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PHYSICS

(Course #431)

Course of Study

Findlay City Schools 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Findlay City Schools’ Mission Statement and Beliefs 2. Physics Curriculum Map 3. Physics Benchmarks and Indicators

PHYSICS Course of Study

Writing Team

Tim Opp

Sandy White

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS:

PS – PHYSICAL SCIENCES ST - SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SI - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY SK - SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF KNOWING

Mission Statement

The mission of the Findlay City Schools, a community partnership committed to educational excellence, is to instill in each student the knowledge, skills and virtues necessary to be lifelong learners who recognize their unique talents and purpose and use them in pursuit of their dreams and for service to a global society. This is accomplished through a passion for knowledge, discovery and vision shared by students, families, staff and community.

Beliefs Our beliefs form the ethical foundation of the Findlay City Schools. We believe….

• every person has worth • every individual can learn • family is the most important influence on the

development of personal values. • attitude is a choice and always affects performance • motivation and effort are necessary to achieve full

potential • honesty and integrity are essential for building trust. • people are responsible for the choices they make. • performance is directly related to expectations. • educated citizens are essential for the survival of the

democratic process. • personal fulfillment requires the nurturing of mind,

body and spirit. • every individual has a moral and ethical obligation to

contribute to the well-being of society. • education is a responsibility shared by students,

family, staff and community. • the entire community benefits by investing its time,

resources and effort in educational excellence. • a consistent practice of shared morals and ethics is

essential for our community to thrive.

PHYSICS Curriculum Map

WEEK TOPIC FHS

TEXTBOOKCHAPTER

U OF F TEXTBOOK CHAPTER

INDICATORS

1

Measurement/ Scientific Inquiry &

Process

1 1 SK-9.8; PS-12.14, 12.15 SK-12-1, 12.3; SI -12.2

PS-9.26, 9.27; ST-9.1, 10.1, 10.2; SK-12.1, 12.3

2, 3 Linear Dynamics 2 2 PS-9.21, 9.22

4, 5 Vector/Mechanics 3 3 PS-12.5; SI-11.5, 12.1, 12.4

6, 7, 8, 9

Dynamics/ Newton’s Laws

4 4 PS-9.21, 9.22, 9.23, 9.24, 12.5; SI-12.2

10, 11, 12

Work, Energy and Power 6 5 PS-9.25, 9.12, 9.13, 12.5; SI-12.4

13 Momentum & Impulse 7 7 PS-9.21, 9.23

14, 15 Circular Motion 5 8 PS-9.25, 12.5; SI-12.2

16, 17, 18

Rotational Motion 8 5, 9 PS-9.25, 9.15, 12.9

19, 20, 21

Static Equilibrium 9, 4 5, 6 SI-12.2; SK-12.2

22, 23 Fluid Mechanics 10 10

24, 25 Heat 13 11, 12 PS-9.11, 9.17, 12.3

26 Periodic Motion 11, 9 13

27, 28 Waves and Sound 11, 12 14 PS-9.17, 9.18, 9.l9, 9.20; ST-10.1, 10.2, 12.8

29, 30, 31

Light 22, 23 PS-11.3, 12.12, 12.13

32, 33, 34, 35

Electricity 17, 18, 19 PS-11.4; SI-12.4; SK-12.4

36 EXAM Textbooks: (FHS) Physics Principles with Applications (Sixth Edition); Giancoli, Douglas (author); Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2005; ISBN 0-13-184661-2 (University of Findlay) Physics Building Understanding (First Edition); Touger, Jerold (author); Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006; ISBN 13-978-0-471-94000-5

BENCHMARK: (PS9-G) Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water and light) have energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. (PS11-E) Summarize the historical development of scientific theories and ideas within the study of physical sciences. (SK11-A) Explain how scientific evidence is used to develop and revise scientific predictions, ideas or theories. (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. (PS9-H) Trace the historical development of scientific theories and ideas, and describe emerging issues in the study of physical sciences. (ST9-B) Explain that science and technology are interdependent; each drives the other. TOPIC/UNIT: MEASUREMENT (Chapter 1) Time Line: 1 Week SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY & PROCESS (Chapter 1) Indicator (#SK-9.8) Illustrate that much can be learned about the internal workings of science and the nature of science from the study of scientists, their daily work and their efforts to advance scientific knowledge in their area of study. (#PS-12.14) Use historical examples to explain how new ideas are limited by the context in which they are conceived; are often initially rejected by the scientific establishment; sometimes spring from unexpected findings; and usually grow slowly through contributions from many different investigators (e.g., nuclear energy, quantum theory and theory of relativity). (#PS-12.15) Describe concepts/ideas in physical sciences that have important, long-lasting effects on science and society (e.g., quantum theory, theory of relativity, age of the universe). (#SK-12.1) Give examples that show how science is a social endeavor in which scientists share their knowledge with the expectation that it will be challenged continuously by the scientific community and others. (#SK-12.3) Select a scientific model, concept or theory and explain how it has been revised over time based on new knowledge, perceptions or technology. (#SI-12.2) Derive simple mathematical relationships that have predictive power from experimental data (e.g., derive an equation from a graph and vice versa, determine whether a linear or exponential relationship exists among the data in a table). (#PS-9.26) Use historical examples to explain how new ideas are limited by the context in which they are conceived; are often initially rejected by the scientific establishment; sometimes spring from unexpected findings; and usually grow slowly through contributions from many different investigators (e.g., atomic theory, quantum theory and Newtonian mechanics). (#PS-9.27) Describe advances and issues in physical science that have important, long-lasting effects on science and society (e.g., atomic theory, quantum theory, Newtonian mechanics, nuclear energy, nanotechnology, plastics, ceramics and communication technology). (#ST-9.1) Describe means of comparing the benefits with the risks of technology and how science can inform public policy. (#ST-10.1) Cite examples of ways that scientific inquiry is driven by the desire to understand the natural world and how technology is driven by the need to meet human needs and solve human problems.

(#ST-10.2) Describe examples of scientific advances and emerging technologies and how they may impact society.

KNOW

• General definitions of science and physics

• Significant figures - Addition and multiplication - Scientific notation

• Systems of units - Length - Mass - Time

• Unit conversions • Estimating (order of magnitude

calculations) • Dimensional analysis

DO

• Make observations and measurement of a system with the correct instrumentation and application of appropriate units

• Interpret data through inferences, predictions or conclusions

• Learn to communicate experimental data and results

• Use dimensional analysis to confirm algebraic solutions to physical systems

• Organize data into tables and graphs • Identify scientific experimental

variables and analyze them correctly

PRE-ASSESSMENT: Pre-learning concept check

ASSESSMENT: Post-learning concept check Labs Quizzes Test Homework

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER & OR TECHNOLOGY:

- Graphing - Graphical Analysis - Data Studio computer software with

peripherals

TESTING SKILL(S) & OR SAMPLE OGT TYPE QUESTIONS:

BEST PRACTICES:

- Engage, Explore, Explain, Extend, Evaluate

- Cooperative learning-Lab activities - Technique writing-Lab reports - Note taking - Cooperative problem solving

RESOURCES: Textbooks (listed on Curriculum Map)

TESTING VOCABULARY: Model Theory Law Principle Uncertainty Percent uncertainty Scientific notation Percent Error Standard Systeme International Base quantity Derived quantities Operational definition Order-of-magnitude estimates Dimensional analysis

HISTORICAL/MODERN LINK:

BENCHMARK: (PS9-D) Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. TOPIC/UNIT: LINEAR DYNAMICS (Chapter 2) Time Line: 2 Weeks

Indicator (#PS-9.21) Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer's frame of reference and describe the object's motion in terms of position, velocity, acceleration and time. (#9.22) Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced (net) force acts on it.

KNOW

• Reference frames • Position, distance, and displacement • Speed and velocity

- Average - Instantaneous - Constant

• Acceleration - Average - Instantaneous - Constant

• Equations of motion with constant acceleration

• Free fall • Graphs of position versus time,

velocity versus time, and acceleration versus time

DO

• Construct and interpret graphs of position, velocity or acceleration vs. time

• Determine and interpret slopes and areas of motion graphs

• Explain the difference between

velocity and acceleration both verbally and mathematically

• Interpret motion graphs to determine mathematical relationships between variables

• Work various motion problems derived from graphical interpretation and analysis

• Compare and contrast linear motion as scalar and vector quantities:

- speed - velocity - distance - displacement





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Mechanics Slope Kinematics Decelerating Dynamics Terminal velocity Translational motion Particle Frame of reference Position Displacement Velocity Average velocity Time interval Instantaneous velocity Average acceleration Instantaneous acceleration Acceleration due to gravity


BENCHMARK: (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. TOPIC/UNIT: VECTOR/MECHANICS (Chapter 3) Time Line: 2 Weeks Indicator (#PS-12.5) Use and apply the laws of motion to analyze, describe and predict the effects of forces on the motions of objects mathematically. (#SI-11.5) Summarize data and construct a reasonable argument based on those data and other known information. (#SI-12.1) Formulate testable hypotheses. Develop and explain the appropriate procedures, controls and variables (dependent and independent) in scientific experimentation. (#SI-12.4) Create and clarify the method, procedures, controls and variables in complex scientific investigations.

KNOW

• Scalars (magnitude only) • Vectors (magnitude and direction

- Components - Addition and subtraction

• Unit vectors • Vector position, displacement,

velocity, and acceleration • Motion in two dimensions

- Components of velocity and acceleration

- Equations of motion for constant acceleration and constant velocity

• Projectile Motion - Acceleration due to gravity - Independence of horizontal and

vertical motions - Air resistance - Basic equations - Special Case: zero launch angle - General case - Characteristics of projectile

motion • Relative motion

DO

• Determine the resultant of two or more vectors graphically and algebraically

• Resolve a vector into perpendicular components both graphically and algebraically

• Use vector diagrams to analyze mechanical systems

• Sketch the theoretical path of a projectile

• Determine the acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the earth

• Calculate velocities, distances of an object in projectile motion

• Calculate impact angle and velocity of an object in projectile motion

• Analyze and evaluate projectile motion in a defined frame of reference





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Vector Scalar Resultant displacement Resultant Tail-to-tip method of adding vectors Vector components Projectile motion Relative velocity


BENCHMARK: (PS9-D) Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. TOPIC/UNIT: DYNAMICS/NEWTON’S LAW (Chapter 4) Time Line: 4 Weeks

Indicator (#PS-9.21) Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer's frame of reference and describe the object's motion in terms of position, velocity, acceleration and time. (#PS-9.22) Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced (net) force acts on it. (#PS-9.23) Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (F net=ma. Note that weight is the gravitational force on a mass.) (#PS-9.24) Demonstrate that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on the first object. (#PS-12.5) Use and apply the laws of motion to analyze, describe and predict the effects of forces on the motions of objects mathematically. (#SI-12.2) Derive simple mathematical relationships that have predictive power from experimental data (e.g., derive an equation from a graph and vice versa, determine whether a linear or exponential relationship exists among the data in a table).

KNOW

• Force - Vector nature of force - Weight - Normal force

• Mass • Reference frames

- Inertial - Noninertial

• Newton’s laws - First law (law of inertia) - Second law (F=ma) - Third law (action-reaction force

pairs) • Free-body diagrams

DO

• Determine an object will continue in its state of motion unless acted upon by an outside force

• Verify Newton’s second law for linear motion

• Draw scaled force diagrams • Calculate the coefficient of friction

for two surfaces • Use force table to resolve vector

components and determine the equilibrant vector

• Create free-body diagrams of different physical systems

• Determine action-reaction forces and apply to interactive systems

• Friction - Static friction - Kinetic friction

• Strings and pulleys - Assumptions - Transmission of force

mathematically • Apply Newton’s second law to physical

systems such as the Atwood’s machine and various other systems

• Derive “impulse” from Newton’s quantitative second law

• Explain, using Newton’s laws of motion, different physical systems

• Explain how friction, both static and sliding, affects different systems

• Construct “free body diagrams” involving friction and motion

• Illustrate forces acting through a non-rigid substance

• Investigate, measure and analyze the nature and magnitude of frictional forces

• Assess the independence of the vector components of forces





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Force Newton’s First Law of Motion Inertia Law of inertia Inertial reference frames Mass Newton’s Second Law of Motion Newton Newton’s Third Law of Motion Gravitational force Weight Contact force Normal force Free-body diagram Force diagram Kinetic friction Static friction Net force


BENCHMARK: (PS9-D) Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. TOPIC/UNIT: CIRCULAR MOTION (Chapter 5) Time Line: 2 Weeks

Indicator: (#PS-9.25) Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined plane, a person running, an airplane in flight). (#PS-12.5) Use and apply the laws of motion to analyze, describe and predict the effects of forces on the motions of objects mathematically. (#SI-12.2) Derive simple mathematical relationships that have predictive power from experimental data (e.g., derive an equation from a graph and vice versa, determine whether a linear or exponential relationship exists among the data in a table).

KNOW

• Uniform circular motion - Centripetal acceleration - Centripetal force - Banked and unbanked highway

curves • Newton’s law of universal gravitation

- Universal gravitation constant G - Inverse square dependence on

the distance - Point and spherical objects - Cavendish experiment

• Kepler’s laws of orbital motion - Law of orbits - Law of areas - Law of periods

DO

• Verify Newton’s second law for uniform circular motion

• Analyze and evaluate the nature of centripetal forces

• Evaluate, measure and analyze circular motion

• Investigate, evaluate and analyze the relationships among centripetal force, centripetal acceleration, mass, velocity and radius

• Assess and calculate the nature and magnitude of gravitational forces (Newton’s law of universal gravitation)





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Uniform circular motion Centripetal acceleration Radial acceleration Frequency Period Banking angle Centrifugation Law of universal gravity Weightlessness Kepler’s laws of planetary motion


BENCHMARK: (PS9-D) Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. (PS9-E) Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential (stored). (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. TOPIC/UNIT: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER (Chapter 6) Time Line: 3 Weeks

Indicator: (#PS-9.25) Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined plane, a person running, an airplane in flight). (#PS-9.12) Explain how an object's kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed (KE=½mv 2). (#PS-9.13) Demonstrate that near Earth's surface an object's gravitational potential energy depends upon its weight (mg where m is the object's mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity) and height (h) above a reference surface (PE=mgh). (#PS-12.5) Use and apply the laws of motion to analyze, describe and predict the effects of forces on the motions of objects mathematically. (#SI-12.4) Create and clarify the method, procedures, controls and variables in complex scientific investigations.

KNOW

• Work - Force in the direction of

displacement - Force at an angle to

displacement - Positive, negative, and zero

work - Constant force and variable

force • Kinetic energy • Work-energy theorem • Potential energy

- Gravitational - Spring (Hooke’s law)

• Conservative and nonconservative forces

- Work and stored energy - Path dependence or

independence of work

DO

• Construct “free body diagrams” of mechanical systems as related to work

• Investigate and analyze energy storage and transfer mechanisms for

- gravitational potential energy - thermal energy - kinetic energy - elastic potential energy

• Analyze, evaluate and apply the principle of conservation of energy

• Analyze, evaluate and measure the transfer of energy by a force including work and power

• Conduct an investigation of mechanical energy and power

• Evaluate and analyze conservative and non-conservative forces

• Conservation of mechanical energy • Work done by nonconservative forces;

changing mechanical energy • Power



GRAPHIC ORGANIZER & OR TECHNOLOGY: - Graphing - Graphical Analysis - Data Studio computer software with

peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Work Joule Kinetic energy Work-energy principle Translational kinetic energy Potential energy Hooke’s law Spring equation Elastic potential energy Conservative forces Nonconservative forces Conserved quantity Law of conservation of energy Dissipative forces Watt Horsepower


BENCHMARK: (PS9-D) Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. (PS9-F) Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. TOPIC/UNIT: MOMENTUM & IMPULSE (Chapter 7) Time Line: 1.5 Weeks

Indicator (#PS-9.21) Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer's frame of reference and describe the object's motion in terms of position, velocity, acceleration and time. (#9.23) Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (F net =ma. Note that weight is the gravitational force on a mass.)

KNOW

• Linear momentum - p = mv

• Impulse I = Fav ∆t = ∆p • Conservation of momentum

∑F = ∆p/∆t = 0 - Internal and external forces - Recoil

• Collisions - Inelastic - Elastic

• Center of mass

DO

• Verify conservation of momentum • Assess the vector nature of

momentum and its relationship to mass and velocity of an object

• Compare and contrast impulse and momentum

• Analyze the factors required to produce a change in momentum

• Analyze one-dimensional interactions between objects and recognize that the total momentum is conserved in both collision and recoil situations

• Assess real world applications of impulse and momentum including, but not limited to, sports and transportation





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Linear momentum Law of conservation of motion Isolated system Impulse Elastic collision Inelastic collisions Completely inelastic Ballistic pendulum Center of mass Center of gravity


BENCHMARK: (PS9-D) Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. (PS9-F) Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. TOPIC/UNIT: ROTATIONAL MOTION (Chapter 8) Time Line: 3 Weeks

Indicator: (#PS-9.25) Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined plane, a person running, an airplane in flight). (#PS-9.15) Trace the transformations of energy within a system (e.g., chemical to electrical to mechanical) and recognize that energy is conserved. Show that these transformations involve the release of some thermal energy. (#PS-12.9) Describe how gravitational forces act between all masses and always create a force of attraction. Recognize that the strength of the force is proportional to the masses and weakens rapidly with increasing distance between them.

KNOW

• Angular variables - Angular position θ - Angular velocity ω - Angular acceleration α

• Equations for rotational kinematics - Connections with linear variables - Rolling

• Rotational kinetic energy • Moment of inertia • Conservation of mechanical energy • Torque

- Definitions - Dynamic applications

• Angular momentum - Definitions - Conservation of angular

momentum • Rotational work • Vectors in rotational motion

DO

• Relate translational mathematical analysis to rotational analysis

• Describe mathematically rotational motion in terms of angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration

• Describe and illustrate rotational motion geographically:

- angular displace vs. time - angular velocity vs. time - angular acceleration vs. time

• Explain the relationship between rotational inertia as related to mass, mass distribution, and object shape

• Use the idea of conservation of energy in rotational problems

• Calculate angular momentum, rotational kinetic energy and torque within a rotational mechanical system





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Rigid object Axis of rotation Radian Average angular velocity Instantaneous angular velocity Average angular acceleration Instantaneous angular acceleration Tangential acceleration Centripetal (or radial) acceleration Lever arm Moment arm Torque Moment of inertia Rotational kinetic energy Angular momentum Law of conservation of angular momentum The right-hand rule


BENCHMARK: (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. (SK11-A) Explain how scientific evidence is used to develop and revise scientific predictions, ideas or theories. TOPIC/UNIT: STATIC EQUILIBRIUM (Chapters 9, 4) Time Line: 3 Weeks

Indicator: (#SI-12.2) Derive simple mathematical relationships that have predictive power from experimental data (e.g., derive an equation from a graph and vice versa, determine whether a linear or exponential relationship exists among the data in a table). (#SK-12.2) Evaluate scientific investigations by reviewing current scientific knowledge and the experimental procedures used, examining the evidence, identifying faulty reasoning, pointing out statements that go beyond the evidence and suggesting alternative explanations for the same observations.

KNOW

• Conditions for static equilibrium - Sum of the forces = 0 - Sum of the torques = 0

• Types of equilibrium - Stable - Unstable - Neutral

• Mechanical properties of solids - Young’s modulus - Stress and strain - Bulk modulus - Fracture

DO

• Learn the basic principles of static equilibrium of rigid bodies

• Develop the ability to formulate and solve problems in a single logical manner using “free body diagrams” based on vector or scalar methods

• Communicate system analysis of thought process through use of sketching, consistent mathematical notation and written descriptions

• Determine the center of mass, center of gravity for various objects and geometric shapes





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Equilibrium First condition for equilibrium Second condition for equilibrium Cantilever Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium Hooke’s law Proportional limit Elastic limit Stress Ultimate strength Strain Elastic region Tensile stress Plastic region Compressive stress Breaking point Shear stress Elastic modulus Shear modulus Young’s modulus Bulk modulus


BENCHMARK: TOPIC/UNIT: FLUID MECHANICS (Chapter 10) Time Line: 2 Weeks Indicator

KNOW

• Density • Pressure

- General definition - Pressure exerted by a fluid - Atmospheric, gauge, and actual

pressure • Fluid statics

- Equilibrium - Pascal’s principle - Archimedes’ principle and

buoyancy • Fluid dynamics

- Equation of continuity - Bernoulli’s equation

DO

• Calculate the density of various types of fluids and apply Archimedes’ principle to a fluid-solid system

• Determine the pressure of a fluid through a system of various diameters

• Apply Pascal’s principle to a hydrolic system

• Application of Bernoulli’s principle to flight, sports and other practical applications

• Differentiate between various methods of measuring atmospheric pressure





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Fluids Density Specific gravity Pascal Atmosphere Absolute pressure Pascal’s principle Barometer Buoyant force, FB

Archimedes’ principle Hydrometer Viscosity Fluid dynamics Flow rate Hydrodynamics Equation of continuity Laminar flow Bernoulli’s principle Streamline Torricelli’s theorem Turbulent flow Surface tension Capillarity


BENCHMARK: (PS9-F) Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. TOPIC/UNIT: HEAT (Chapter 13) Time Line: 2 Weeks Indicator: (#PS-9.11) Explain how thermal energy exists in the random motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules. Recognize that the higher the temperature, the greater the average atomic or molecular motion, and during changes of state the temperature remains constant. (#PS-9.17) Demonstrate that thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation (e.g., through materials by the collision of particles, moving air masses or across empty space by forms of electromagnetic radiation). (#PS-12.3) Explain how all matter tends toward more disorganized states and describe real world examples (e.g., erosion of rocks and expansion of the universe).

KNOW

• Temperature - The zeroth law of

thermodynamics - Temperature scales - Absolute zero

• Thermal expansion - Linear - Area - Volume

• Ideal gases - Definition - Equation of state

• Mole (Avogadro’s number) • Kinetic theory of gases

- Molecular speed distribution - Kinetic energy, pressure,

temperature

DO

• Apply the concepts of thermal equilibrium and thermal contact between two bodies

• Calculate thermal expansion of solids and liquids and apply the coefficients of expansion in practical situations

• Express both quantitatively and qualitatively the concepts of heat, internal energy and the thermodynamic process

• State the first and second laws of thermodynamics and apply them to mechanical systems

• Apply the concept of entropy and give a thermodynamic definition of energy

• Describe the kinetic theory and apply to phases of matter and the effects





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Kinetic theory Temperature Thermal equilibrium Zeroth law of thermodynamics Linear expansion Volume expansion Equation of state Equilibrium states Boyle’s law Phase diagram Absolute zero Sublimation Absolute scale Triple point Charles’s law Partial pressure Gay-Lussac’s law Relative humidity Ideal gas law Dew point Avogadro’s hypothesis Fick’s law Maxwell distribution of speeds Critical temperature


BENCHMARK: (PS9-E) Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential (stored). (PS9-F) Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. TOPIC/UNIT: PERIODIC MOTION (Chapter 11, 9) Time Line: 1.5 Weeks

Indicator (#PS-9.12) Explain how an object's kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed (KE=½mv 2). (#PS-9.13) Demonstrate that near Earth's surface an object's gravitational potential energy depends upon its weight (mg where m is the object's mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity) and height (h) above a reference surface (PE=mgh). (#PS-9.11) Explain how thermal energy exists in the random motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules. Recognize that the higher the temperature, the greater the average atomic or molecular motion, and during changes of state the temperature remains constant. (#PS-9.15) Trace the transformations of energy within a system (e.g., chemical to electrical to mechanical) and recognize that energy is conserved. Show these transformations involve the release of some thermal energy. (#PS-9.17) Demonstrate that thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation (e.g., through materials by the collision of particles, moving air masses or across empty space by forms of electromagnetic radiation).

KNOW

• Periodic motion - Frequency - Period

• Simple harmonic motion - Sine and cosine curves - Connection to uniform circular

motion - Position, velocity, acceleration - Angular frequency

• Mass on a spring • Simple pendulum • Conservation of energy applied to

oscillating systems • Damped and driven oscillations and

resonance • Waves

- Transverse and longitudinal - Wavelength and frequency - Speed of a wave

DO

• Calculate acceleration, velocity and displacement for an object in simple harmonic motion and determine where these quantities are maximum, minimum or zero

• Analyze systems in which a hanging mass from a spring is oscillating

• Analyze the motion of a physical pendulum to determine the period of small oscillations

• Determine the amplitude, period, phase and frequency for an object in periodic motion

• Analyze an oscillating system using conservation of energy

• Superposition and interference - Constructive and destructive - Phase - Standing waves





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Periodic Equilibrium position Amplitude Cycle Simple harmonic motion Sinusoidal Damped harmonic motion Underdamped Overdamped Critical damping Forced vibration Natural frequency Resonance


Resonant frequency Mechanical waves Pulse Periodic wave Amplitude Wavelength Frequency Period Wave velocity Transverse wave Longitudinal wave Wave fronts Law of reflection Principle of superposition Destructive interference Constructive interference Phase Nodes Antinodes Fundamental frequency Refraction Diffraction

BENCHMARK: (PS9-F) Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed but the total quantity of energy is conserved. (PS9-G) Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water and light) have energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. (PS9-B) Explain that science and technology are interdependent; each drives the other. (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. TOPIC/UNIT: WAVES AND SOUND (Chapter 12, 11) Time Line: 2 Weeks Indicator (#PS-9.17) Demonstrate that thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation (e.g., through materials by the collision of particles, moving air masses or across empty space by forms of electromagnetic radiation). (#PS-9.18) Demonstrate that electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy. Recognize that light acts as a wave. Show that visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays). (#PS-9.19) Show how the properties of a wave depend on the properties of the medium through which it travels. Recognize that electromagnetic waves can be propagated without a medium. (#PS-9.20) Describe how waves can superimpose on one another when propagated in the same medium. Analyze conditions in which waves can bend around corners, reflect off surfaces, are absorbed by materials they enter, and change direction and speed when entering a different material. (#ST-10.1) Cite examples of ways that scientific inquiry is driven by the desire to understand the natural world and how technology is driven by the need to meet human needs and solve human problems. (#ST-10.2) Describe examples of scientific advances and emerging technologies and how they may impact society. (#PS-12.8) Describe how the observed wavelength of a wave depends upon the relative motion of the source and the observer (Doppler effect). If either is moving towards the other, the observed wavelength is shorter; if either is moving away, the observed wavelength is longer (e.g., weather radar, bat echoes and police radar).

KNOW

• Sound waves - Speed of sound - Frequency and pitch

• Intensity and intensity level • The Doppler effect • Beats • Characteristics of standing waves

DO

• Compare the characteristics of two transverse waves such as amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed, period and phase

• Determine the speed of sound in air • Draw wave forms with various

characteristics • Identify nodes and antinodes in

standing waves • Differentiate between transverse and

longitudinal waves • Predict the superposition of two waves

interfering constructively and destructively





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Speed of sound Pitch Range Audible range Ultrasonic Infrasonic Pressure waves Intensity Decibel Fundamental Harmonics Open tube Closed tube Quality Heat frequency Redshift Doppler effect Shock wave Mach number Ultrasound


BENCHMARK: (PS11-C) Describe how atoms and molecules can gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts. TOPIC/UNIT: LIGHT (Chapter 22, 23) Time Line: 3 Weeks Indicator (#PS-11.3) Describe real world examples showing that all energy transformations tend toward disorganized states (e.g., fossil fuel combustion, food pyramids and electrical use). (#PS-12.12) Describe how different atomic energy levels are associated with the electron configurations of atoms and electron configurations (and/or conformations) of molecules. (#PS-12.13) Explain how atoms and molecules can gain or lose energy in particular discrete amounts (quanta or packets); therefore they can only absorb or emit light at the wavelengths corresponding to these amounts.

KNOW

• Existence of electromagnetic waves - Symmetry arguments - Generation of electromagnetic

waves • Propagation of electromagnetic waves

- Speed - Direction of propagation - The Doppler effect

• The electromagnetic spectrum • Energy and momentum in

electromagnetic waves - Energy density - Radiation pressure

• Wave fronts and rays • Reflection and mirrors

- The law of reflection - Plane mirrors - Spherical mirrors—concave and

convex - Ray tracing and the mirror

equation • Refraction and lenses

- The law of refraction - Total internal reflection - Reflection - Thin lenses—converging and

DO

• Draw ray diagrams to represent reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference

• Determine empirically the index of refraction of a transparent medium

• Explain dispersion of light and the electromagnetic spectrum

• Using the “lens makers” equation, quantitatively describe the refraction of light through different types of lenses

• Use Snell’s law to describe quantitatively the infraction of light through glass, water and solutions

diverging - Ray tracing and thin lens

equation - Combinations of lenses

• The lensmaker’s equation PRE-ASSESSMENT: Pre-learning concept check




peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Electromagnetic waves Radiation field Plane waves Electromagnetic spectrum Carrier frequency Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation Geometric optics Angle of incidence Angle of reflection Law of reflection


Diffuse reflection Image Image distance Object distance Virtual image Real image Convex Concave Focus Principal axis Focal point Focal length Paraxial rays Spherical aberration Object distance Image distance Mirror equation Magnification Index of refraction Refraction Angle of refraction Snell’s law Law of refraction Critical angle 0C

Total internal reflection Fiber optics Thin lens Sign conventions Positive lens Negative lens Lensmaker’s equation

BENCHMARK: (PS11-D) Apply principles of forces and motion to mathematically analyze, describe and predict the net effects on objects or systems. (SI11-A) Make appropriate choices when designing and participating in scientific investigations by using cognitive and manipulative skills when collecting data and formulating conclusions from the data. (SK11-A) Explain how scientific evidence is used to develop and revise scientific predictions, ideas or theories. TOPIC/UNIT: ELECTRICITY (Chapter 17. 18, 19) Time Line: 4 Weeks Indicator (#PS-11.4) Explain how electric motors and generators work (e.g., relate that electricity and magnetism are two aspects of a single electromagnetic force). Investigate that electric charges in motion produce magnetic fields and a changing magnetic field creates an electric field. (#SI-12.4) Create and clarify the method, procedures, controls and variables in complex scientific investigations. (#SK-12.4) Analyze a set of data to derive a principle and then apply that principle to a similar phenomenon (e.g., predator-prey relationships and properties of semiconductors).

KNOW

• Electric potential energy • Electric potential

- Definition - Equipotential surfaces

• Capacitors - Definition - Dielectrics - Electrical energy storage

• Batteries • Current

- Definition - Simple circuits - Conventional current - Direct current (dc) - Alternating current (ac)

• Ohm’s law and resistors - Resistance and resistivity - Ohmic and non-ohmic devices

• Power • EMF • Resistors in series and parallel • Kirchhoff’s rules • Capacitors in series and parallel

DO

• Measure current and voltage in a circuit

• Use Ohm’s law to determine the resistance of a circuit element

• Interpret graphs of voltage versus current

• Measure, calculate and compare resistors in series and parallel circuits

• Construct, measure and calculate the voltage resistance and current in series and parallel circuits

• Draw and interpret circuit diagrams which include voltmeters and ammeters

• RC circuits • Ammeters and voltmeters

• Predict the behavior of various components in a simple series and parallel circuits





peripherals


BEST PRACTICES:




TESTING VOCABULARY: Electric potential Potential difference Voltage Equipotential lines Dipole moment Capacitance Dielectric Energy density Thermionic emission Anode Cathode


Cathode ray tube Oscilloscope Electrodes Electrolyte Electric cell Terminal Circuit Electric current Ampere Complete circuit Open circuit Ground Resistance Ohm’s law Potential drop Resistivity Kilowatt-hour Direct current Alternating current Peak voltage Peak current Electromotive force Internal resistance Terminal voltage Series Parallel Voltage divider Kirchhoff’s first rule Kirchhoff’s second rule Shunt resistor Multimeters Ohmmeter Ammeter Voltmeter

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