physics in andean countries: a perspective from condensed matter, novel materials, and...
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CENM
Physics in Andean countries: aperspective from condensed
matter, novel materials, andnanotechnology
P. Prieto
APS FellowDirector of the Center of Excellence for Novel Materials CENM
Universidad del Valle, Cali - Colombia
April Meeting Denver, Colorado May 2 2009
2009 APS April MeetingFIP
Physics in Latin America
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Feynman, 1959 Theres Plentyof Room at the Bottom
K. Eric Drexler Millennium Technology Conference14 June 2004
Explore & exploit unique phenomena
and effects at atomic, molecular, andsupra-molecular dimensions to creatematerials, devices, and systems withfundamentally novel properties andfunctions. Nanoscale gathers
multidisciplinary approaches: Physics,Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics,Materials Sciences, and TICs, all ofgreat benefit to humanity.
Applications are exciting; scientific &
engineering potential is vast.
Nanotechnology represent an opendisposition by policy makers toexploit its full potential for the
benefit of society.
Nanotechnology and Novel Materials
a
na
nome t
er
Gate
SiO2
Silico
1.2 nm
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Household
appliances
Manufacturingand materialsCatalysts
Coatings
Composite
materials
Fabrics
Fuelcells
Lubricants
Metal
AircraftAutomobiles
Clothing
Food
Lumber
PaperSporting
goods
Electronicsand IT
Embedded
displays
Logic chips
Memory chips
Optical
components
Sensors
Solar
cellsStorage
media
Computers
Consumer
electronics
Hard
drives
Healthcare andlife sciences
Biological
labels
Contrast
media
Orthopedic
materials Dental
equipment
Medical
instruments
Pharmaceuticals
> 1% of products in
segment incorporate
emergingnanotechnology
> 10% of products in
segment incorporate
emerging
nanotechnology
Intermediate
products
Final goods
>10 years
2004
2009
2014
Source: October 2004 Lux Research
Report Sizing Nanotechnologys Value Chain
otential and impact of Nanotechnologyotential and impact of Nanotechnology
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Increased Interest in Nanotechnology R&DIncreased Interest in Nanotechnology R&D
Public expenditure in nanotech up by ~40% (nearly 3.5B in 2003)
PublicEx
pen
diture
(1M
=1M$
)
NNI
(USA)
FP6
(EU)
Source: European Commission (2003)
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http://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/InnovaEN.pdf
INNOVATION: SOMETHING MORE THAN R&D. Latin American evidence from
innovation surveys: building competitive business strategies, Guillermo Anll(CEPAL), Diana Surez (Centro Redes)
http://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/InnovaEN.pdfhttp://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/InnovaEN.pdf -
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Chile (581 publications)
Colombia (311)
Venezuela (291)
Peru (50)
* Andean Countries
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Latin American participation ininnovation processes
Mere passive receptors of scientific andtechnological transference of knowledge.
Public & private investment do notsupport S&T Research, Innovation &Implementation in Nanotech
Aggressive and long-term public andprivate investment is not state policy
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GDP: 130 BERD: 0.2% (260 M)
ME: 4.4 B
GDP: 89 BGERD: 0.1%
(90M)ME: 1.3 B
GDP: 10 BGERD:0.2%
(18M)ME: 190 MGDP: 141 B
GERD: 0.6%(850 M)
ME:3.8 B
GDP: 41 BGERD: 0.2%
(81M)
ME: 1.1 B
GDP: 165 BGERD: 0.3%
(500 M)ME: 2 B
RED DE INDICADORES DE CIENCA YTECNOLOGIA IBEROAMERICANA E
INTERAMERICANA RICYThttp://www.ricyt.org
Adapted from: CIA World Fact Book
2009 & IMF, World Economic OutlookDatabase April 2006
Current status of R&D in Andean nationsCurrent status of R&D in Andean nations
USA : GDP - 14TGERD: 2.5% (350 B)
ME: 644 B
Total LA R&Dexpenditure is a smallpiece of a tiny pie
Total LAME: ~ 40 B
Mega military
expenditurewithouta clear enemy
Brazil: GDP 1T,
GERD: 1.1% (11B)ME: 24 B
GDP: gross domesticproduct
GERD: gross expenditurein R&DME: militar ex enditure
http://www.ricyt.org/http://www.ricyt.org/ -
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GDPGDP PopulationPopulation GERDGERDspendingspending
ResearcherResearcherss
MilitaryMilitaryexpenditureexpenditure
DevelopedDevelopedCountriesCountries
61.1% 22.3%84.4% 71.6%
USA: 644 BEU: 312 B
DevelopingDevelopingcountriescountries
38.9% 77.7%15.6% 28.4%
Brazil: 24 B
AndeanAndeannationsnations
0.18% 21% 0.2% 0.9% 16 B
Inverse Relationships
Adapted from: Adapted from: CIA World Fact Book &RICyT 2000, http://www.science.oas.org/r
The numbers paint a grim picture. How canwe improve this situation?
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0.5%
0.5-0.8%
0.8-0.9%
1-1.5%
1.5-2%
2-2.5%
2.5%
GDP & EDUCATION
IndonesiaNigeria
BrazilIndia
Mexico
Colombia VenezuelaEgypt Uruguay
Chile
Argentina
Italy
Japan Sweden
GermanyDenmark
South KoreaUSA
FinlandFranceNetherlands
Belgium
CanadaUKNorway
Spain
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Can we talk about innovation if wecontinue doing the same things?
Greater innovation to benefit of society
Can we evolve?
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Nanotechnology activity , measured by scientific
publications, has almost doubled worldwide between2000 & 2007In Iberian America, Spain & Brazil pioneered and leadin scientific production & technological development
in nanotech. The remaining Iberian nations showmarkedly lower production for the whole period.From 2000 to 2007, Iberian America had about 20,000documents in SCI. While the base total grew by 25%,during the same period articles on nanotech reacheda 100% increase. This is 3.5% of the total # of IberianAmerican publications registered in SCI for the period.
Nanotech activity in Iberian America is growing,
but it is still far behind worldwide figures.
Nanotech development in theregion
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The main Iberian American nations have implementedactive policies, constituting ad-hoc institutions &instruments to support nanotech, such as: RedNANOSPAIN, the Brazilian Initiative on Nanotechnology,
and the Argentine Nanotechnology Foundation (FAN)
The Iberian American institution with the highestparticipation in SCI is Spains Superior Council onScientific Research (CSIC). It participates with 11.8% of
the Iberian American production in nanotech, andreveals a marked increase of over 100% between 2000& 2007.
Leadership of Brazil and Spain has been a result
of the implementation of state policies and
Nanotech development in theregion
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Given the relatively small scientific community andscant financial resources in each latin Americancountries , only decided regional collaboration can offerthe critical mass needed to render nanotech R&D the
necessary sustainability.
Iberian American collaboration is greatly importantinasmuch as it has increased the scientific production of
smaller nations by participating with more developednations.
Close collaboration within and with leadingnations in Nanotech development will bring
marked growth in Latin Americas participation.www.nanotecnologia.com.pe
Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARA ELDESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA
Nanotech development in theregion
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/ -
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Internationally registered patents in nanotech, throughthe OMPI PCT accord, have increased by 183% between2000 & 2007.
Iberian Americas 560 patents are merely 0.74% ofnanotech patents registered in the PCT data base for2000-2007; showing rapid growth, from 13 to 133between 2000 & 2007.
The countries leading in numbers of patents in IberianAmerica are those with the higher scientific production.
There is potential and many are interested, but we
need to bridge the gap.
Nanotech development in theregion
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Nanotechnology inNanotechnology in
Andean CountriesAndean CountriesSome Andean nations have
implemented state policiesappertaining to nanotechnology Inmany cases the intentions are
good, but the results are poor. If
not miserable!!
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In 2005, the National Secretariat of Science andTechnology (SENACYT), through the office of theVice President, published the document outlining the
National Policy for Science, Technology, andInnovation 2005-2010.
Among the objectives of the policy, it seeks to fund
basic sciences and natural sciences, includingnanotechnology.
Results are yet to be noted!!!www.nanotecnologia.com.pe
Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICASPARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA
Nano in Ecuador
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://gruponovha.org/images/bandera_ecuador.gif&imgrefurl=http://gruponovha.org/adopcion.html&h=300&w=400&sz=16&tbnid=1qynE-ZwxRFT3M::&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Becuador&hl=es&usg=__gzQViTPD2jfrJ1xnvVvWljqNHJs=&ei=W6PjSd22CeLfnQflg7GiCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=imagehttp://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/ -
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CONICYT, created in 1967, advises the President onscientific issues. It grants scholarships for graduatestudies and funds R&D projects. Chile has been aclear participant and is well aware of the importance
of nanoscience R&D.
The Center for Nanoscience in Valparaiso seeksto strengthen activities in experimental research infields related to the S&T of systems at the nanoscale.
http://www.conicyt.cl/573/propertyvalue-1735.htmlhttp://www.cenava.cl
Nano in Chile
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CIMAT: Center for advanced interdisciplinaryresearch in materials science was created in 1998,for a 10-year period, through a national effort foradvanced research in priority areas
Nano in Chile
http://www.conicyt.cl/573/propertyvalue-1735.html
Bio-related Materials
Mechanics of Complex Materials
Catalytic & Polymeric Materials
http://www.cimat.cl/quehacemos_investigacion01.php -
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Creation of the National System for Scientific Technological Development, SINDECYT, 1977 ViceMinistry of Science and Technology
In Bolivia, nano is truly nano!
www.nanotecnologia.com.peCarlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARA
EL DESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA
Nano in Bolivia
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/ -
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The Strategic National Plan for Science, Technology,and Innovation for Competitivity and HumanDevelopment (PNCTI) 2006-2021, includes themanipulation and design of nanomaterials as a
thematic hub within the Materials Program(PROMAT). [Gutarra, 2007].
The Plan expects to increase public and private
investment in nanomaterials.
Peru began with a good plan, on paper. Good plansneed good cash flow and competent humanresources, still lacking! www.nanotecnologia.com.pe
Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARAEL DESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA
Nano in Per
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/ -
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The government launched, in 1995,the National Plan in Science,Technology, and Innovation (PNCTI)
for 2005-2030.
Venezuela wants to improve its long-term participation in ST&I. Studies areunderway. Greater percentage of the
GDP is promised for R&D.
Stay tuned. Al, presidente!!!www.mct.gob.ve
Nano in Venezuela
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In 2004, COLCIENCIAS selected 8 strategic areas toenhance productivity & competitivity in Colombianeconomy, one was Advanced Materials &Nanotechnology.
Colombia still needs clear and long-term statepolicies to support Nanotech R&D. Some short-termwork has proven successful, as is the case with the
Excellence Center for Novel Materials
www.nanotecnologia.com.pe
Carlos Aguirre-Bastos POLITICAS PUBLICAS PARAEL DESARROLLO DE LA NANOTECNOLOGIA
Nano in Colombia
http://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags_embossed/Colombia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/banderasmundo/bandera_Colombia.html&h=240&w=360&sz=5&tbnid=EW7Kkn_7TqzrqM::&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Bcolombia&hl=es&usg=__Xx10lHBKb4dkI7XKi_sPBkjLndQ=&ei=2qLjSdqjJM3lnQeEgZ2xCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=imagehttp://www.nanotecnologia.com.pe/ -
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Created in 2005, the CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR NOVELMATERIALS www.cenm.org is part of a high-prioritynational effort funded primarily by COLCIENCIAS, gathering
19 recognized multidisciplinary research groups from 10public and private universities. It collaborates withinternational entities in materials research.
Research at CENM focuses on 4 Interdisciplinary Research
Themes Advanced Coatings Composite Materials
Nanomagnetism
Solid-State Devices, Sensors, and Mesoscopic Systems
CENM
http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags_embossed/Colombia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/banderasmundo/bandera_Colombia.html&h=240&w=360&sz=5&tbnid=EW7Kkn_7TqzrqM::&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Bcolombia&hl=es&usg=__Xx10lHBKb4dkI7XKi_sPBkjLndQ=&ei=2qLjSdqjJM3lnQeEgZ2xCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image -
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CENM
CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FORNOVEL MATERIALS
19 research groups Researchers: 70PhDs
Sponsorship: PhD and Msc. students:
Publications: 213
High-tech robust equipment:
PPMS (Physical Property MeasurementSystem)
AFM Atomic Force microscope
Microraman
Spectrophotometers
SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags_embossed/Colombia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/banderasmundo/bandera_Colombia.html&h=240&w=360&sz=5&tbnid=EW7Kkn_7TqzrqM::&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Bcolombia&hl=es&usg=__Xx10lHBKb4dkI7XKi_sPBkjLndQ=&ei=2qLjSdqjJM3lnQeEgZ2xCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image -
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NANOCOLOMBIA wascreated as a private institutionto promote businessinvestments or joint ventures
in nanotechnology.
Nano in Colombia
FUNDACIN LATINOAMERICANA PARA EL AVANCE DE LA CIENCIA
Desde 1990 tejiendo Redes Acadmicas con el Propsito de Construir Nacinhttp://www.funlaci.org
http://www.google.com.co/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags_embossed/Colombia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/banderasmundo/bandera_Colombia.html&h=240&w=360&sz=5&tbnid=EW7Kkn_7TqzrqM::&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbandera%2Bcolombia&hl=es&usg=__Xx10lHBKb4dkI7XKi_sPBkjLndQ=&ei=2qLjSdqjJM3lnQeEgZ2xCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=3&ct=image -
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State policies must bridge the academia-industry gap
Govt & Private ST&I investment shows results
Trilogy endeavor to explore new frontiers. It can andmust be done.
Knowledge transference through strategic partnerships &patents, knowledge management, and disseminationthrough widespread technological transference initiatives
Bring ST&I work to the elementary school classroom andto the general population in simple language
Plausible Strategies
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THE TRIPLE HELIX MODEL OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY- GOVERNMENT RELATIONS
Academia
IndustryState $$
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In spite of achievements, limitations persist.Studies have reviewed policy, strategy, &plans, arriving at conclusions dealing with:
Limited impact Lack of real political will & decision Lack of funds Lack of culture for research andinnovation Only good intentions
Velho, 2004; OEA, 2004; Albornoz, 2002; BID, 2001
In Brief
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Many in the region are still not convinced
that ST&I should be a national priority.
Many others are still not aware of whatnanotechnology means or what applications
it may have.
Some are reticent to accept ST&I as aninstrument of change.
Most are sure that military spending is mostimportant.
As a summary
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Again, big change does not come about bydoing the same things.
Until now, we have only had nano policieswith nano investments for nanotech R&D; wemust pave the way for Mega-investments andlong-term commitments by state and privateentities
Food for Thought
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http://www.ricyt.org/interior/difusion/pubs/elc2008/Nano
Guillermo Anll and Diana Surez Innovation: somethingmore than R&D Latin American evidence from innovation
surveys: building competitive business strategies 2008
Robert Grosse R&D by TNCs in Latin America NationalScience Foundation, Info Brief, Latin America Shows
Rapid Rise in S&E Articles, August 2004. NSF 04-336.Danelia Sabilln Rodrguez Innovation in current and futurescientific cooperation: the south view Centro de Estudiosy Control de Contaminantes (CESCCO). Tegucigalpa, Honduras2002
Principaux indicateurs de la science et de la technologie,Volume 2008/2 ISSN 1011-792X OCDE 2008
Carlos Aguirre-Bastos Polticas publicas para el desarrollo dela nanotecnologaAcademia Nacional de Ciencias de
Bolivia
References and sources
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Gratitude is owed to the organizers of the 2009 APS AprilMeeting FIP Physics in Latin America for hosting this talk and toall of you for your kind attention.
Gracias!
Ah mismo, al otro lado del rio, hay toda clasede aparatos mgicos, mientras nosotros
seguimos viviendo como burros
Cien aos de soledad Gabriel Garca Mrquez
Acknowledgements