aluminium is formed at the bottom of the compartment. Write the equation for the reaction occurring at the anode. Anode: _______________________________________________________________


Term 4 9

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

REVISION

• O2 bubbles form at the anodes, that then react with the graphite (C) anode. Write the equation for this additional reaction occurring at the anodes. ______________________________________________________________________

This reaction between the O2 and the graphite anode is undesirable because:

a. it produces the greenhouse gas CO2, that contributes to global warming.

b. it corrodes the graphite anodes, causing them to need replacing.

Write the net ionic reaction and overall net cell reaction.

Net ionic reaction: _________________________________________________________

Net reaction: _____________________________________________________________

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:List three environmental issues.

• • •

USES OF ALUMINIUM:• cans.• ‘tin’ foil.• window frames.• aeroplane parts.


REVISION BOOKLET


Highlight the relevant reactions for the two electrolytic cells above.


Term 4 11

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

*High Purity*Anode Cathode

BrineNaCl (aq)

NaOH (aq)

BrineConcentrator

Selective membrane(+ve ions only) Pure water

Cl2 (g)

Cl−

Cl−OH−

Na+

H2O

Na+ Na+

H2 (g)

REVISION

MARKING GUIDELINES

MEMBRANE CELL

THE MEMBRANE CELL

Anode: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- (oxidation half reaction)

• The Na+ ions move through the membrane into the cathode compartment.

Cathode: 2H2O + 2e- → 2OH- + H2 (reduction half reaction)

• The Na+ ions in the cathode compartment combine with the OH- ions that are the product of the reduction half reaction.

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) → NaOH (aq)

• The membrane is selective to positive ions only, therefore:• no OH− ions pass back into the anode compartment. If they did, they would

undergo oxidation at the anode and O2 (g) would be formed there, contaminating the production of Cl2 (g).

• no Cl− ions pass into the cathode compartment. Therefore, no production of NaCl to mix with the NaOH.


REVISION BOOKLET


ADVANTAGES:• financially viable – lower total energy consumption than other methods.• high purity of NaOH.

DISADVANTAGES:• membranes are expensive.• high purity brine is required.

USES OF PRODUCTS

HYDROGEN (H2)• making ammonia in the Haber process (NH3).• making margarine.

CHLORINE (Cl2)• killing bacteria in drinking water.• killing bacteria in swimming pools.• making bleach.• making disinfectants.• making hydrochloric acid (HCl).• making PVC.• making CFC’s - limited production.

SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)• making soap.• making paper.• making ceramics.


Term 4 13

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Gra

phite

ca

thod

e (-)

Alum

ina

(Al 2O

3)di

ssol

ved

in m

olte

n cr

yolit

e

Mol

ten

Al

Al3+

O2-

Gra

phite

an

ode

(+)

CO2 (

g)- - - -

--

--

-----

RECO

VERY

OF

ALU

MIN

IUM

FRO

M A

LUM

INA

REVISION

RECOVERY OF ALUMINIUM FROM BAUXITE


REVISION BOOKLET


• Raw material = Bauxite. Bauxite (impure Al2O3) NaOH Al(OH)3 (aq) 1 000°C Al2O3 (pure alumina)

• Cryolite is added to the alumina to lower its melting point. Cathode: Al3+ + 3e- → Al (x4) (reduction half reaction)

• Molten aluminium is formed at the bottom of the compartment. Anode: 2O2- → O2 + 4e- (x3) (oxidation half reaction) **Not on data sheet**

• O2 bubbles form at the anode, that then react with the graphite (C) anode: Additional reaction: C + O2 → CO2

This reaction between the O2 and the graphite anode is undesirable because:

a. it produces the greenhouse gas CO2, that contributes to global warming.

b. it corrodes the graphite anodes, causing them to need replacing.

Net ionic reaction: 4Al3+ + 6O2- → 4Al + 3O2

Net reaction: 2Al2 O3 → 4Al + 3O2

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:• uses a large amount of electricity. This burns fossil fuels.• CO2 – greenhouse gas – global warming.• left over material gets pumped into rivers – red mud – kills plants and fish.

USES OF ALUMINIUM:• cans.• ‘tin’ foil.• window frames.• aeroplane parts.


Term 4 15

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

REVISION


REVISION BOOKLET


Organic ReactionsSUBSTITUTION REACTIONS

• This is a reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another.• Saturated compounds undergo substitution reactions.• 2 reactants → 2 products.

A. ALKANES TO HALOALKANES

Reaction conditions:• UV light or heat.

Complete the example below using a word equation, structural formulae and then molecular formulae.

e.g. methane + chlorine → ___________________ + ________________

B. HALOALKANES TO ALCOHOLS

Reaction conditions:• Heat under reflux in an aqueous alkali solution of KOH(aq) or NaOH(aq).


e.g. bromoethane + potassium hydroxide → ________________ + ____________

C. ALCOHOLS TO HALOALKANES

Reaction conditions:• High temperatures.


e.g. ethanol + potassium bromide → _________________ + ________________


Term 4 17

ORGANIC REACTIONS

REVISION

ADDITION REACTIONS

• This is a reaction that involves the adding of atoms to a compound as a result of the breaking of a double/triple bond.

• Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reactions.• 2 reactants → 1 product.

A. HYDROGENATION (ADDING OF ________________)

Reaction conditions:• alkene dissolved in a non-polar solvent.• catalyst Pt, Pd, Ni in a hydrogen atmosphere.


e.g. ethene + hydrogen → _____________

B. HALOGENATION (ADDING OF _________________________)

Reaction conditions:• room temperature.


e.g. propene + bromine → ____________________

N.B. This reaction can be used as a test for ___________________. Describe the test below. _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


REVISION BOOKLET


C. HYDROHALOGENATION (ADDING OF ________________ AND ________________)

Reaction conditions:• no water may be present.


e.g. ethene + hydrogen chloride → __________________________

D. HYDRATION (ADDING OF ____________)

Reaction conditions:• steam.• catalyst. e.g. H3PO4.• high pressure (60 atm).


e.g. propene + steam → _________________________


Term 4 19

ORGANIC REACTIONS

REVISION

ELIMINATION REACTIONS

• This reaction involves the removal of atoms from a compound as a result of the formation of a double/triple bond.

• Saturated compounds undergo elimination reactions.• 1 reactants → 2 products.

A. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS (REMOVAL OF ____________)

Reaction conditions:• heating of alcohol with H2SO4 or H3PO4 (dehydrating agents).


e.g. ethanol → ____________ + _____________

B. DEHYDROHALOGENATION (REMOVAL OF ____________ AND ______________)

Reaction conditions:• hot, concentrated solution of NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent i.e. hot ethanolic

KOH or NaOH.Complete the example below using a word equation, structural formulae and then molecular formulae.

e.g. bromoethane → _________________ + ________________

C. CRACKING

Reaction conditions:• Thermal cracking – high pressures and temperatures. No catalyst.• Catalytic cracking – lower temperatures and pressures. Catalyst.


REVISION BOOKLET


COMBUSTION REACTIONS

Because they contain such a high carbon percentage, all organic compounds undergo combustion (burning) easily.

GENERAL EQUATION:organic compound + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

X + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Hint: Balance the elements in this order: C, then H, then O.

e.g. Combustion of propane.

_________________________________________________________________________

e.g. Combustion of ethanol.

_________________________________________________________________________

e.g. Combustion of butane.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

e.g. Combustion of hexane.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

N.B. Alkanes burn with a cleaner flame than their corresponding alkene. Prove this by comparing the percentage of carbon per molecule of each.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________


Term 4 21

ORGANIC REACTIONS

REVISION

ESTERIFICATION REACTIONS

• Esters are known for their pleasant, characteristic smells. Therefore they are used for perfumes, shampoos, milkshake flavours etc.

• The reaction requires the presence of concentrated H2SO4 (sulfuric acid). It acts as:• a catalyst.• a dehydrating agent.

GENERAL EQUATION:alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

Naming an ester:

_________yl________anoate

No of C’s in No of C’s in

alcohol carboxylic acid

For all the examples below, complete the word equation and then write the equation using structural formulae.

e.g. methanol + ethanoic acid → __________________ + _______________

e.g. ethanol + propanoic acid → __________________ + ________________

e.g. _______________ + _________________ → propylethanoate + ___________

e.g. Draw the structural formulae for:

1. ethylbutanoate.

2. butylpropanoate.


REVISION BOOKLET


ISOMERS

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

1. Chain isomers Isomers are formed by the creation of branching chains. e.g. Draw structural formulae for all the chain isomers of C6H14.

2. Positional isomers Isomers that are formed by moving the position of a functional group. Draw structural formulae for all the positional isomers below.

e.g. Positional isomers of C4H8.

e.g. Positional isomers of C3H7OH.

e.g. Positional isomers of C3H6O2.

3. Functional group isomers Isomers that belong to different homologous series. Draw structural formulae for all the functional group isomers.

e.g. Functional group isomers of C3H6O.

e.g. Functional group isomers of C3H6O2.


Term 4 23

ORGANIC REACTIONS

H–C–H + Cl–Cl Δ→ H–C–Cl + HCl

H H

H H

– –

– –CH4 + Cl2

Δ→ CH3Cl + HCl

H–C–C–O–H + K–Br Δ→ H–C–C–Br + K–O–H

H H H H

H H H H

– – – –

– – – –

C2H5OH + KBr Δ→ C2H5Br + KOH

Δ

C2H5Br + KOH Δ→ C2H5OH + KBr

H–C–C–Br + K–O–H Δ→ H–C–C–O–H + K–Br

H H H H

H H H H

– – – –

– – – –

Δ

REVISION

MARKING GUIDELINES

SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS

• This is a reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another.• Saturated compounds undergo substitution reactions.• 2 reactants → 2 products.

A. ALKANES TO HALOALKANES

Reaction conditions:• UV light or heat.

e.g. methane + chlorine → chloromethane + hydrogen chloride

B. HALOALKANES TO ALCOHOLS (HYDROLYSIS)

Reaction conditions:• Heat under reflux in an aqueous alkali solution of KOH (aq) or NaOH (aq).

e.g. bromoethane + potassium hydroxide → ethanol + potassium bromide

Note: Water can be used instead of the base but the reaction will be very slow.

C. ALCOHOLS TO HALOALKANES

Reaction conditions:• High temperatures.

e.g. ethanol + potassium bromide → bromoethane + potassium hydroxide

Δ


REVISION BOOKLET


H–C=C–C–H + Br–Br → H–C–C–C–H

H H H HH H

H HBr Br– – – –– –

– –– –

C3H6 + Br2 → C3H6Br2

H–C=C–H + H–H Pt→ H–C–C–H

H H H H

H H

– – – –– –

C2H4 + H2 Pt→ C2H6

Pt

ADDITION REACTIONS

• This is a reaction that involves the adding of atoms to a compound as a result of the breaking of a double/triple bond.

• Unsaturated compounds undergo addition reactions.• 2 reactants → 1 product.

A. HYDROGENATION (ADDING OF HYDROGEN) (H2)

Reaction conditions:• alkene dissolved in a non-polar solvent.• catalyst Pt, Pd, Ni in an hydrogen atmosphere.

e.g. ethene + hydrogen → ethane

B. HALOGENATION (ADDING OF A HALOGEN (Cl2, Br2, I2 ))

Reaction conditions:• Room temperature.

e.g. propene + bromine → 1, 2 dibromopropane

N.B. This reaction can be used as a test for: unsaturation. Br2 added to any unsaturated compound readily undergoes addition.

Orange/brown colour of Br2 goes colourless.

Orange colour remains if added to a saturated compound.


Term 4 25

ORGANIC REACTIONS

H3PO4

60atm

H3PO4

60atmH–C=C–C–H + H–O–H → H–C–C–C–H

H H H H H H

H OH

H H

– – – – – –

– ––

– –

**NB

C3H6 + H2O → C3H7OH

H3PO4

60atm

H–C=C–H + H–Cl → H–C–C–H

H H H H

H Cl

– – – –– –

C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl

REVISION

C. HYDROHALOGENATION (ADDING OF HYDROGEN AND A HALOGEN)

Reaction conditions:• No water may be present. (During addition of HX to unsaturated hydrocarbons, the H

atom attaches to the C atom already having the greater number of H atoms. The X atom attaches to the more substituted C atom).e.g. ethene + hydrogen chloride → chloroethane

D. HYDRATION (ADDING OF WATER, FORMS AN ALCOHOL)

Reaction conditions:• steam.• catalyst e.g. H3PO4.• high pressure (60 atm).

(During addition of H2O to unsaturated hydrocarbons, the H atom attaches to the C atom already having the greater number of H atoms. The OH group attaches to the more substituted C-atom).

e.g. propene + steam → propan-2-ol


REVISION BOOKLET


H–C–C–O–H H2SO4→ C=C + O–H

H H H H

H H H H H

– – – –

– – – – –

H2SO4C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O

H2SO4

H–C–C–Br NaOH

in ethanol→ C=C + H–Br

H H H H

H H H H

– – – –

– – – –

C2H5Br NaOH

in ethanol→ C2H4 + HBr

ELIMINATION REACTIONS

• This reaction involves the removal of atoms from a compound as a result of the formation of a double/triple bond.

• Saturated compounds undergo addition reactions.• 1 reactants → 2 products.

A. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS (REMOVAL OF WATER)

Reaction conditions:• Heating of alcohol with H2SO4 or H3PO4 (dehydrating agents).

• e.g. ethanol → ethene + water

B. DEHYDROHALOGENATION (REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN AND A HALOGEN)

Reaction conditions:• hot, concentrated solution of NaOH or KOH in an ethanol solvent.(If more than one elimination product is possible, the major product is the one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H atoms).

e.g. bromoethane → ethene + hydrogen bromide

C. CRACKING

Reaction conditions:• thermal cracking – high pressures and temperatures. No catalyst.• catalytic cracking – lower temperatures and pressures. Catalyst.

NaOHin ethanol


Term 4 27

ORGANIC REACTIONS

106 4

7

4 3

13

8 5

19

12 7

REVISION

COMBUSTION REACTIONS

Because they contain such a high carbon percentage, all organic compounds undergo combustion (burning) easily.

GENERAL EQUATION:organic compound + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

X + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Hint: Balance the elements in this order: C, then H, then O.

e.g. Combustion of propane.

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

e.g. Combustion of ethanol.

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

e.g. Combustion of butane.

(x2) C4H10 + 213 O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O

2C4H10 +13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O

e.g. Combustion of hexane.

(x2) C6H14 + 219 O2 → 6CO2 + 7H2O

2C6H14 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O

N.B. Alkanes burn with a cleaner flame than their corresponding alkene. Prove this by comparing the percentage of carbon per molecule of each.

Ethane: C2H6 Ethene: C2H4

% C = 3024 × 100 % C = 28

24 × 100

= 80% = 85,71%

The higher carbon content of ethene means a sootier flame.


REVISION BOOKLET


= =O O

H

–

=O =OH H

H

HH conc H2SO4

H H HH– –

–

––

– – ––H–C–O–H + H–O–C–C–H → H–C–O–C–C–H + O–H

=O =OH H HHH H HH conc H2SO4

H H HHH H HH

– – ––– – ––

–– – ––– – ––H–C–C–O–H + H–O–C–C–C–H → H–C–C–O–C–C–C–H + O–H

=O =OH HH HH HH Hconc H2SO4

H HH HH HH H H

– –– –– –– –

– –– –– –– – –H–C–C–C–O–H + H–O–C–C–H → H–C–C–C–O–C–C–H + O–H

H

conc H2SO4

conc H2SO4

ESTERIFICATION REACTIONS

• Esters are known for their pleasant, characteristic smells. Therefore they are used for perfumes, shampoos, milkshake flavours etc.

• The reaction requires the presence of concentrated H2SO4 (sulfuric acid). It acts as:• a catalyst and• a dehydrating agent.

GENERAL EQUATION:

alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

–C–O–H + H–O–C → C–O–C + O–H

NAMING AN ESTER:_________yl________anoate

No of C’s in No of C’s in alcohol carboxylic acid

e.g. methanol + ethanoic acid → methylethanoate + water

e.g. ethanol + propanoic acid → ethylproponoate + water

e.g. propanol + ethanoic acid → propylethanoate + water


Term 4 29

ORGANIC REACTIONS

=O =OH H HHH H HHH H H

H H HHH H HHH H H

– – ––– – ––– – –

– – ––– – ––– – –H–C–C–O–C–C–C–C–H H–C–C–C–C–O–C–C–C–H

REVISION

e.g. Draw the structural formulae for:

1. ethylbutanoate 2. butylpropanoate


REVISION BOOKLET


=O=OH H H H

H H HHH

–

– – –––

– – –

=OH H

HH

–

––

–

H HH H

H OH H

H H

H H

H

– ––

– –

– –– –

– –– –

H HH HH H

H

H H

H H H

– –

– – –

– –

–

– –– –H

H

H H

H H

H H

H H

H C

H H

H HH H

H

H H

H H

H H

–

– –

– –

– –

– –

– –

–

– –

– ––

– –

– –

– –

–

=O=OH HH H

H HH H

– –

– – –– –

– –

O–H

=O H

H

–

–

ISOMERS

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

1. Chain isomers Isomers are formed by the creation of branching chains. e.g. Chain isomers of C6H14 hexane.

hexane 2-methylpentane H–C–C–C–C–C–C–H H–C–C–C–C–C–H

2. Positional isomers Isomers that are formed by moving the position of a functional group. e.g. Positional isomers of C4H8.

H–C=C–C–C–H butene H–C–C=C–C–H but-2-ene

e.g. Positional isomers of C3H7OH.

H–C–C–C–O–H propanol H–C–C–C–H propan-2-ol

e.g. Positional isomers of C3H6O2 (ester).

H–C–C–O–C–H ethylmethanoate H–C–O–C–C–H methylethanoate

3. Functional group isomers Isomers that belong to different homologous series. e.g. Functional group isomers of C3H6O.

H–C–C–C propanal H–C–C–C–H propanone

e.g. Functional group isomers of C3H6O2.

H–C–C–O–C–H ethylmethanoate H–C–C–C propanoic acid


Term 4 31

FLOW DIAGRAM

REVISION

Flow Diagram


REVISION BOOKLET


34 35GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVISION BOOKLET GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVISION BOOKLET

Flow diagram

• G

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a: _

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____

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• Fu

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: ___

____

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__Al

coho

l + C

arbo

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Aci

d →

Est

er +

Wat

er•

Func

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up: _

____

____

____

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• G

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____

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• G

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• 2

Dou

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s

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____

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• Fu

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: ___

____

____

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Uns

atur

ated

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH C

l

H H

Cl

H

H H

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH H

H H

HH

H H

– –– –

––

– –

e.g.

H–

C=

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH

HH

HH H

––

––

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

CC

–C

–C

–C

–H

H HH

HH

H H

– –

–

–

–– –

DIE

NES

ESTE

RS

ALK

YL H

ALI

DES

HY

DR

OC

AR

BO

NS

ALK

AN

ESA

LKEN

ESA

LKYN

ES

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

O–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H HH

OH

H

– –– –

–

=

––

H–

H I


e.g.

H–

C–

C–

CH H

H H

O O–

H

– –– –

Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

_•

Func

tiona

l gro

up: _

____

____

_

• G

ener

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a: _

____

____

_•

Func

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l gro

up: _

____

____

_

• G

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a: _

____

___

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

_

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

___

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

_

• C

onta

in a

car

boxy

l gro

up -

CO

OH

ALC

OH

OLS

ALD

EHYD

ES

KET

ON

ES

CA

RB

OXY

LIC

AC

IDS

OR

GA

NIC

CO

MPO

UN

DS

Com

poun

ds w

ith a

Car

bony

l gro

up C

=O

Prim

ary

• -O

-H o

n en

d C

.

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

O–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

Seco

ndar

y•

-O-H

on

mai

n•

chai

n, b

ut n

ot e

nd C

.

Terti

ary

• C

hol

ding

-O-H

is

atta

ched

to 3

oth

er C

’s

O–

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

CH H

O H

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

OH H

– –=

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH

H

H

CH

HH H

H

OH

––

–

– ––

––

H–


Term 4 33

FLOW DIAGRAM

REVISION


Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

____

____

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

____

____

__•

Satu

rate

d

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

____

____

__Al

coho

l + C

arbo

xylic

Aci

d →

Est

er +

Wat

er•

Func

tiona

l gro

up: _

____

____

____

____

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

____

____

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

____

____

__•

Uns

atur

ated

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

____

____

• 2

Dou

ble

bond

s

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

____

____

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

____

____

__•

Uns

atur

ated

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH C

l

H H

Cl

H

H H

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH H

H H

HH

H H

– –– –

––

– –

e.g.

H–

C=

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH

HH

HH H

––

––

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

CC

–C

–C

–C

–H

H HH

HH

H H

– –

–

–

–– –

DIE

NES

ESTE

RS

ALK

YL H

ALI

DES

HY

DR

OC

AR

BO

NS

ALK

AN

ESA

LKEN

ESA

LKYN

ES

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

O–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H HH

OH

H

– –– –

–

=

––

H–


e.g.

H–

C–

C–

CH H

H H

O O–

H

– –– –

Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

_•

Func

tiona

l gro

up: _

____

____

_

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

____

_•

Func

tiona

l gro

up: _

____

____

_

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

___

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

_

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: _

____

___

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: ___

____

_

• C

onta

in a

car

boxy

l gro

up -

CO

OH

ALC

OH

OLS

ALD

EHYD

ES

KET

ON

ES

CA

RB

OXY

LIC

AC

IDS

OR

GA

NIC

CO

MPO

UN

DS

Com

poun

ds w

ith a

Car

bony

l gro

up C

=O

Prim

ary

• -O

-H o

n en

d C

.

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

O–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

Seco

ndar

y•

-O-H

on

mai

n•

chai

n, b

ut n

ot e

nd C

.

Terti

ary

• C

hol

ding

-O-H

is

atta

ched

to 3

oth

er C

’s

O–

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

CH H

O H

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

OH H

– –=

– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH

H

H

CH

HH H

H

OH

––

–

– ––

––

H–

-O-H

on

mai

n ch

ain

but n

ot e

nd C


REVISION BOOKLET



Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

+1 C

OO

H

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C–

O–

H

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

+1 O

H•

Func

tiona

l gro

up: C

–O

–H

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2nO

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: –C

–H

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2nO

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: R–

C–

R•

Con

tain

a c

arbo

xyl g

roup

- C

OO

HA

LCO

HO

LS

ALD

EHYD

ES

KET

ON

ES

CA

RB

OXY

LIC

AC

IDS

OR

GA

NIC

CO

MPO

UN

DS

Com

poun

ds w

ith a

Car

bony

l gro

up C

=O

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

CH H

H H

O O–

H

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

CH H

O H

– –

Prim

ary

• -O

-H o

n en

d C

.

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

O–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

Seco

ndar

y•

-O-H

on

mai

n•

chai

n, b

ut n

ot e

nd C

.

Terti

ary

• C

hol

ding

-O-H

is

atta

ched

to 3

oth

er C

’s

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

OH H

– –=

– –

O–

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

-an

oic

aci

d

-an

ol

-an

al

-an

on

e

O

pro

pan

oic

aci

d

pro

pan

ol

pro

pan

-2-o

l2

met

hy

lbu

tan

-2-o

l

O=

O=

eth

anal

pro

pan

on

e

12

34

32

1

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH

H

H

CH

HH H

H

OH

––

–

– ––

––

H–


Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

+2

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C–

C•

Satu

rate

d

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C

–O

–C

Alco

hol +

Car

boxy

lic A

cid

→ E

ster

+ W

ater

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C–

X (

X =

Cl,

Br,

I)

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C=

C•

Uns

atur

ated

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

-2

• 2

Dou

ble

bond

s

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

-2

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C C

• U

nsat

urat

ed

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

H H

b

ut

an

e

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH C

l

H H

Cl

H

H H

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH H

H H

HH

H H

p

en

t-

2-

en

e

– –– –

––

– –

e.g.

H–

C=

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH

HH

HH H

p

en

ta

-1

,3-

die

ne

––

––

– –

DIE

NES

ESTE

RS

ALK

YL H

ALI

DES

HY

DR

OC

AR

BO

NS

ALK

AN

ESA

LKEN

ESA

LKYN

ES

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

O–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H HH

OH

H

e

th

ylp

ro

pa

no

at

e

– –– –

–

=

––

-an

e-e

ne

-yn

e

O=

C–

O–

H +

H–

O–

C →

C–

O–

C +

H–

O–

HO

O

=

=

1,

3–

dic

hlo

ro

bu

ta

ne

e.g.

H–

C–

CC

–C

–C

–C

–H

H HH

HH

H H

h

ex

-2

yn

e

– –

–

–

–– –

H–

1112

1314

51

42

33

24

15

6

H I

hex-

2-yn

e

MARKING GUIDELINES


Term 4 35

FLOW DIAGRAM

REVISION


Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

+1 C

OO

H

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C–

O–

H

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

+1 O

H•

Func

tiona

l gro

up: C

–O

–H

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2nO

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: –C

–H

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2nO

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: R–

C–

R•

Con

tain

a c

arbo

xyl g

roup

- C

OO

HA

LCO

HO

LS

ALD

EHYD

ES

KET

ON

ES

CA

RB

OXY

LIC

AC

IDS

OR

GA

NIC

CO

MPO

UN

DS

Com

poun

ds w

ith a

Car

bony

l gro

up C

=O

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

CH H

H H

O O–

H

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

CH H

O H

– –

Prim

ary

• -O

-H o

n en

d C

.

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

O–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

Seco

ndar

y•

-O-H

on

mai

n•

chai

n, b

ut n

ot e

nd C

.

Terti

ary

• C

hol

ding

-O-H

is

atta

ched

to 3

oth

er C

’s

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

OH H

– –=

– –

O–

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

– –– –

– –

-an

oic

aci

d

-an

ol

-an

al

-an

on

e

O

pro

pan

oic

aci

d

pro

pan

ol

pro

pan

-2-o

l2

met

hy

lbu

tan

-2-o

l

O=

O=

eth

anal

pro

pan

on

e

12

34

32

1

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH

H

H

CH

HH H

H

OH

––

–

– ––

––

H–

-O-H

on

mai

n ch

ain

but n

ot e

nd C


Flow diagram

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

+2

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C–

C•

Satu

rate

d

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C

–O

–C

Alco

hol +

Car

boxy

lic A

cid

→ E

ster

+ W

ater

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C–

X (

X =

Cl,

Br,

I)

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C=

C•

Uns

atur

ated

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

-2

• 2

Dou

ble

bond

s

• G

ener

al fo

rmul

a: C

nH

2n

-2

• Fu

nctio

nal g

roup

: C C

• U

nsat

urat

ed

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H H

H H

H H

b

ut

an

e

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C–

C–

HH C

l

H H

Cl

H

H H

– –– –

– –– –

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH H

H H

HH

H H

p

en

t-

2-

en

e

– –– –

––

– –

e.g.

H–

C=

C–

C=

C–

C–

HH

HH

HH H

p

en

ta

-1

,3-

die

ne

––

––

– –

DIE

NES

ESTE

RS

ALK

YL H

ALI

DES

HY

DR

OC

AR

BO

NS

ALK

AN

ESA

LKEN

ESA

LKYN

ES

e.g.

H–

C–

C–

O–

C–

C–

C–

HH H

H HH

OH

H

e

th

ylp

ro

pa

no

at

e

– –– –

–

=

––

-an

e-e

ne

-yn

e

O=

C–

O–

H +

H–

O–

C →

C–

O–

C +

H–

O–

HO

O

=

=

1,

3–

dic

hlo

ro

bu

ta

ne

e.g.

H–

C–

CC

–C

–C

–C

–H

H HH

HH

H H

h

ex

-2

yn

e

– –

–

–

–– –

H–

1112

1314

51

42

33

24

15

6


physical sciences grade 12 term 4 revision booklet

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