physiological differences spinal cord injuries presentation prepared by: peter eriksson presentation...
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Physiological DifferencesSpinal Cord Injuries
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson
Presentation to: Coaches
Date: November 1, 2009
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Present Classification
o T51 - previously T1 - High Level Quadriplegic (CP2)
o T52 - previously T2 - Low Level Quadriplegic (CP 3)
o T53 - previously T3 - High Level Paraplegics (CP4)
o T54 - previously T4 - Low Level Paraplegics & Amputees = Open Class
IPC Classification is the Norm for Classification Worldwide
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Physiology – The Heart
• Cardiac Output (Q) = HR x SV– Heart Rate (HR)
– Stroke Volume (SV): Amount of blood pumped per beat
Presentation prepared by: Tom Crick & Peter Eriksson Date: April 19, 2009
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Muscle Function...
o Higher Injury Level = Less Muscle Function
o Balance Differences
o Hand Function
o Grip Function
o Response to Strength Training
o Response to Aerobic/Anaerobic Training
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Research shows....
Trained Untrain TotalIncomp Comp
PARA 17 15 32 5 27
QUAD 8 18 26 6 20
NONE 5 5 10 - -
TOTAL 30 38 68 11 47
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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o Untrained
Trained
Incompl
Mean Values VO2 (LxMin)
QT – 1.10, QUT – 0.84, QIC – 1.18PT – 2.19, PUT – 1.59, PIC – 1.89ABT – 3.72, ABUT – 2.57
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Maximum Heart Rate….
o T51 = ~ 100 beats / min
o T52 = 100 - 120 beats / min
o T53 = 170 beats / min
o T54 = 190 beats / min
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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o Untrained
Trained
Incompl
Mean Values HR
QT – 112 BPM, QUT – 117 BPM, QIC – 140 BPMPT – 184 BPM, PUT – 177 BPM, PIC – 186 BPMABT – 164 BPM, ABUT – 155 BPM
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o Untrained
Trained
Incompl
Mean Values Hla (mmol)
QT – 6.2, QUT – 5.4, QIC – 7.3PT – 11.5, PUT – 9.0, PIC – 11.2ABT – 7.5, ABUT – 8.4
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Why Differences?
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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SCI: Factors Influencing Peak Oxygen Uptake
Peak VO2 Peak Q= x
Hypokinetic Paralysis
Peak (a - v)O2diff
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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SCI: Hypokinetic Circulation
Peak Q = Peak HR x Peak SV
Quadriplegia: Sympathetic disruption to
myocardium above T1
Reduced venous return:
venous pooling, inactive muscle pump reduces
preload
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SCI: Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference
Peak values usually lower due to:reduced muscle mass for oxygen extractiondecreased blood flow resulting from lower Qdecreased activity of aerobic enzymespossible reduction in capillary density?
At a given submaximal VO2 the (a - v)O2diff could be higher to compensate for the reduced Q
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Response to Training
o Very little or no effect of Strength Training for Higher Levels of Quadriplegic (T51)
o Questionable effects to Strength Training for Lower Levels of Quadriplegic (T52)
o Questionable effects to Aerobic Training for Quadriplegic
o Definite effects of Lactate Threshold and High Intensity Training for Quadriplegic
o Very short recovery times for any quality training
o Short “Peaking” period for QuadriplegicPresentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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o Definite effects of any type of Strength Training for Paraplegics (T53 & T54)
o Some effects of Aerobic Training for Paraplegics (T53 & T54)
o Definite effects of Lactate Threshold and High Intensity Training for Paraplegics
o Very short recovery times for any quality training (compared to runner)
o Short “Peaking” period for Paraplegics (compared to runner)
o Extremely good effects of “overspeed” & high intensity training
Response to Training
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Other Factors
o Level of Coaching (anywhere in the World)
o Acceptance (elite athletes)
o Accessibility (facilities)
o Equipment (costly)
o Sitting Position (very hard to determine – crucial for success)
o Technique
o Functional Formula of Training in relation to Injury LevelPresentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Testing....o What do you need for your sport
o How is it going to effect;
o Team trainingo Individual training
o Who is interpreting the data and implementing the changes to training program
o Coach (educated well enough to understand what it is going to be used for?)
o Physiologist (is there one available that understands the Physiology of Spinal Cord injuries?)
o BothPresentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Testing....
o Laboratory Test
o Field Test
o Rollers or Track
o Coopers Test 12 minutes
o Conconi Test – Increase speed with 1-2k until exhaustion
Important to have same environment at each test
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
10 20 30
24
26
28
30
34
36
38
0
Test 1
Test 2
Speed
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Sprint Tests
o 30 meter standing start – acceleration speed
o 60 meter flying start – top speed
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Intensity of training...
Heart Rateo Heart Rate Monitor including Speed, Time and
Distance
Percentage of Speedo Speedometer including Speed, Time and
DistanceKarvonen’s Formula
Max HR 200Rest HR 50
15070% of Max x 0.7
105Rest HR 50
155 Beats per minute
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Hla
6
4
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Training Methods...
o Distance Trainingo Short 5 – 15K o Long 15K and up
o Fartlek Trainingo Short 5 – 15Ko Long 15K and up
o Interval Trainingo Shorter 15 seconds to 90 secondso Short 90 seconds to 3 minuteso Long 3 minutes and up
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Training Methods...
o Tempo Trainingo Short – 100 to 400 metero Long - 400 meter and up
o Sprint Training (Alactic Acid Training)
o Overspeed Training (Downhill or with the Wind)
o Strength Training (Free weights)o Strengtho Powero Speed
Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009
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Presentation prepared by: Peter Eriksson Date: November 1, 2009