pi name prof saffa riffat project name reporting period...

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PI Name Prof Saffa Riffat

Project Name R & D in Sustainable Building Energy Systems and Retrofitting

Reporting Period 01/10/2011-30/09/2015

1. Publishable Summary (max 2 pages)

The main aim of the R & D in Sustainable Building Energy Systems and Retrofitting (R-D-SBES-R)

joint exchange programme is to develop and maintain long term partnerships between European and

Chinese participant organisations by undertaking joint researches into the development of several zero

(low) carbon cooling, heating and power generation technologies for buildings and promoting best practice and strategy for retrofitting existing buildings, by individual mobility of researchers between

Europe and China. Its objectives are: (1) to develop a novel dew point air cooler; (2) to develop a

solar driven ejector cooling system; (3) to develop a solar driven desiccant cooling system; (4) to develop a solar PV heat/power system using direct expansion evaporator/heat pipes; (5) to develop a

solar balcony hot water heating system; (6) to develop a hybrid solar/biomass CHP system; (7) to

develop micro-channel heat exchangers for building air conditioning; and (8) to develop best practice and strategy for building retrofitting. The project was successfully managed and progressed very well.

5 project meeting were held annually in the project period. The secondments were undertaken

successfully and European and Chinese participant organisations have developed long term

relationships for collaborative research work in the future. Project meetings were held each year in the project period. Dissemination work included a project website, 4 workshops, 4 Conferences, 3 field

trial demonstrations and publications including 87 Journal/Conference papers, 3 PhD/Master thesis

and 8 books. 9 patents have been granted. 11 new research objectives have been established and funded by Royal Society, UK TSB/EPSRC and industries, 6 EU and China national awards have been

granted for the work carried out during the project periods.

The development of the 8 technologies in this joint exchange programme have been completed, the details are as follow:

(1) Dew-point air cooler: A commercial dew point air cooler has been developed by the following steps: a) computer modelling and optimization of the dew point air-to-air heat and mass

exchanger; b) design, construct and test a 2kW prototype dew point air cooler based on the results

derived from computer modelling; and c) develop product catalogue. As a major part the dew point air cooler, a novel counter-flow heat exchanger constituted of corrugated sheets has been

developed, which enhances the cooling capacity of the cooler for 20% and dew point/wet bulb

effectiveness for 15%-23% compared to conventional dew point cooling heat exchanger.

(2) Solar driven ejector system: Computer simulation and lab testing has been carried out to optimise the components in the ejector system, including solar collector, PCM storage and ejector.

The performance of the solar driven ejector system using different working fluids and for various

operating conditions have been investigated. Experimental work has been carried out to investigate a 5kW steam ejector system that uses water as a working fluid and is environmentally

friendly. It was concluded that for small scale cooling system, water can be used as the working

fluid successfully.

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(3) Solar driven desiccant system: The thermal and physical, and kinetics characteristics of

different desiccant cooling materials have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. A

5kW solar-driven, two stage desiccant cooling prototype system with 5 kW cooling output has

been developed. The test results showed that the desiccant cooling cycle can break the obstacle of limited temperate reduction encountered by conventional desiccant cooling cycle. The novel cycle

can have a COP of 0.7～0.9 and is energy-saving, economical and environment-friendly.

(4) A building integrated solar PV heat/power system using direct expansion evaporator/heat

pipes has been developed by theoretical and experimental investigation. The system consists of

polyethylene heat exchanger loop underneath PV modules to form a PV/Thermal roof

collector. The roof unit can convert part of the incoming solar radiation into power energy due to

the photo galvanic effect of the silicon cells and remaining heat energy can be conveyed through the circulating water across the heat exchanger. The hot water can be used for heating & cooling,

domestic hot water supply, food drying, building natural ventilation, etc.

(5) A solar balcony hot water heating system has been developed by theoretical and experimental

investigations. A solar water heating system was constructed and installed at a balcony in a typical residential building in Guangdong (China). The year-round testing for balcony’s

performance and operating characteristics were conducted. The thermal efficiency of the system

under various solar/ambient conditions was obtained through measurement and subsequent calculation. The measurement data were compared with the modelling results, and the

discrepancies were analysed.

(6) A novel hybrid solar/biomass CHP system has been developed by theoretical analysis/

computer modelling and prototype system lab testing. The experimental testing showed that a 25kW biomass boiler-driven micro-CHP system that has an ORC efficiency in the range of 2.20%

- 2.85% can generate electricity of 344.6W and heat of 20.3kW, corresponding to electricity

generation efficiency of 1.17% and CHP efficiency up to 86.22%. For a 50kW biomass boiler-driven micro-CHP system that has an ORC efficiency of 3.48% - 3.89%, can generate electricity

of 748.6W and heat of 43.7kW, corresponding to electricity generation efficiency of 1.43% and

CHP efficiency up to 81.06%.

(7) Micro-channel heat exchangers for building air conditioning has been experimentally

investigated. Microchannel heat exchangers have advantages of improving heat transfer

performance and decreasing system charge of the refrigerants. Investigation has been carried out

on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R22 substitute refrigerants with lower GWP value (such as R32, R152a, propane and R1234ze (E)) during condensation in microchannels. The

experimental testing results showed show that R32, R152a, propane and R1234ze (E) are good

substitutes for R22 based on the condensation heat transfer characteristics. (8) Retrofitting strategies: Research has been carried out to develop retrofitting strategies utilizing

other WP technologies, which includes research on comprehensive inspection and evaluation

retrofitting technologies, research on retrofitting policy (i.e, comparative related retrofitting policy and research on retrofitting policies and mechanism in China) and establishment on

comprehensive retrofitting technical service platform. Guidelines on retrofitting have been

developed.

The proposed project has developed the above several zero (low) carbon building energy systems and

promoted implementation of best practice and strategy in China and EU building retrofitting. The

economic and environmental analysis showed these energy systems are sustainable, low carbon and

low cost. In line with increased global demand for energy in buildings, the research results will be of

significant importance in terms of promoting deployment of the low energy system, helping reduction

of energy use in buildings and cut of the associated carbon emission. This has been achieved through

joint effort between EU and China partners under the planned visits and secondments. The process

has resulted in great deal of knowledge/technology transfer, PhD and young researcher training,

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information exchange, and joint events (seminars, meeting and conferences) between the EU and

China in the particular areas.

List of keywords (mandatory field)

Sustainable building energy system; retrofitting; dew point cooling; desiccant cooling; heating/cooling system; solar/biomass CHP system; micro-channel heat exchangers; retrofitting

strategy; knowledge exchange;

Websites where additional information may be found (mandatory field)

http://www.iesd.dmu.ac.uk/~sbes

_________________________________________________________________________________

Report on the work performed and results

a) Accomplishment of the research objectives as presented in the original proposal

The original proposal has proposed eight research objectives. All the objectives have been completed, the details are presented as follow:

(1)To develop a novel dew point air cooler:

Objective of the research:

(1-1) Computer modelling and optimization of the dew point air-to-air heat and mass exchanger; (1-2)

Design, construct and test a 2kW prototype dew point air cooler based on the results derived from computer modelling; and (1-3) Develop product catalogue.

Work performed:

There are 3 tasks in this research objective, i.e, Task 1.1, Task1.2 and Task 1.3. All these Tasks have

been completed.

Task 1.1 has involved selection of the most adequate materials for making heat and mass exchanger

sheets, optimization of the exchanger geometric sizes, recommendation of the favourable operating

conditions, as well as prediction of the thermal performance of the exchanger, by using the well-

established computer program. Wide range of materials (Fig.1-1) including wicked metal, fibres, kraft paper, and non-woven fabric

was investigated in terms of their thermal conductivity, porosity, shape formation/holding ability,

durability, as well as cost. Aluminium coating textile fibre (coating by gluing) would be the adequate

material for forming the heat/mass exchanger of evaporative cooling. Instead of gluing, heating and

pressing methods were used in coating between the aluminium foil and fibre sheet due to the

limitation of fabrication. Regarding to the materials for supporting the channel walls of exchanger,

plastic corrugated sheets were used for the characteristics of easy assembly and light weight, as shown

in Fig. 1-2. The corrugated sheet, as the supporter of each channel, guides airflow to pass through the

air channels of exchanger.

http://www.iesd.dmu.ac.uk/~sbes/

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Fig. 1-1 Selected materials for forming heat/mass exchanger

Fig. 1-2 Selected aluminium coating fibre and the heat/ mass exchange sheet

A dedicated computer program was developed and validated by Hull and adopted with honour by the

world profession giant of Coolerado based in USA. The program assisted the structure design and

optimization by implementing the commonly adopted operating conditions including air velocity,

inlet air temperature, humidity and pressure, as well as water temperature. Comparison was also made

on the basis of dew point effectiveness for different materials, geometric sizes, and operating

conditions. As a result, the performance of the exchanger has been presented in form of graphs/tables

which indicated relation between dew point effectiveness and material, operating condition and

geometric sizes of the exchanger. The best exchanger configuration was therefore determined through

the graphic comparison. It is found that lower channel air velocity, lower inlet air relative humidity,

and higher working-to-product air ratio yielded higher cooling effectiveness. The recommended

average air velocities in dry and wet channels should not be greater than 1.77 m/s and 0.7 m/s,

respectively. The optimum flow ratio of working-to-product air for this cooler is 50%. The channel

geometric sizes, i.e. channel length and height, also impose significant impact to system performance.

Longer channel length and smaller channel height contribute to increase of the system cooling

effectiveness but lead to reduced system COP. The recommend channel height is 4 mm and the

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dimensionless channel length, i.e., ratio of the channel length to height, should be in the range 100 to

300. Numerical study results indicated that this new type of M-cycle heat and mass exchanger can

achieve 16.7% higher cooling effectiveness compared with the conventional cross-flow heat and mass

exchanger for the indirect evaporative cooler.

To enhance the cooling effectiveness of dew point cooling systems, a counter-flow heat exchanger

was developed. The exchanger comprises numerous polygonal heat transfer sheets, again stacked

together with the support of triangular air guides. Both the product and working air are directed into

the dry channels, losing heat to the adjacent wet channels and at the end of the channels have been

cooled to a level approaching the dew point. At the end of each channel, part of the air stream

(product air stream) is delivered to the building space and the remaining air stream (working air

stream) is diverted to the adjacent wet channel, where it travels along an opposite flow direction to the

dry channel air (Fig. 1-3(b)).

Fig.1-3 Schematic of the cross- and counter-flow heat exchanger for dew point cooling (a) Cross-flow;

(b)Counter-flow

Through the computer program and case-by-case experimental testing and validation, a parametric

study of the cooling performance of the counter-flow and cross-flow heat exchangers was carried out.

The results showed the counter-flow exchanger offered greater (around 20% higher) cooling capacity,

as well as greater (15%-23% higher) dew-point and wet-bulb effectiveness when equal in physical

size and under the same operating conditions. The cross-flow system, however, had a greater (10%

higher) Energy Efficiency (COP). As the increased cooling effectiveness will lead to reduced air

volume flow rate, smaller system size and lower cost, the counter-flow system is considered to offer

practical advantages over the cross-flow system.

Task 1.2 will involve design, construction and testing of 2 kW prototype commercial dew point air

cooler, based on the typical summer parameters in a northern China region (e.g., Xi’an).

A 2 kW prototype commercial dew point air cooler was designed, constructed and tested, under the

typical summer parameters in a northern China region. The material and geometric sizes of the

exchanger was determined based on the database established with the simulation tool. Other system

components including fan and pump, water tank and distributor, air and water flow controllers, as

well as box, has been designed accordingly, thus forming a complete CAD drawings. This cooler was

tested in the standard evaporative cooling experimental room at Keda (Fig.1-4) where a range of

outdoor air conditions and domestic cooling loads can be simulated. Fresh/exhaust/supply air

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parameters, including flow rate, temperature and humidity, and fan/pump powers will also be

measured, using the standard instruments, e.g., thermocouples, humidity sensors, anemometers and

current/voltage meters, and DT500 datataker/computer. Calculation was then made based on the

measurement data to generate the technical specifications associated with the unit operation, including

total/effective cooling capacity, air flow rates, controlled dew point level, as well as supply air

temperature.

Fig. 1-4 Dew point cooler test system in laboratory

Compared to the reference product, i.e. M30 from Coolerado, the quasi-commercial prototype showed

superior performance in terms of cooling capacity, cooling effectiveness and COP at the comparative

dimension. Table 1 gives the details in wet-bulb effectiveness under various operation conditions. In

line with increased global demand for energy in cooling of building, the research results will be of

significant importance in terms of promoting deployment of the low energy dew point cooling system,

helping reduction of energy use in cooling of buildings and cut of the associated carbon emission.

Table 1 Performance comparison between the prototype and Coolerado-M30

Dimension (mm)

Working to intake

air ratio

Product air flow (CFM)

Product air flow

(CHM)

Working air flow (CHM)

Intake air flow (CHM)

Coolerado-M30 Wet-bulb effectiveness

(%)

Wet-bulb effectiveness

(%)

Cooling capacity

(W)

Product air temp.

(oC)

COP

1194

× 667 ×

1168

0.44 900 1530 1207 2737 93 97.65 8302 21.50 18.4

0.44 850 1445 1156 2601 94 98.7 7390 21.33 16.4

0.44 800 1360 1088 2448 95 99.75 7035 21.15 15.6

0.45 750 1275 1037 2312 96 100.8 6670 20.98 14.8

0.45 710 1207 986 2193 98 102.9 6455 20.63 14.3

0.45 660 1122 918 2040 100 105 6131 20.28 13.6

0.46 610 1037 867 1904 103 108.15 5848 19.75 13.0

0.46 560 952 799 1751 107 112.35 5591 19.05 12.4

0.46 510 867 731 1598 110 115.5 5244 18.53 11.7

0.46 460 782 663 1445 113 118.65 4866 18.00 10.8

0.46 420 714 612 1326 117 122.85 4610 17.30 10.2

Maximum power input: 450W

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Task 1.3 has involved developing product catalogue based on the testing results obtained from Task

2.

A comprehensive product catalogue with detailed information of the dew point cooler series was

generated and used as guidance for users. The technical parameters of a typical serial of 7.5 kW are

listed below for comparing with the original prototype and its potential rivals.

Table 2 Comparison of technical parameters between the developed model and its rivals

Type 1- original prototype 2- developed model 3- reference product

Product PIIF-GA-2008-220079

(UoH/Tsinghua) Keda Ltd– UoH Coolerado USA

Image

Design dry/wet bulb temp. (oC)

34.5 /21.9 37.78 / 21.11 37.78 / 21.11

Supply/return air flow rate, m3/h

120/120 1500/1200 1500/1200

Cooling Efficiency (wet bulb based), %

79 88 90

Supply air temp. (oC) 25.5 23.1 22.8

Power input, W 30 450 470

Sizes (mm x mm x mm)

1800 x 800 x 400 1219 x 1175 x 667 1219 x 1175 x 667

Volume (m3) 0.576 0.956 0.955

Cooling capacity, kW 0.45 7.5 7.49

COP 15 16.5 16

Cost (estimated), £ 500 1,500 1,500

Results and degree to which the objectives were met

The following results have been achieved, which fully meet the objective. (i)Report on material selection and geometric optimization of the dew point heat and mass exchanger

(ii)Design files of a 2 kW commercial dew point air cooler

(iii)A prototype dew point air cooler; and the testing results

(iv) Dew point air cooler product catalogue.

Specific training received on scientific and technical aspects

This objective involved training of two researcher (Dr. Zhiying Duan from DMU and Dr. Xinxin

Zhang from UoH) and six PhDs (Mr. Cheng Li and Mr. Xiaoqiang Dong from Tsinghua, Mohemed

Drawing

Technical specifications

1.Structures:Polygonal sheets-stacked together

2.Materials: fiber coated

aluminum sheets

3.Channels height:6mmChannels length:1m

4.Cooling capacity: 1 kW

5.Temperature reduction:18 ℃

6. Energy efficiency -20

7.Average Water consumption:3.4 liter/h

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Hamby from Aalto, Mr. Peng Xu, Mr. Jinzhi Zhou and Ms. Jingchun Shen from UoH) with the joint

endeavours of the four participant organisations.

Relevance for basic and applied science and for applications including industrial links

The objective is relevant to HVAC building service and can be applied in HVAC and sustainable

building retrofitting industry. The linked industry for development of this objective include Keda Ltd,

Shannxi Yanshida Environmental technological Ltd, Shanxi Jigxu Renewable Energy Co. Ltd,

Nantong Xinyuan Energy Technology Ltd, Shanghai Green Energy Technology Ltd, and Shanghai

Solar Energy Technology Research Centre Ltd.

(2) To develop a solar driven ejector cooling system


(2-1) Selection and optimization of the system components; (2-2) Develop a parametric computer

program for system performance analysis; (2-3) Design, construct and monitor the performance of a

full-scale field prototype ejector cooling (air conditioning) system.

Work performed:


been completed.

Task 2.1 has involved selection and optimization of the system components, i.e., solar tubes, a PCM energy transport and storage, as well as an ejector cycle.

The literate review has been carried out to select a suitable design from the various commercial

evacuated-tube solar collectors. Several solar tubes, Cortec-2, TMO500, TDS300 Solamax-20,

Vistosol 300-20 and ETC-16, are considered as potential design of higher performance and/or low

cost within the suggested operating temperature range.

A FORTRAN computer program for solar collector simulation has been developed. The analytical

model incorporating a set of heat balance equations to analyses heat transfer processes occurring in separate regions of the collector, i.e., the top cover, absorber and condenser manifold areas, and

examine their relationship. The program can simulate the performance of both the heat pipe solar

collectors and the direct flow solar collectors for various solar collector configurations and operating

conditions. Modelling found the TMO500 heat pipe and Cortec 2 direct flow solar collector have the similar efficiency in the heat transfer fluid mean temperature range of 0-120oC which is in the

temperature operating temperature range of the proposed solar ejector system. Fig.2-1 shows a

comparison of the simulated efficiencies of TMO500 and Cortec 2. Lab testing has also carried out to validity the computer model.

Due to Cortect 2 is cheaper than TMO500 Cortect 2 is determined to be used in the solar driven ejector system.

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A 45% w/w slurry of mPCM containing Rubitherm RT6 has been identified as suitable for the

proposed project. The thermal properties of the material have been evaluated. Fig.2-2 shows the

viscosity and concentration profile.

Fig.2-2 Viscosity vs concentration

Fig. 2-1 Comparison of simulated efficiencies of TMO500 and Cortec2

Viscosity vs Concentration for DPNT06-0190

ACPR B594

Brookfield RVT, Spindle 1, 10 rpm, 20°C

0

50

100

150

200

250

20 25 30 35 40 45

Concentration (%)

Vis

co

sit

y (

cP

)

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The performance of ejector cycle using water as a working fluid has been investigated by CFD

simulation. Some of the computer simulation results are shown in Fig.2-3 and Fig.2-4. The ejector has

been designed based on the simulation results. Fig.2-5 shows the designed ejector geometry.

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

r_A

Lam

bd

a

Fig.2-3 Effect of primary nozzle throat to mixing section area ratio (rA) on the entrainment ratio

(lambda), T_g= 100ºC, T_e= 10ºC, T_c= 35ºC

0.313

0.314

0.315

L_m=89.6 mm L_m=155 mm L_m=200 mm

Constant area length

En

train

men

t ra

tio

3300

3400

3500

3600

3700

3800

3900

4000

4100

Cri

tical

back p

ressu

re,

Pa

Entrainment ratio

Critical back pressure

Optimum

Fig.2-4 Effect of constant area section length (Lm) on the critical back pressure (pc) and entrainment

ratio, Te= 10ºC, Tg= 90ºC.

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Spindle

50 2 89.6

21.2

55.4

8.39

NXP

254 Lm 222.8

39

76

.2

Fig.2-5 Ejector geometry Task 2.2 has involved developing a unified parametric computer model enabling system performance

analysis.

The model was developed by integrating all the components of the system including solar collector

program, ejector program, cold storage program and building cooling load program.

The solar collector program is used to simulate the performance of solar collectors for a range of

configuration and various operation conditions. The ejector program is used to assess the performance

of an ejector cooling system operated on solar thermal energy using water as working fluid. It also

assists to dimension the ejector component and solar collector area. The cold storage program developed is used to size the cold storage and cooling load program as well as solar irradiance

program is used to simulate building cooling load. All the above programs are unified to form a

program that can evaluate overall system performance

Fig.2-6 shows the system simulation (TRNSYS) scenarios and strategy.

Fig.2-6 System globe model

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Task 2.3 has involved design, construction and field testing of a full-scale prototype.

A full-scale prototype system with an ejector cooling capacity of 5 kW has been designed, assembled and field tested. The demonstration unit incorporated a fully functional evacuated-tube solar array and

an ejector cooling system. Fig. 2-7 shows evacuated-tube solar array. Fig.2-8 shows ejector cooling

system and Fig.2-9 shows some of the testing results.

Fig.2-7 Evacuated-tube solar array

Fig.2-8 Ejector cooling system

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Fig.2-9 Ejector testing results


The following results have been achieved, which fully meet the objective. (i)Optimised system components and its performance analyses

(ii) A unified computer simulation program; and simulation results

(iii) An integrated solar ejector system, test rig and testing results


This objective involved training of 3 researcher (Dr. Mark Worren from UoN and Dr. X. Ma from

UoN and Dr X. Zhai from SJTU)) and one PhD student (Mrs X. Chen from UoN)



building retrofitting industry.

(3) To develop a solar driven desiccant cooling system


(3-1) Selecting desiccant materials; (3-2) Developing a computer model to simulate the heat and mass

transfer in the desiccant rotor and other components of the desiccant cooling system; and (3-3)

Constructing and testing a prototype solar driven two stage desiccant cooling system.

Work performed:


been completed.

Task 3.1 has involved selection of appropriate materials for making desiccant wheels.

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The thermal and physical, and kinetics characteristics have been studied experimentally as well as

theoretically, e.g., adsorption equilibrium, heat of adsorption, porosity, pore sizes (capillary), water

affinity, thermal conductivity, shape formation/holding ability. The studied materials including zeolite, molecule sieves, silica gel, activated alumina, porous ceramics, titanium silicate, calcium chloride,

lithium chloride, and recently developed composite desiccant by SJTU. Figure 3-1 depicts the thermal

gravity curve of the three tested samples: Silica gel, Composite desiccant 1, Composite desiccant 2. It can be found that the dehydration rates of composite desiccant is bigger than the silica gel and when

the temperature is beyond 120℃ the change of weight is not obvious. These curves mean that the

composite desiccant is easier for regeneration than the silica gel. It was determined that the self-developed composite material with high water uptake and low regeneration temperature were to be

used for making desiccant wheels. Test results of transient adsorption capacity under 60 ℃ various

relative humidity conditions are reported in Fig. 3-2. It is seen in Fig.3-2 that the moisture adsorption capacity of the composite desiccant sample is 0.54g H20 vapor/g desiccant material, about two times

that of the adsorption capacity of silica gel, when the environmental relative humidity is 90%.

Fig.3-1 Thermal gravity curve of the three tested samples

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Fig.3-2 The dynamic adsorption curve (60℃,90% RH)

Task 3.2 has developed a computer model to simulate different heat and mass transfer processes

occurred in individual components including solar collectors, heat exchangers, evaporative cooler and whole desiccant system.

Based on the heat and mass transfer analysis, thermodynamic analysis and experimental results, a TRNSYS simulation model of the novel two stage desiccant cooling system is established. The

simulation program is shown in Fig. 3-3. Different heat and mass transfer processes occurred in

individual components including solar collectors, heat exchangers, evaporative cooler and whole desiccant system. Various system integration methods will be analyzed in terms of their energy

efficiency. The simulation results demonstrate that the novel air conditioning cycle can supply relative

low temperature chilled water and effective process air, with good thermal and electrical coefficient performance. The simulation results is better than the test results, which says that the real system has

great potential to improve its performance. The operating characteristics of the rotary desiccant chiller

(Fig. 3-4), advantages and disadvantages of these methods have been analyzed under 3 typical

weather conditions, namely, temperate condition, humid condition and high humid condition.

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Fig. 3-3 Schematic of the TRNSYS simulation program of the two stage desiccant cooling system

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 160010

12

14

16

18

supply chilled water temperarure

chilled water cooling capalicy

Mw (kg/h)

Tw

,sup (℃

)

(a)

0

2

4

6

8

Qw (k

W)

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

process air out temperature

process air out humidity

Mw (kg/h)

Tair,o

ut (℃

)

(b)

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

dair,o

ut (g

/kg

)

Fig. 3-4 Impact of chilled water flow rate on: (a) supply chilled water temperature and corresponding

cooling capacity (b) outlet condition of process air

Task 3.3 has constructed and tested a prototype solar-driven, two stage desiccant cooling system with

5 kW cooling output.

A prototype solar-driven, two stage desiccant cooling system with 5 kW cooling output have been constructed and tested under Shanghai summer outdoor condition in Green Energy Lab in SJTU. (Fig.

3-5) The system performance have been assessed using a number of performance indexes including

solar COP, thermal COP, cooling power, moist reduction and energy saving rate in comparison with the traditional desiccant dehumidification systems. The test results show that the desiccant cooling

cycle can provide effective supply air on each condition (Fig. 3-6), which is of great benefit to

breaking the obstacle of limited temperate reduction encountered by conventional desiccant cooling

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cycle. The novel cycle also good energy utility performance with the thermal coefficient performance

index is around 0.7～0.9. The life cycle analysis of the novel air conditioning system shows that

isothermal dehumidification and regenerative evaporative cooling-based rotary desiccant air conditioning system have much more predominance of energy-saving, economical and environment-

friendly than traditional air conditioning system.

Fig. 3-5 Photographic review of the experimental set up

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 360.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0.014

0.016

Conventional cycle

Tw,sup

=15.3 oC

Temperate

20%

Ambient

conditions

60%

30%

100%

Hu

mid

ity r

atio

(kg/k

g)

70%

40%

80%

50%9

0%

Dry bulb temperature (oC)

Novel cycle Rdis

=0.5

Qualified

supply air

Fig. 3-6 Supply air condition under temperate climate


The following results have been achieved, which fully meet the objective. (i) Report on material selection for the desiccant wheel

(ii) A computer model for desiccant system simulation and simulation results

(iii) A prototype solar powered two-stage desiccant cooling system, test rig and its testing results.


18

This objective involved training of 1 researcher (Dr X. Zhai from SJTU) and one PhD student (Hui Li

from SJTU) and 2 Master students (X.Wang and C.Wang from SJTU)




4) To develop a solar PV heat/power system using direct expansion evaporator/heat pipes

Objective:

(4-1) Computer-aided optimization of the PV/e-hp panel design and its performance evaluation; (4-2)

Constructing and testing the panels and associated heat-pump system; (4-3) Investigating the

suitability of the PV/e-hp module-based heat pump/micro-generation system for various types of buildings, and examine suitable heat utilization/seasonal heat storage schemes; and (4-4) Economic

and environmental analyses.

Work performed:

There are 4 tasks in this research objective, i.e, Task 4.1, Task4.2, Task 4.3 and Task 4.4. All

these Tasks have been completed.

Task 4.1 has involved developing a computer model to optimise the configuration of the PV/e-hp roof module and module-based heat pump system.

The schematic drawing of a solar PV heat/power system is shown in Fig.4-1. A transient model comprising six sets of equations was developed model to design, optimise and performance evaluation

of the configuration of the PV/e-hp system as well as its components. These equations sets were

applied to reflect the energy balance phenomena occurring in different parts of the system, namely: (i)

glazing cover; (ii) PV layer; (iii) fin sheet; (iv) loop heat pipe; (v) heat pump cycle, and (vi) water tank. Model includes 54 equations and the flow chart for the dynamic modelling set up is shown in

Fig. 4-2.

19

Fig. 4-1 Schematic of the solar PV/LHP heat pump heating system

20

Fig.4-2 Flow chart for the dynamic modelling set up

Task 4.2 has involved constructing and testing the PV/e-hp roof modules based heat pump systems

based on the simulation results derived from Task 4.1

The prototype system was designed, constructed and tested, Fig.4-3.

21

Fig.4-3 Experimental testing the PV/e-hp roof modules

A series of outdoor experiments for the whole system were also conducted on a consecutive period.

The daily and instantaneous performance of the prototype system was studied using both energetic and exergetic approaches. The mean daily PV temperature was approximately 40

oC. The daily water

temperature rise in the tank was found to be approximately 40 oC with the maximum water

temperatures reaching nearly over 54 oC. The average electrical and thermal efficiencies of the

PV/LHP module was respectively above 9.13% and 39% daily, resulting in the corresponding overall

energetic and exergetic efficiencies at nearly 48% and 15%. The average COPth and COPPV/T values

were calculated at 5.51 and 8.71 respectively. The mean net electricity output ratio was measured at

1.38% daily, indicating that this prototype system can be fully driven by itself and output additional amount of power in the meantime. The testing results indicated such a prototype system has a steady

and reliable operating performance in the live climate conditions.

Compared with the conventional solar collecting devices, the PV/LHP module can achieve 3–5%

higher exergetic efficiency than standard PV panels and about 7% overall performance above solar

collector. While compared with the conventional solar/air heat pump systems, the PV/LHP heat pump

system could achieve a much higher COP value around 1.5–4 times of the conventional systems

Fig.4-4 is an example of the testing results.

22

Fig.4-4 Variation of the solar heat gain and thermal efficiency of the PV/LHP module over the daily

testing duration

Task 4.3 has investigated the suitability of the PV/e-hp system for various types of buildings, and relevant heat utilization and seasonal heat storage schemes.

Various types of buildings have been investigated for their suitability of the PV/e-hp system.

There are three based ways of integrating PV/e-hp system in buildings:

Roof-based systems.

Façade systems.

Sunshades and sunscreens.

Fig. 4-5, 4-6 and 4-7 shows a number of these; Examples of the roof-based systems are shown in Fig.

4-5. Fig.4-5 (a) shows the PV/e-hp installed on inclined roof. In case of the roof with integrated tiles,

the tiles where solar collectors to be installed are removed and replaced with tiles, see Fig.4-5 (b). Fig.4-5 (c) and Fig.4-5 (d) show the PV/e-hp installed on saw-toothed north light roof and curved

roof/wall respectively. The saw-toothed roofs represent a family of designs. The most common has a

north-facing vertical glazed surface for daylighting. Examples of the PV/e-hp façade system are shown in Fig. 4-6. Fig.4-6 (a) and Fig.4-6 (b) shows the PV/e-hp installed on the vertical wall and

vertical wall with windows respectively. Fig.4-6 (c) shows the inclined PV/e-hp (on the wall) with

windows. Fig. 4-7(d) shows the inclined wall with windows. Examples of the sunshades and

sunscreens are shown in Fig. 4-7. Fig.4-7 (a) and Fig. 4-7 (b) shows the fixed and moveable sunshades respectively. Fig. 4-7(c) shows an overhang sunshade. In Fig.4-7 (d), the concrete beam

can be replaced with the solar collectors. Among the above three ways of the integrations, roofs have

a number of attractions as sites for solar collectors: i) They are often free from over-shadowing. ii)

23

The roof slope can be selected for high performance. iii) It may be easier to integrate solar collectors

aesthetically and functionally into a roof than a wall.

The ideal orientation of PVe-hp is south-facing and have title angle equal to the local latitude for the maximum annual energy gain. For the PVe-hp installation in the buildings, most southerly facing and

un-shaded area of the roof or wall should be selected for integration of the solar collators. Solar

collectors can be mounted on west or east facing roofs or wall, but this will result in a lower energy gain than a southerly orientation. The seasonal storage scheme using PCM slurry has been analysed in

terms of the time intervals low solar irradiation and night time, the maximum amount of heat

required, the heat flow supplied by the auxiliary heater.

Figure 4-5 PVe-hp roof installation (a) Inclined

roof (b) Roof with integrated tiles (c) Saw-

toothed north light roof (d) Curved roof/wall

Figure 4-6 PVe-hp wall installation (a) Vertical

(b) Vertical with windows (c) Inclined solar

collector with windows (d) Inclined wall with

windows

Figure 4-7 PVe-hp as sunshades (a) Fixed

sunshades (b) Moveable sunshades (c)

Overhangs sunshades (d) Replace the concrete

beams

24

Task 4.4 has carried out economic and environmental analyses relating to the PV/e-hp implementing

in buildings.

The analysis of economic and environmental benefits further demonstrated this system might be

competitive in energy supply with its payback period of 16 (9) years and life-cycle carbon reduction

of 12.06 (2.94) tons in Shanghai (London).

The annual electricity consumption is 839.25 kWh/a for novel heat pump system, while for traditional

gas boiler, gas consumption is 626.91 m3/a. The CO2 emission is expected to be 0.8 kg/kWh, if coal-fired power generation were involved and 2.2 kg/m3 for natural gas combustion. So annual CO2

emission is 671.4 kg/a for novel heat pump system and 1379.2 kg/a for gas boiler, respectively. The

annual CO2 emission could be reduced by 707.8 kg/a if household gas boiler was replaced by the

novel heat pump system.


The following results have been achieved, which fully meet the objective.

(i)A computer model of PV/e-hp heat and power system and modelling results

(ii) A prototype PV/e-hp heat and power system and testing results (iii) Report of feasibility of the PV/e-hp heat and power system in buildings and appropriate heat

utilization and storage schemes

(iv)Report of economic and environmental analyses of the PV/e-hp heat and power system.


This objective involved training of 2 researcher (Dr H. Chen from UoN and Dr Z.Qiu from Hull) and

one PhD student (Mr X. Zhang)


The objective is relevant to Building energy and building service and can be applied in sustainable


(5) To develop a solar balcony hot water heating system

Indoor

enclosure

Indoor

enclosure

Heat

storage

Heat

storage

a. Heat flow available from the PVe b. Heat flow not available from PVe

Figure 4-8. Principle of heat storage

25

Objective:

(5-1) Computer-aided optimization of the solar balcony system configuration and predict its

operational performance; (5-2) Constructing and testing a prototype solar balcony system in a flat

building in Wuzhishi Guangdong; and (5-3) Economic, environmental analyses.

Work performed:


been completed.

Task 5.1 has involved developing an EES (Engineering Solution Solver) based computer program

able to analyse the heat transfer processes occurring in various parts of the system, i.e., solar absorber,

capillary heat pipe loop and heat exchanger.

The schematic drawing of the solar balcony system is shown in Fig.5-1.

Fig.5-1 Schematic drawing of the solar balcony system The configuration parameters of various part of the solar balcony water heating system, i.e., solar

absorber, capillary heat pipe loop and tank, had been optimised by using.an EES (Engineering

Solution Solver) based computer programme. The optimized diameter of the heat pipe was determined at 16mm forming the total solar absorbing area of 1.3m2. The length of the pipe was at

2.1m, and the number of the pipe was 12. The capacity tank was at 100L.

Task 5.2 has involved constructing and installing the loop heat pipe system in a balcony space of a

typical Guangdong residential building, and running a year-round testing to the balcony’s

performance and operating characteristics.

The system has been constructed, installed on the residential building and tested, as shown in Fig.5-2.

The test results are shown in Fig.5-3, Fig5-4 and Fig.5-5.

26

Fig. 5-2 solar balcony water heating system in Guangdong residential building

Fig. 5-3 Variation of the system temperature: Ch1: tank water temperature; Ch2: near-end outlet water

temperature; Ch3: far-end outlet water temperature; Ch4: ambient temperature; Ch5: supply-end loop

temperature; Ch6: return-end loop temperature; Ch7: cold water temperature; Ch8: pipe operating

temperature

27

Fig. 5-4 Variation of solar radiation on 19th July

Fig. 5-5 Variation of system efficiency on 19th July

From above figures, it can be seen that the tank water temperature increased all day long from 40oC to

54oC since the turn on of the testing equipment. The pipe operating temperature was mainly

influenced from the solar radiation that the maximum was achieved at 85oC around 12pm. The

maximum efficiency was 70% at 2pm with the maximum solar radiation of 580W/m2. After 3pm, the

system efficiency declined to below 0 due to the rainy day leading to low solar radiation.

Task 5.3 will has involved economic, environmental and regional acceptance analyses related to the

solar balcony system. Based on the on-site testing results, the economic and environmental analyses of the system relating

to the cost-saving, payback period and carbon-emission-reduction had been performed by comparing with conventional water heating systems in following Table 2.

28

Table 2 Cost comparison of various kinds of water heating systems

Types

Natural

gas water

heating

system

Electrical

water

heating

system

Air

source

heat pump

Conventional solar

water heating system

with electrical

auxiliary

Proposed

system

Initial cost (₤) 165.6 155.3 362.3 414 517.5

Annual energy

consumption 475 m3 3750 kWh 1500 kWh 1250 kWh 1050 kWh

Unit price of

energy resource 0.31 ₤/m3 0.06 ₤/kWh 0.06 ₤/kWh 0.06 ₤/kWh

0.06

₤/kWh

Annual

operating cost

(₤)

147.5 232.9 93.2 77.6 65.1

Lifetime (year) 7.5 7.5 15 15 15

Annual

maintenance

cost (₤)

2 1.9 3.9 2.9 2.3

Total cost (₤) 1285.3 1913.9 1816.7 1620.3 1528.3

Annual cost for

lifetime (₤) 171.3 255.2 121.1 108.1 101.8

Table 3 Payback period of the proposed system in comparison with the conventional water heating

systems

Types of water heating system Payback period

Natural gas water heating system 4.3

Electrical water heating system 2.2

Air source heat pump 5.9

Conventional solar water heating system with

electrical auxiliary 8.8

Table 4 Carbon emission reduction of the proposed system in comparison with the conventional water

heating systems in 15 years

Types of water heating system CO2 emission reduction (tonne)

Natural gas water heating system 8.1

Electrical water heating system 13.8

Air source heat pump 2.3

Conventional solar water heating system with

electrical auxiliary 1.0

From the above tables, it can be seen that the proposed system had the lowest annual cost of 101.8₤

for lifetime of 15 years compared with other conventional water heating systems. The payback

periods of the system ranged from 2.2 to 8.8 years, and the CO2 emission reductions were in the range of the 1.0 to 13.8 tonnes in 15 years.

29

Unforeseen developments:

In the process of conducting this work package, there are many unforeseen development including (1) the imprecision of the testing equipment leading to the inaccuracy of the testing results; (2) the

frequent climate change leading to the instability of the testing devices; and (3) the imbalance of the

simulation and testing results due to the empirical values during the setup of the computational model,

e.g., convective heat transfer coefficients. The above-mentioned problems can be resolved from: (1) the replacement of the testing equipment by the precise devices; (2) repeated trial of the testing; and

(3) choice of the appropriate values for the establishment of the computer model.



(i)A computer model and modelling results to the solar balcony system

(ii) Design drawings of the balcony system suitable for use in typical China flat buildings

(iii) A solar balcony hot water heating system installed in a demonstrating building; and testing

results.


Before the operation of the demonstration testing, Prof. Cui and Dr. Zhang from ZKU had been involved with one week visit to the Luneng Yangguang Ltd. (China), one of the top solar companies

in China, who was also the manufacturer and supplier of the solar balcony water heating system. In

addition, they had attended a training programme held in Beijing, China, which was intended to

introduce some engineering based computer programme, e.g., Fortran, Matlab, EnergyPlus.


This work package is not only involved with the basic science, e.g., thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer theory, but also the engineering oriented disciplines, e.g., renewable energy

research, heat supply, fluid transfer network. This system will have a wide application prospect due to

advantageous to performance, social, economic and environmental assessments compared with the existing solar water heating systems, which will also be expected to be mass-produced through the

link to the industry, e.g., Luneng Yangguang Ltd. (China).

(6) To develop a hybrid solar/biomass CHP system

Objective:

(6-1) Theoretical analyses and computer modelling of the coupling relationship between solar ORC

and biomass-fired ORC; (6-2) Design, construction and testing of a prototype hybrid solar/biomass CHP system in power range from 10 to 100kW; (6-3) Environmental impact and economic

assessment of the technology.

Work performed:

There are 3 tasks in this research objective, i.e, Task 6.1, Task 6.2 and Task 6.3. All these Tasks have been completed.

Task 6.1 has established mathematic model to illustrate the relationship between solar ORC (Organic

Rankine Cycle) and biomass-fired ORC.

30

Development and evaluation of a biomass-fired micro-scale CHP with organic Rankine cycle have

also been done. Fig.6-1 shows the configuration of a hybrid solar/biomass ORC. The thermodynamic

model of the system has been developed using different environmental friendly organic fluids.

Furthermore, the system has been coupled with solar collectors. The modelling results have shown that the electrical efficiency of the micro-CHP system depends on not only the modelling conditions

but also the ORC fluid. A comparison of the three fluids generally follows the following order: n-

pentane > HFE7000 > HFE7100. The maximum electric power generated by the expander was in the range of 500 W at a pressure differential of about 4.5 bars.

Fig.6-1 Configuration of a hybrid solar/biomass ORC

Task 6.2 has developed and tested a prototype hybrid solar/biomass CHP system in the power range

from 10 to 100 kW.

A test rig of heat pipe solar collectors has been constructed as shown in Fig. 6-2. The heat pipe

evacuated tube collector arrays include 40 collectors. The install area is 100 m2 and the aperture area

is about 60 m2. It is divided into 8 groups. Each 5 collectors are connected in series to guarantee high

temperature hot water. The hot water is stored in a 2 tons tank.

Furthermore, another test rig has been constructed to check the energetic and exergetic performance

of an updated ORC as shown in Fig. 6-3. The thermodynamic irreversibility that takes place in the

evaporator, condenser, turbine, pump, and separator is revealed. The ORC feasibility for low-

temperature applications is demonstrated.

Moreover, a micro scale biomass-fired CHP system with Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is developed

as shown in Fig. 6-4. The system mainly consists of a biomass boiler, an ORC fluid evaporator, an

31

ORC turbine, an alternator, a preheater and a condenser. Thermodynamic modelling and experimental

evaluation of the CHP system have been done to check power generation and combined heat and

power performance.

A test of the constructed ORC system under varying conditions was conducted. The mass flow rate

through the pump was found to be unequal to that through the turbine during the converter frequency

adjustment process. The two mass flow rates were influenced in different ways by the evaporator

pressure. The experiment results show that a turbine isentropic efficiency of 0.65 and an ORC

efficiency of 6.8% can be obtained with a temperature difference of about 70 oC between the hot and

the cold sides.

The laboratory test has found that the 25kW biomass boiler-driven micro-CHP system, having an

ORC efficiency in the range of 2.20% - 2.85%, can generate electricity of 344.6W and heat of

20.3kW, corresponding to electricity generation efficiency 1.17% and CHP efficiency 86.22%. And

the 50kWth biomass boiler-driven micro-CHP system, having an ORC efficiency of 3.48% - 3.89%,

can generate electricity of 748.6W and heat of 43.7kW, corresponding to electricity generation

efficiency 1.43% and CHP efficiency 81.06%.

Fig.6-2 The heat pipe evacuated tube collector arrays

32

Fig. 6-3 (a) Layout of the updated ORC system; (b) insulated ORC: (1) turbine; (2) gearbox;

(3) generator; (4) condenser; (5) tank; (6) pump; (7) flow meter; (8) evaporator ; (9) separator.

33

Fig. 6-4 Micro scale biomass ORC

Task 6.3 has assessed the environmental impact and economic aspect of the technology.

Simulation has also been conducted to investigate the effect of the biomass energy share on the rate of consumption of wood pellets and on the system electrical and thermal performance employing wood

pellets of 4.8 kWh/kg calorific value. HFE7100 is utilized as working fluid to eliminate any

refrigerant environmental negative impacts in addition to its physical and environmental advantages.

The CHP electrical and thermal efficiencies are directly proportional to the biomass energy share in the heating input as shown in Fig.2. Burning of 5.61 kg/h of wood pellets in the biomass boiler can

provide all the heating input required to drive the CHP system considered. Based on the simulation

results, it is concluded that the larger the biomass boiler share in the heating input the higher the performance of the ORC-CHP unit. The estimated nominal cost of the electricity produced by the

system is 1800-2500Euro/kW depending upon the weather conditions throughout the year. The

payback period of the system was estimated to be 3.5 years.

34

Fig.6-5 Effect of the biomass energy share on the overall CHP performance



(i)A computer model of a hybrid solar/biomass CHP system; and modelling results

(ii) A prototype hybrid solar/biomass CHP system incorporating low concentration CPC collectors (iii) Experimental testing results and technical evaluation of the prototype system


Professor G. Pei visited The University of Nottingham for academic exchange for two years

(2011.05.01–2013.04.30) and completed the Lens-Walled CPC project (PIIF-GA-2009-253945) as the

principal investigator. Dr. Guiqiang Li has been co supervised by Prof. Jie Ji and Prof. Saffa Riffat in

his project entitled “Optimization analysis and experimental research of lens-walled CPC” During his

visit to university of Nottingham as an exchange student since September 2011 to January 2012.


Our research group cooperated with Shanghai Kaisituo Energy saving technology co. and constructed

100 m2 evacuated-tube heat pipe solar collectors. Furthermore, we bought a scroll expander with

rated power output of 1kW from Air squared Company and will test its performance in ORC

experiment platform. In addition we will have further cooperation with Jiangxihuandian co. in

developing screw expanders.

(7) To develop micro-channel heat exchangers for building air conditioning

Objective:

(7-1) To investigate condensation and boiling/evaporation heat transfer as well as two-phase flow

35

characteristics in micro-channels using fluids with wide range of fluid properties;

(7-2) To develop sound fundamentally based prediction tools for heat transfer and pressure drop

during condensation and boiling/evaporation in micro-channels.

(7-3) To design and manufacture micro-channel condensers and evaporators, to build a prototype air conditioner using micro-channel condenser and evaporator and to test its performance;

(7-4) To optimise the performance of micro-channel condenser, evaporator and air conditioner

(7-5) To undertake a feasibility study for the use of micro-channel heat exchanger for heat recovery in natural gas boiler.

Work performed:

There are 3 tasks in this research objective, i.e, Task 7.1, Task 7.2, Task 7.3, Task7.4 and Task 7.5.

All these Tasks have been completed.

Task 7.1 has involved experimentally investigation of condensation, boiling/evaporation in micro-channels. Heat transfer and pressure drop during condensation of refrigerants were experimentally investigated

in circular and square mini-channels. Saturation temperatures were 40oC and 50

oC with mass fluxes

varying from 200 to 800 kg/(m2·s) and vapor qualities from 0.1 to 0.9. Effects of mass flux, vapor

quality, saturation temperature, channel diameter and channel geometry on heat transfer and pressure

drop were investigated. Experimental results were also compared with correlation predictions. The

experimental rig was established and shown in Fig.7-1. Fig. 7-2 shows the cross sectional views of the mini-channels.

Filter Flow meter

Evap

ora

tor

Post

conden

ser

Res

ervio

r

P

T

T

TPΔPT

Mixer

Water bathWater bath

Flow meter

Flow

meter

Pump

MixerMixer

Test section

TMixer

Mixer

Valve

Valve

Valve

Valve

Fig. 7-1 Schematic diagram of the experimental rig

(a) circular (b) 0.952 mm square (c) 1.304 mm square

Fig. 7-2 Cross sectional views of the mini-channels

36

Experimental results show that heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop both increase with

increasing mass flux and vapor quality and decreasing saturation temperature and channel diameter.

The coolant inlet temperature has little effect on the experimental results. The heat transfer

coefficients in the square mini-channel are enhanced by the surface tension for vapor qualities less than 0.5 compared with that in the circular mini-channel. The results in Fig. 7-3 and

Fig. 7-4 show that R32, R152a, propane and R1234ze(E) are good substitubes for R22 based on the

condensation heat transfer characteristics.

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

100.952 mm square

G=200 kg/(m2s

ts=40

oC

tc=30

oC

R32

R152a

R22

h /

kW

/(m

2

x

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.952 mm square

G=400 kg/(m2s

ts=40

oC

tc=30

oC

R32

R152a

R22

h /

kW

/(m

2

x

(a) G=200 kg/(m2·s) (b) G=400 kg/(m

2·s)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0.952 mm square

G=600 kg/(m2s

ts=40

oC

tc=30

oC

R32

R152a

R22

h /

kW

/(m

2

x

(c) G=600 kg/(m2·s)

Fig. 7-3 Heat transfer coefficients for R32, R152a and R22

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.02000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

ts=40oC

G350 propane

G350 R1234ze(E)

G350 R22

G500 propane

G500 R1234ze(E)

G500 R22

h /

W/(

m2

x

Fig. 7-4 Heat transfer coefficients for propane, R1234ze (E) and R22

37

Task 7.2 has involved development of accurate design tools

Research related to prediction tools include:

(1)Theory of heat transfer in microchannels

Detailed comparisons may be made with experimental investigations, where the local surface temperature and heat flux have been measured and with superheated vapor at inlet. Using these data,

curve fits of vapor-surface temperature difference versus distance may be used to calculate the heat-

transfer coefficient distribution along the channels. Typical examples of the comparisons with the

experimentally determined local heat-transfer coefficients are shown in Figure 4.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

5

10

15

z/mm

z

/(kW

/m2K

)

b = 1.0 mm

G = 248 kg/m2s

Ts = 58.5 oC

Kim & Mudawar (2012)

Wang & Rose (2005)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

5

10

15

1 -

z

/(kW

/m2K

)

b = 1.0 mm

G = 248 kg/m2s

Ts = 59.6 oC

Wang & Rose (2005)

Kim & Mudawar (2012)

(a) z vs z (b) z vs 1 - χ

Fig. 7-5 Comparisons of theory with detailed experimental data of Kim and Mudawar (2012a)

for FC72. Variation of heat-transfer coefficient with (a) distance and (b) local vapour mass

quality along the channel from onset of condensation.

(2)Theory of pressure drop in microchannels

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00

20

40

60

80

100

1 -

(dP

/dz)

fric

tio

n /

(kP

a/m

)

R134a

G = 100,300,500,700 kg/(m2 s)

Ts = 50 oC

b = 1 mm (square)

Present Eq.(28)

T = 6 K

Wang and Rose (2005,2011)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

50

100

150

1 -

(dP

/dz)

fric

tio

n /

(kP

a/m

)

R134a

G = 500 kg/(m2 s)

Ts = 50 oC

b = 1 mm (square)

Koyama et al. (2003)

Agarwal & Garimella (2009)

Cavallini et al. (2009)

Wang and Rose (2005,2011)

T = 6 K

Fig. 7-6 Friction pressure gradient for R134a. Left: original and more accurate calculation.

Right: comparison with correlations.

(3) Correlation for condensation heat transfer in microchannels

For the region of the channel where surface tension dominates (i.e. the gravity and mass flux have small influence on heat transfer, the condensation heat transfer can be predicted by Eq. (1)

1/4

fg1.41

h bNu

T

(1)

38

as may be seen in Figure 7. The dimension b in the correlation was taken as side for the square and

triangle sections and the geometric mean of the sides of rectangular sections.

105 106 107 108 109101

102

103

hhgb/T

Nu

R134a

R22

R410A

Ammonia

R152a

Propane

CO2

Nu=1.41(hhg b/T)1/4

cf: Nusselt flat plate Nu=0.943(ghhgL3/T)

1/4

Fig. 7-7 Nusselt number for surface tension-dominated regime

This simple dimensionless algebraic equation has first been derived. This equation represents all of

the theoretical data (Wang and Rose, 2005) satisfactorily. This equation is valid for any fluid and channel geometry and very convenient for use in design and optimization. This equation is expected

to be included in heat transfer handbooks and textbooks.

Task 7.3 has involved design and manufacture of a micro-channel condensers and evaporators and

construction of a prototype air conditioner using micro-channel condenser and evaporator and to test

its performance.

Test results of the designed microchannel heat exchangers shows that the refrigeration EER decreases

by 1.9%, the heating COP increases by 10% and the refrigerant charging decreases by 30% with the indoor heat exchanger area remaining constant and the outdoor heat exchanger area decreasing by

44% when compared with those for the prototype heat exchangers. The subsequent theoretical

calculation shows that the refrigeration/heating energy efficiency would increase by 20% when the

indoor and outdoor microchannel heat exchanger areas are equal to those for the prototype heat exchangers. Test results for the microchannel heat exchangers and the relative variation compared

with those for the prototype heat exchanger are listed in Table . The indoor and outdoor microchannel

heat exchangers were shown in Fig. 7-5.

Table 5 Test results for the microchannel heat exchangers

Type Refrigeration

charging

Test results

Refrigeration Heating

Capacity /

W

Power

/ W

EER Capacity /

W

Power

/ W

COP

Fin-and-tube

heat exchanger

2300 7480.7 2791 2.68 8439.7 3149 2.68

39

Microchannel heat

exchanger 1600 6889 2619.4 2.63 7696.3 2608.9 2.95

Relative variation -30％ -7.9％ -6.1％ -

1.9％ -8.8％ -17％ +10％

(a) indoor heat exchanger (b) outdoor heat exchanger

Fig. 7-5 Microchannel heat exchangers for domestic air conditioner

Task 7.4 has involved development of procedure for optimization of channel dimensions, length and

number of tubes, geometrical dimensions of the headers, and of the condenser and evaporator for given performance specification.

Microchannel heat exchangers for domestic air conditioners were designed by using 3HP floor-type split heat pump air conditioner as the prototype. The optimization design of microchannel heat

exchangers includes the relative size optimization for the dispenser and the microchannel tubes, the

quantitative proportion optimization for the heat transfer and communicating tubes and the

optimization for the fin shape, pitch and inclination. Self-liquid separation heat exchangers contain several advantages. Comparison of microchannel heat exchangers with fin-and-tube heat exchangers

were listed in

Table .

40

Table 6 Comparison of microchannel heat exchangers with fin-and-tube heat exchangers

Type

Indoor heat exchanger Outdoor heat exchanger

Fin-and-tube Microchannel Fin-and-tube Microchannel

Face area 730mm×400mm 665mm×424mm 810mm×609mm 745mm×633mm

Fin type slotted wavy+ slotted slotted wavy+ slotted

Material copper+aluminum aluminum copper+aluminum aluminum

Heat transfer area 9.62 m2 7.75 m2 29.34 m2 16.53 m2

Relative heat transfer

area

1 0.81 1 0.56

Weight 4.15 kg 3.36 kg 10.18 kg 5.44 kg

Relative weight 1 0.87 1 0.50

Task 7.5 has undertaken the feasibility study for integrating a micro-channel heat exchanger to extract energy from the exhaust gas of a natural gas boiler and therefore to further improve its energy

efficiency.

The Task was focused on the design of an optimized micro-channel gas heat exchanger. An

experimental campaign on the analysis of the thermal performances of gas-to-gas micro heat

exchangers operating under different flow configurations (co-current, counter-current, cross flow) has been conducted and the results are compared with the predictions of the conventional correlations

developed for the design of the conventional-sized heat exchangers. The experimental analysis of this

kind of devices has been coupled with a numerical investigation conducted by using a commercial

CFD code (ANSYS Fluent). By means of the results of a series of numerical simulations, a double-layered microchannel heat exchanger based on a large number of parallel microchannels connected to

two manifolds has been designed in order to be able to reproduce with the same device co-current,

counter-current and cross flow arrangements. The core is housed in a shell made of polymer; on the contrary, the foil between the hot and cold gas flows is exchangeable; several foils made with

different materials (copper, peek, stainless steel aluminum) and with different thickness have been

investigated in order to put in evidence the effect due to the axial wall-fluid conjugate heat transfer on

the thermal efficiency of the micro heat exchanger. Fig.7-5 shows the micro-channel gas exchanger.

41

12

3

4 5

6

5

7

Fig.7-9: Exploded CAD drawing of the double-layered micro heat exchanger (1- connection of

thermocouple; 2- connection of pressure transducer; 3- feeding/exhaust port of the first fluid; 4-

metallic cover; 5- PEEK cover with 133 parallel microchannels; 6- partition foil between two

fluids; 7- feeding/exhaust port of the second fluid).

The experimental testing in terms of heat exchanger effectiveness was carried out for different

configurations and working conditions. The experimental results collected during the tests highlight

that the thermal performances of the microHEX are strongly influenced by the conduction behavior of

the partition foils used and demonstrate that the accurate design of the inlet and outlet manifolds is a

crucial point in order to limit the total pressure losses of this kind of device. The results showed that

the conjugate wall-gas heat transfer activated within the solid foil tends to reduce the effectiveness of

counter-current micro heat exchangers and to increase the effectiveness of cross flow micro heat

exchangers. On the contrary, in the case of a co-current arrangement the role of the wall axial

conduction is always negligible.

Fig.7-10 shows an example of the testing results.

42

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

heat

ex

ch

an

ger

eff

ecti

ve

ness

balanced mass flow rate (kg/h)

P500

SS100

AL100

C100

C500

Fig.7-10 Effectiveness of the micro heat exchanger as a function of mass flow rate for various

partition foils


The following results have been achieved, which fully meet the objective. (i)Report and publications on condensation, boiling/evaporation heat transfer in micro-channels

(ii) Robust prediction tools for condensation, boiling/evaporation heat transfer in microchannels

(iii) A prototype micro-channel heat exchanger air conditioner; including design standards and tools

(iv)Methods for optimization of micro-channel condenser, evaporator and air conditioner (v) A prototype micro-channel heat exchanger for use in natural gas boiler.


The objective involved training of 4 PhD students (C.Li, N.Liu, H.Zhang and X. Dong from Tsinghua

University)


The objective is relevant to HVAC building service and thermal energy system. The research team

cooperated with several air conditioning companies to commit the development and research on

microchannel heat exchangers for domestic and automotive air conditioners, cooperating with Super

Radiator Coils (USA) DENSO Marston (UK) and Chinese industrial companies. The relative funds

from both the Government and industry during 2011-2015 are as following:

Research on improving the COP of propane domestic air conditioner. (No: C/III/S/13/459,

2013-2016, entrusted by Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental

Protection, China), $300,000.

Research on improving air conditioner energy efficiency for electric vehicle bus. (2014-2016,

entrusted by Hunan Vaqoung electric co., Itd, China), RMB 400,000.

Research development and industrialization of heat pump air conditioner for electric vehicles.

(2011-2014, the new energy vehicles industry project of Guangdong Special Funds for Strategic Emerging Industries), RMB 1,250,000.

43

(8)To develop retrofitting strategies utilizing other WP technologies

Objective:

(8-1) To develop retrofitting strategies appropriate to existing buildings in UK and China; (8.2) To demonstrate retrofitting technologies in case studies of real buildings; (8.3) To develop methods and

analysis tools for evaluation of retrofitting strategies; (8.4) To report on the opportunities and

limitations for retrofitting buildings.

Work performed:

There are 3 tasks in this research objective, i.e, Task 8.1, Task 8.2, Task8.3 and Task 8.4. All these

Tasks have been completed.

Task 8.1: Retrofitting strategies. Make research on the retrofitting technologies, focused primarily on performance improvement of

building façade, building services, renewable energy, form the comprehensive inspection and

evaluation retrofitting technology. Research on the comparative related polices and mechanism of retrofitting in China, provide perfect retrofitting supporting polices.

Task 8.2: Demonstrating retrofitting practices in buildings According to statistical analysis of comprehensive effect of retrofitting records data, obtain the

quantitative data of building energy saving rate, energy consumption of per unit area, non-traditional

water utilization, recycle material utilization and incremental cost in China.

Task 8.3: Developing evaluation methods and relevant software for retrofitting projects.

From the pre-assessment and post-assessment retrofitting point of view, make research on the

evaluation methods, analyse the retrofitting scope in China, complete the technical index system and evaluation methods research based on the technical analysis and performance evaluation.

Task 8.4 Developing retrofitting guidelines

Guide for Green Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

Standard for Green Assessment of Existing Building Retrofitting

Technical Standard for Inspection of Green Building CSUS/GBC 05-2014

Technical Code for Assessment and Alteration of Existing Buildings Standard for Green Assessment of Existing Building Retrofitting in Beijing



(i)A report on retrofitting strategies appropriate to existing buildings in UK and China (ii) A report on building retrofit case studies and evaluation methods

(iii) A set of practical guidelines for building retrofit and evaluation.

44

The detailed results are summarized as the following Table

Item Number Outputs

Comprehensive

technology 1 Comprehensive testing and evaluating retrofitting technology

Standards 4

National Standard

Standard for Green Assessment of Existing Building Retrofitting

CECS Standard：

Technical Standard for Inspection of Green Building CSUS/GBC

05-2014

Technical Code for Assessment and Alteration of Existing

Buildings

Regional Standard

Standard for Green Assessment of Existing Building Retrofitting in

Beijing

Assessment

System 2

Key Technologies of Integrated Retrofitting of Existing Buildings in

Northeast China

Inspection and Evaluation Method of Energy Efficient Retrofit of

Existing Residential Buildings

Comprehensive

technical

service

platform

2 Comprehensive service platform of retrofitting in North China

Comprehensive service platform of retrofitting in east China

Network 1 Building Retrofitting Network of China

http://www.chinabrn.cn/

Guidelines 1 Guide for Green Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

Papers 21 Most in core journals of China

Series of Books 7

Retrofitting of Existing Buildings Yearbook 2011

China Architecture & Building Press, Nov. 2011

ISBN: 978-7-112-13695-7

45


China Architecture & Building Press, Nov. 2012

ISBN: 978-7-112-15104-2


China Architecture & Building, April. 2014. ISBN: 978-7-112-16600-8

Integrated Retrofitting of Existing Buildings - Case Studies (3)

China Architecture & Building Press, Jan. 2011,ISBN: 9787-112-12725-2

Integrated Retrofitting of Existing Buildings- Case Studies (4)

China Architecture & Building Press, Nov. 2011, ISBN: 978-7-5074-2518-

5

Technical Guide for Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

China Architecture & Building Press, Nov.2012, ISBN: 978-7-1121-3973-

6

Green Retrofitting for Existing Office Buildings-Case Studies

China Architecture & Building Press, Sep,2015, ISBN:978-7-112-18204-6


Organise 7 international conferences and workshops, totally over 1800 researchers received the

retrofitting training.

The 4th Symposium on Retrofitting Technologies for Existing Buildings(June 28-29, 2012, Beijing)

The 5th Symposium on Retrofitting Technologies for Existing Buildings(April 22-23, 2013, Beijing)

The 6th Symposium on Retrofitting Technologies for Existing Buildings (May 18-20,2014, Xiamen)

The 7th Symposium on Retrofitting Technologies for Existing Buildings( April 15-17,2015, Haikou)

Technical Seminar of Green Building & Low Energy-Consumption Building

Symposium on Retrofitting Project

Training sessions of Evaluation Standard for Green Building (GB/T50378-2014)

(Dec.02-03, 2014, Beijing)

Actively organized several workshops and internal work conferences, strength the academic

communication, trained 8 early stage researchers and 5 PhD students.

46


The establishment of standard filled gaps of retrofitting standard system, also provide the technical

support and guidance, in order to promote relevant retrofitting industry progress, solve the bottleneck

problems.

Promote the implementation of relevant retrofitting polices, provide important promotion for retrofitting

project construction, demonstration and extension

The comprehensive service platform has the innovation and indivisibility in domestic, which provide the

whole process of solution, with strong demonstration, also provide the platform for wide application of

research results and retrofitting promotion.

b) New objectives established during the course of work and new lines of research

New projects granted:

During the course of work the new technologies have been developed, 11 new projects have been

funded by Innovate/EPSRC UK/China programme, EPSRC, Royal Society (UK) and Chinese industries, see the below Table. All these projects are ongoing.

No Title Foundation from Fund value

1 Key Technologies for Enhancing Energy Efficiency of the Dew Point Air Cooler and its Manufacturing

UK TSB/EPSRC – China MOST

£1.165 million

2

Mutple Factors Engaged Heat Trassfer in the Refuge Chambers

Royal society, UK

£24,000

3 A novel PV/T heating system for the rural buildings

Shanxi Jingxu Renewable Energy Co. Ltd, China

£30,000

4 Developing a novel low energy air source heat pump system

China Ministry of Science and Technology, China

£49,000 /£170,000

5 Application of a novel heat pipe incorporating solar façade system

Shannxi Youshida environmental Technological Ltd, China

£26,500 /£38,000

6 Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Microchannel Condensation Heat Transfer

EPSRC £360,540

7 Flow Boiling and Condensation of Mixtures in Microscale

EPSRC £399,324

8 Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrigerants in Microchannels

Sub-contract of Innovation-UK project

£55,000

9 Research on improving the COP of propane domestic air conditioner

Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Environmental Protection, China

$300,000

10 Research on improving air conditioner energy efficiency for electric vehicle bus

Hunan Vaqoung electric co., Itd, China

RMB 400,000

11 Research development and industrialization of heat pump air conditioner for electric vehicles.

the new energy vehicles industry project of Guangdong Special

RMB 1,250,000.

Ongoing projects

47

Funds for Strategic Emerging Industries

Results obtained from the above project will be disseminated on the following Conferences:

2016 International Symposium on Sustainable Refrigeration and Air conditioning

Technologies. 2016 International Conference on Energy Development and Environmental Protection,

Beijing, China, June 2016.

Awards on the work carried out during the project period:

1. The loop heat pipe for solar thermal PV heat/power system has wined Europe Dragon-STAR Innovation Award, see the below certificate (Xudong Zhao et al)

2. “The anticorrosion and high efficiency low temperature flue gas condensate heat deep recovery

technology” won the National Award for Technological Invention, second prize, China, Suilin Wang,

Guichang Liu, Xiaoyi Ai, etc．(Certificate No.: 2014-F-30802-2-02-R01)

3. "The anticorrosion and high efficiency flue gas condensation heat recovery device and deep

utilization technology and industrialization of flue gas waste heat" won Beijing Science and

48

Technology Award, First prize, 2012, Suilin Wang (Certificate No.: 2012能 -1-004-01)

4. “A composite anticorrosion heat transfer device with the heat of condensation heat of flue gas" won

China anti corrosion industry invention patent award, Gold prize,2012, China, Suilin Wang, Guichang

Liu, Shuyuan Pan , etc． (patent No.: ZL200810227196.2)

6. “A composite anticorrosion heat transfer device with the heat of condensation heat of flue gas" won

China Intellectual Property Office invention patent award, Outstanding prize, 2013, China, Suilin

Wang, Guichang Liu, Shuyuan Pan , etc．(patent No.: ZL200810227196.2)

6.“Modular and complete sets of engineering technology of assembled low-temperature radiant

heating panels with high efficiency” Won the China Construction Science and Technology Award，

second prize，2013，Suilin Wang，Quanying Yan，Changchun Zhao（Certificate No.:2013-2-

1401）

Management report

Please describe the management activities relative to the initial financial planning of the

project:

The programme has been managed by the Project Steering Committee (PSC) which is comprised of

all Package and Team Leaders and chaired by the Project Co-ordinator (Team Leader of Partner 1).

PSC co-ordinated the technical activities of the project, knowledge management and other innovation and dissemination activities, makes decisions on all aspects of the project, both strategically and

tactically, monitors and controls project progress and quality, assesses risks, resolves conflicts and

manages contractual, legal, ethical, financial and administrative activities of the project. It reported to Commission and Partners via Co-ordinator and approves financial reports to Commission prepared by

the Project Office. PSC sets up the date and agenda for meetings.

Partners involved in a specific WP have nominated a WP Leader to oversee the detailed co-ordination, planning, monitoring and reporting of the WP. The WP leaders are all experts in the specified WP

activities and will carry out the major tasks of the WP; while the team members will assist the leaders

to carry out research by seconding their staff to the WP leaders’ institutions, providing expertise and advice. The WP members will meet according to the specific needs of the WP under the arrangement

of the Work Package Leaders. The Leaders will report to the Project Steering Committee about the

progress of the work package tasks and identify/solve any difficulties arisen from tasks processing.

To ensure the successful operation of the exchange programme, numerous strategies and methods

including visits, meetings/conferences, network and publications, decision-making and conflict

49

resolution, fund transfer and management, confidentiality, communication, and supporting was

established. These are detailed as follows:

Visits: During the visits to partners, the researchers were fully involved in the project activities

undertaken at the host institutions. They were provided with office space and equipped with PCs and

other necessary equipment and consumables. They were authorised to access university libraries,

internet and other information services, and to purchase the books and software necessary for their

specific tasks. They were permitted to use lab equipment in the host institution for experimental

purposes, and purchase materials/equipment as necessary. During the visits, the senior researchers

gave lectures to the staff of host institutions on the subject of their research, and in particular the joint

research undertaken in this project. All visitors were arranged to attend the seminars organised by the

host institution in order to widen their knowledge and allow more interaction with the staff and

students within the institution. They were also scheduled to undertake some selected training

programmes run by the host institution, e.g., new researcher training, complimentary knowledge

training, language training and other associated training programmes. The young visiting researchers

were allowed to register some MSc and PhD taught modules within the institution to update their

knowledge (useful for their future career). Certain events, such as parties, dinners, outgoings or

gatherings, were organised for the visitors in order to help their familiarisation with local culture and

history. The visitors worked in very friendly international environment, which enabled effective

integration of foreign researchers in their teams.

Meetings/Conferences: The kick-off and first-year Steering Committee meetings were respectively

held in the China and UK. In China, the meetings were aligned with the dates of annual Sustainable

Energy Technologies conferences, in which all partners had scientific presentations. In UK, the

annual meeting were held with the low-carbon technology seminar and workshop. At the Steering

Committee meetings the work progress were assessed against milestones and deliverables, and

necessary revisions and corrections were made. Work package meetings were also organised by the

package leaders with participation of associated team members, on an annual basis.

Network and publications: A web-based network was established at DMU to publicise the

progression of the exchange programme as well as associated technical initiatives, and was linked to

IESD’s main webpage for wider access to public. All parties were permitted to access this network to

update information and latest developments related to their work.

Decision-making and conflict resolution: There was no conflict existing in the past years. As a rule, a

decision on conflict resolution should be reached by consensus.

Fund transfer and management: The Co-ordinator was responsible for transferring funds to the home

institutions/visitors at least two months before the date of a visit. Our financial arrangement was to

transfer funds to each partner at the beginning of each year according to the Gantt chart of visits, once

the payment has been received by the Co-ordinator from EC. At the request of the Chinese partners,

funds for their visits to Europe was retained by the host institutions in Europe and paid to the visiting

researchers upon their arrival to Europe. The exact procedure has been agreed by the partners in a

Consortium Agreement and Partnership Agreement before the start of the project.

Confidentiality: If required, a Confidentiality Agreement should be signed and/or a more

comprehensive Co-operation Agreement should be put in place in order to protect the background

50

Intellectual Property of each Partner and define the mechanisms of sharing the foreground IP

generated in the course of the project.

Communication: Regular correspondence was maintained via e-mail, telephone, postal mail and web

based communication.

Supporting: PSC was supported on a daily basis by the European project office established by Partner 1 at the UoN. It have an experienced European Project Manager (Dr Elizabeth French), Finance

Officer (Mr Stephen Dickson), Research Administrator (Mr Robert Thomas), Business Developer (Mr

Trevor Wright), IT Manager (Mr Robert Clark) and IP Manager (Dr Gary Evan). The Project Office oversaw exchange of information and support communication between Partners on a daily basis. It

ensured that all documentation and reports to the Commission are prepared according to the rules and

recommendations of the Commission and in time. The IT manager of the Project Office designed and set up the Internet website for the project in contact with Partners. The support team also organised

meetings, took and distributed minutes of meetings.

2. Use and dissemination of foreground

Section A (public): Dissemination measures

Dissemination activities was undertaken from the start of the project and was aimed at all relevant stakeholders including policymakers, public authorities, professional representatives, sectorial and

industry associations, educational institutions and society in general. Messages was tailor-made and

accessible to key audiences identified.

Dissemination material was created and related actions was then carried out. Roles and

responsibilities of each partner expected to contribute to the dissemination activities was clearly

allocated and agreed upon at the start of the project and during the development of the implementation plan. Close cooperation between partners of these types of activities was encouraged and coordinated

by UoN. Conditions ensuring proper dissemination of the generated knowledge, related to

confidentiality, publication and use of the knowledge was taken into account at each stage of dissemination related activity managed by the coordinator. All partners will contribute to the

dissemination activities.

The overall objective of our dissemination strategy is to communicate the concepts, outputs and benefits of the project in an understandable and appropriate way to the lead and end users who will

further develop these results after the project is completed.

Dissemination activities: Maximum 2 pages

Main dissemination activities included:

51

1) Centrally managed web site (http://www.iesd.dmu.ac.uk/~sbes) with internal and public access.

The site is interactive and contains project and partner descriptions and regular information on

progress. There has been project progress reports, secondment activities, project meetings and

publications. The project website builds awareness of the project and link to a network of representative associations and institutional websites regarding building retrofitting associations

and other relevant stakeholders. The website was updated regularly.

2) Organisation of workshops: a number of workshops were held to end user, HVAC academic and

industry, building retrofitting communities/organization, student and public. Workshops and project meetings were held together with the following Conferences:

International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (Set 2015), Nottingham, UK,

25-27th

2014 International Refrigeration Technology symposium, 31th Oct to 1th Nov 2014, Zhuhai,

China.

5th International Symposium on Building Retrofitting Technologies, Beijing, 21-24th April

2013.

Project meetings were also held at:

University of Nottingham, University Park, UK, July 2012

Ningbo Nottingham University campus, China, 28th Oct 2011. (Kick-off meeting)

3) The field-trial demonstrations at objectives has attracted significant interest in the solar, PCM storage, sustainable cooling, building retrofitting, building services and sustainable building

communities. The field-trials has raised public awareness of sustainable building retrofitting

technologies in Europe and China.

Field-trial activities include:

-A novel dew point air cooler system field-trial in Guangdong (China);

-Solar driven desiccant cooling system field-trial in Shanghai; (China)

-Solar balcony hot water heating system field-trial in Guangzhou (China).

4) Publications: 64 papers have been published in scientific Journals and International conferences, 3 PhD/Master thesis and 5 books have been published.

Publications

DOI Title Author(s) Journal Vol/issue Date of

publication URL Relevant

pages Open access? Y/N

Comparative study of a novel corrugated heat exchanger against the flat-plate heat

exchanger for dew point cooling using – computer numerical simulation

Peng Xu, Xiaoli Ma, Xudong Zhao, Deying Li,

Hongbing Chen

Energy

Accepted with minor correction

Experimental Investigation on Energy

Performance of a Novel MPCM Slurry Based

Zhongzhu Qiu, Xiaoli Ma,

Xudong Zhao, Peng Li

Applied Energy Under review

http://www.iesd.dmu.ac.uk/~sbes/

52

PV/T Module

Applications of solar water heating system with phase change material

Zhangyuan Wang, Feng Qiu, Wansheng Yang, Xudong Zhao

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,

52 (2015)

645– 652

Y

Design, Fabrication and Experimental Study of a Novel Loopheat-pipe based Solar Thermal Facade Water

Heating System

Peng Xu, Jingchun Shen, Xingxing Zhang, Wei He,

Xudong Zhao*

Energy Procedia

75(2015) 566-571 Y

Theoretical Investigation of the Energy Performance of a Novel MPCM Slurry Enabled

PV/T Module

Zhongzhu Qiu, Xudong Zhao, Peng Li

Energy

87 (2015)

686 - 698

Y

Theoretical Investigation of the Thermal Performance of a Novel Solar Loop-Heat-Pipe Façade-

based Heat Pump Water Heating System,

Wei He, Xiaoqiang Hong, Xudong Zhao

Energy and Buildings

77(2014)

180-191

Y

Dynamic Performance of a Novel Solar

Photovoltaic/Loop-heat-pipe Heat Pump System

Xingxing Zhang, Xudong

Zhao*, Jingchun Shen, Jihuan Xu, Xiaotong Yu

Applied Energy

114 (2014)

335–352

Y

Characterization of

a solar photovoltaic/loop-heat-pipe heat pump water heating system

Xingxing

Zhang, Xudong Zhao*, Jihuan Xu, Xiaotong Yu

Applied Energy

102

(2013)

1229 –

1245

Y

Optimum selection of Solar Collectors for a Solar-driven Ejector Air Conditioning System by Experimental and Simulation Study

Wei Zhang, Xiaoli Ma, S A Omer and S B Riffat

Energy Conversion and Management

63(2012) 106-11 Y

Recent developments in ejector refrigeration technologies.

X. Chen, S.A. Omer, M. Worall, S.B. Riffat

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

19(2013) 629-651 Y

53

Theoretical studies of a hybrid ejector CO2 compression cooling system for vehicles and preliminary experimental investigations of an ejector cycle

X. Chen, M. Worall, S.A. Omer, Y. Su, S.B. Riffat

Applied Energy 102(2013)

931-942 Y

Experimental investigation on PCM cold storage integrated with ejector cooling system

X. Chen, M. Worall, S.A. Omer, Y. Su, S.B. Riffat

Applied Thermal Engineering

(63)1, 2014

419-427 Y

Theoretical Investigations on Combined Power and Ejector Cooling System Powered by Low Grade Energy Source

X. Chen, S.A. Omer, Y. Su, S.B.Riffat

International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies

accepted

Performance

evaluation and techno-economic analysis of a novel building integrated PV/T roof collector: An experimental validation.

Buker,

Mahmut Sami, Blaise Mempouo, and Saffa B. Riffat

Energy and

Buildings

76 (2014) 164-175 Y

Experimental

investigation of a building integrated photovoltaic/thermal roof collector combined with a liquid desiccant enhanced indirect evaporative cooling

system

Buker,

Mahmut Sami, Blaise Mempouo, and Saffa B. Riffat

Energy Conversion

and Management

101(2015

)

239-254 Y

Experimental study on a hybrid photovoltaic/heat pump system.

Hongbing Chen, Saffa B Riffat, Yu Fu


31(2011) 4132-4138 Y

Experimental investigation of a

novel phase change cold storage used for a solar air-conditioning system

Xiaoqiang Zhai,

Xiaolin Wang, Cong Wang, Ruzhu Wang

HVAC&R Research 20(2014) 302-310 Y

Performance of the

capric and lauric acid mixture with additives as cold storage materials for high temperature cooling application

X.L. Wang,

X.Q. Zhai, T. Wang, H.X. Wang, Y.L. Yin.

Applied Thermal

Engineering

58(2013) 252-260 Y

A review on phase change cold storage

in air-conditioning system: Materials and applications

X.Q. Zhai, X.L. Wang,

T. Wang, R.Z. Wang

Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Reviews

22(2013) 108-120 Y

Experimental X.Q. Zhai, Energy and 89(2015) 9-17 Y

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431113003050












http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877881401072X

54

investigation and performance analysis of a fin tube phase change cold storage unit for high temperature cooling application

X.W. Cheng, C. Wang, R.Z. Wang

Buildings

Study on the

performance of a compact solar desiccant cooling system

Hui Li PhD thesis, SJTU 2014 Y

Experimental and theoretical study of heat transfer

performance of phase change thermal storage heat exchange tubes

Cong Wang MEng thesis, SJTU 2014 Y

Phase change cold storage and its application in solar energy air

conditioning systems

Xiaolin Wang

MEng thesis, SJTU 2013 Y

Experimental investigation of a solar air-conditioning system with phase change cold storage

Zhai X.Q., Wang X.L., Wang H.X., Wang R.Z.

The 5th

International

Conference on

Cryogenics and

Refrigeration

(ICCR2013),

Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, China.

April 6-9, 2013.

Y

Guidelines for the analysis of single-phase forced

convection in microchannels

Morini, G.L., Yang, Y.

ASME Journal of Heat Transfer

135, 101004 (2013)

Y

Experimental analysis of the influence of wall axial conduction on gas-to-gas micro heat exchanger

effectiveness

Yang, Y., Morini, G.L., Brandner, J.J.

Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer

69 (2014) pp. 17-25 Y

Thermal performance of Gas-to-gas Micro Heat Exchangers

Yang, Y., Morini, G.L., Brandner, J.J.

Proc. of 8th World

Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid

Mechanics, and Thermodynamics

June 16-20,

2013,Lisbon, Portugal.

(2013).

Y

The design of gas-to-gas micro heat exchangers, Muhandis ve Makina, TMMOB-

Morini G.L., Yang, Y., Brandner, J.J.

Journal of Engineers and Machinery

54 (2013) pp69-92 Y

55

Chamber of Mechanical Engineers

Design and Experimental Investigation of a Gas Flow Micro Heat Exchanger

Yang, Y., Gerken, I. Brandner, J.J., Morini, G.L.

Exp. Heat Transfer 27 (4)2014

340-359 Y

A more general exergy function and its application to the definition of exergy efficiency

Zanchini E Energy 87 (2015) 352-360 Y

Comfort and energy performance of a

HVAC system under real conditions for an office block

Valdiserri P.,

Marinosci C., Pedretti L.

1st IBPSA Italy Conference,

Bolzano

30 January -

1 February 2013

Y

Experimental study on condensation heat transfer of R32,

R152a and R22 in horizontal minichannels.

Na Liu, Junming Li


90(2015) 763-773 Y

Theoretical analysis for condensation heat transfer of binary refrigerant mixtures with

annular flow in horizontal mini-tubes

Huiyong Zhang, Junming Li, Jiliang Sun and

Buxuan Wang

Heat and Mass Transfer

2015 1-8

Heat transfer and pressure drop during condensation of R152a in circular

and square microchannels

Na Liu, Junming Li, Jie Sun, Huasheng

Wang

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,

47(2013) 60-67 Y

Experimental investigation on heat transfer of R152a during condensation in a circular microchannel.

Journal of Engineering Thermophysics

Na Liu, Xuyang Wang, Junming Li

Journal of Engineering Thermophysics

34(3),2013

517-521 Y

Numerical simulation of R32 condensation heat transfer in horizontal circular

microchannel

Na Liu, Junming Li

CIESC Journal 65(11), 2014

4246-4253 Y

Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer of R22 during Condensation in a Rectangular

Microchannel

Na Liu, Junming Li

Journal of Refrigeration

34(6), 2013

17-21 Y

Experimental Investigation on Two-phase flow pressure drop of

Na Liu, Junming Li

Journal of Refrigeration

34(4) 2013

24-29 Y

56

R22 during Condensation in a Rectangular Microchannel

Experimental study on pressure drop of R32, R152a and R22 during

condensation in horizontal minichannels

Na Liu, Junming Li

Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

2015 Accepted Y

Experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer and pressure

drop of R22, R410A and R407C in mini-tubes

Huiyong Zhang, Junming Li, Na Liu,

Buxuan Wang

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

55(2012) 3522-3532 Y

Performance research on heat pump air conditioner using microchannel heat

exchangers

Na Liu, Junming Li, Hongqi Li

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

11(4),2011

96-99 Y

Flow regime and heat transfer during condensation of R152a in microchannels.

Na Liu, Xuyang Wang, Junming Li

Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heat Transfer, Beijing, China

2012 Y

Study on

Microchannel Condenser Used in Refrigeration Display Cabinet

Heran

Zhang, Junming Li

The proceedings of

the 5th International Workshop on Energy-efficient Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: Beijing.

June

2012

84-90 Y

Theoretical Analysis

for Condensation Heat Transfer of Binary Refrigerant Mixtures with Annular Flow in Horizontal Mini-tubes

Huiyong

Zhang, Junming Li, Buxuan Wang

The proceedings of

the 5th International Workshop on Energy-efficient Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Beijing

June,

2012

252-259 Y

Flow regime during

condensation of R152a in a circular microchannel

Na Liu,

Xuyang Wang, Junming Li

Chinese society of

Engineering Thermophysics, Dongguan, Guangdong

2012 Y

Microchannel condensation, keynote lecture,

Wang, H. S. and Rose, J. W.

Proc. 14th Brazilian Congress on Thermal Sciences and Engineering,

Rio de Janeiro, 18-22 Nov., 2012.

2012 Y

Heat transfer and pressure drop during laminar annular flow condensation

in microchannels, Keynote lecture,

Wang, H. S. and Rose, J. W

Proc. ECI 8th Int. Conf. on Boiling and Condensation Heat Transfer, 3-7

June 2012, Lausanne, Switzerland.

2012 3-7 Y

Theory of H.S. Wang, Eds: JR Thome and 2015 Y

57

Condensation in Microchannels. Encyclopaedia of Two Phase Heat Transfer and Flows II, Volume 3, pp.15-36,

J.W. Rose. JH Kim, World Scientific, 2015.

Numerical study of

laminar flow and heat transfer in microchannel heat sink with offset ribs on sidewalls,

L. Chai,

G.D. Xia, H.S. Wang.

Applied Thermal

Engineering, 2016, 92: 32-41.

2016 32-34 Y

Viscous dissipation effect in nano-

confined shear flows: a comparative study between molecular dynamics and multi-scale hybrid simulations.

J. Sun, H.S. Wang, J.W.

Rose.

Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 2015,

18: 103-109.

103-109 Y

Total hemispherical

radiation properties of oxidized nickel at high temperatures. Corrosion

T.R. Fu, P.

Tan, J. Ren, H.S. Wang

Science, 2014, 83:

272-280.

272-280

Pressure drop during condensation in microchannels.

H.S. Wang, J. Sun, J.W. Rose

Journal of Heat Transfer, 2013, 135: 091602.

Y

Dependence between velocity slip and temperature jump in shear flows.

J. Sun, W. Wang, H.S. Wang.

The Journal of chemical physics, 2013, 138: 234703.

Y

Effects of Vapor Velocity and

Pressure on Marangoni Condensation of Steam-Ethanol Mixtures on a Horizontal Tube.

H. Ali, H.S. Wang, A.

Briggs, J.W. Rose

Journal of Heat Transfer, 2013, 135:

031502.

Y

Dependence of nanoconfined liquid

behavior on boundary and bulk factors.

J. Sun, W. Wang, H.S.

Wang.

Physical Review E, 2013, 87: 023020.

Y

Heat transfer and pressure drop during laminar annular flow condensation in micro-channels.

H.S. Wang, J.W.Rose

Exp. Heat Transfer, 2013, 26: 247-265

247-265 Y

Bubble dissolution in horizontal turbulent bubbly flow in domestic central heating system.

Y.T. Ge, A.M. Fsadni, H.S. Wang

Applied Energy, 2013, 108: 477-485.

477-485 Y

Effect of vapour velocity on condensate retention between fins during condensation on low-finned tubes.

C.L. Fitzgerald, A. Briggs, J.W. Rose, H.S. Wang

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2012, 55: 1412-1418.

Y

58

Multi-scale study of liquid flow in micro/nanochannels: effects of surface wettability and topology.

J. Sun, Y.L. He, W.Q. Tao, J.W. Rose, H. S. Wang.

Microfluidics and nanofluidics, 2012, 12: 991-1008.

991-1008 Y

Roughness effect on flow and thermal

boundaries in microchannel/nanochannel flow using molecular dynamics-continuum hybrid simulation.

J. Sun, Y.L. He, W.Q.

Tao, X. Yin X, H. S. Wang.

International Journal For

Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2012, 89: 2-19.

2-19 Y

Theory of heat transfer during condensation in microchannels.

H.S. Wang, J.W. Rose.

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2011, 54: 2525-2534.

2525-2534 Y

Inverse heat

conduction in functionally graded media by finite integration method,

M. Li, M.

Lei, H.S. Wang, P.H. Wen

Proc. Joint Int.

Conf. on Trefftz VII and Method of Fundamental Solutions III, Hangzhou, China, 11-13 Oct. 2015.

11-13 Y

Experimental study

of Heat Transfer during mPCM Slurry Flow in Microchannels. Proc.

R. Shaukat,

M.S. Kamran, S.R. Jivani, L. Chai, J. Sun, H.S. Wang.

14th International

Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies. 2015. Nottingham, UK.

Y

Numerical

Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer during Microencapsulated Phase Change Slurry Flow in Microchannels. Proc.

R. Shaukat,

M.S. Kamran, L. Chai, J. Sun, H.S. Wang.

International

Conference on Sustainable Thermal Energy Management. 2015. Newcastle Upon Tyne. UK.

Y

Preliminary measurements of heat transfer during condensation in microchannels.

H.S. Wang, J. Sun, L. Ruan, J.W. Rose.

4th Micro and Nano Flows Conference UCL, London, UK, 7-10 September 2014.

7-10 Y

Microchannel

condensation - Comparison of annular laminar flow theory with detailed measurements. ASME 2013

H.S. Wang,

J.W. Rose.

4th

International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass

Transfer, MNHMT 2013.

Y

59

Pressure drop during condensation in microchannels. ASME 2012

H.S. Wang, J.W. Rose.

3rd International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass

Transfer, MNHMT 2012.

Y

Analysis of a novel gravity driven organic Rankine

cycle for small-scale cogeneration applications

Li, J., et al. Applied Energy 108(2013)

34-44 Y

Examination of the expander leaving loss in variable organic Rankine cycle operation

Li, J., et al. Energy Conversion and Management

65(2013) 66-74 Y

Construction and dynamic test of a small-scale organic rankine cycle. Energy

Pei, G., et al

Energy 36(5) 2011

3215-3223 Y

Effect of working fluids on

performance of solar organic Rankine cycles

Han, Z.-H., Y.-L. Ye,

and Y. Liu

Journal of Chinese Society of Power

Engineering

32(3), 2012.

229-234 Y

Developing and Study of Low-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy

Conversion Applications.

Jie, J. Advances in New and Renewable Energy

1(2013). 1:

p. 003. Y

Evaluation of external heat loss from a small-scale expander used in organic Rankine cycle

Li, J., et al. Applied Thermal Engineering

31(14-15), 2011

2694-2701 Y

Experimental study and exergetic analysis of a CPC-type solar water heater system using higher-temperature circulation in winter

Gang, P., et al

Solar Energy 2012. 86(5):

1280-1286 Y

Experimental investigation of a biomass-fired ORC-based micro-CHP for domestic applications.

Qiu, G., et al

Fuel 96(2012) 374-382 Y

Micro-scale ORC-

based combined heat and power system using a novel scroll expander

Jradi, M., et

al

International

Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies

2014 Pcto012 Y

60

Modelling and testing of a hybrid solar‐biomass

ORC‐based

micro‐CHP system

Jradi, M. and S. Riffat

International Journal of Energy Research

38(8)2014

1039-1052 Y

Review on Phase Change Materials for Building Applications

Y. Q. Cui, S. Riffat

Applied Mechanics and Materials

(71-78) 2011

1958-1962 Y

General Situation of World Green

Building

WANG Qingqin,

CAO Bo

Green Building 2012

Mar 2012 69-80 Y

Research and analysis of the implementation of Evaluation Standard for Green Building in China

CHENG Zhijun, YE Ling, WANG Qingqin

Green Building 2012

Mar 2012 101-107 Y

Application analysis of green building technology

CHENG Zhijun, YE Ling

Building Science 28(2) 2012

1-7 Y

The National Key technologies R & D Program during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan---Key technical

research and demonstration of green renovation of existing buildings

Wang Jun, Wang Qingqin, Yeling, Chen

Leduan

Building Science 6(11) 2012

Key technical research and demonstration of

integrated renovation of existing buildings

Li Chaoxu, Wang Qingqin

Building Science 2012 (11) 22-25 Y

Technical specification of energy conservation in existing residential buildings

Lin Haiyan Building Science 2012(11) 20-21 Y

A Study on the Weight of Indicators of Foreign Typical Green Assessment Systems for Existing Building, Construction

Technology

Zhu Rongxin, Wang Qingqin, Li Nan

Construction Technology

May. 2014:

14-17 Y

Policy Investigation on Existing Building Greening Retrofit in UK and Comparing Analysis with China, Construction

Technology

Ye Ling, Wang Qingqin, Cheng Zhijun

Construction Technology,

May. 2014

P.18-22 Y

Index System of Green Building Evaluation Standards in Other Countries

Ye Ling, Wang Qingqin, Cheng Zhijun

China Green Building 2014

March,2013

120-131 Y

Discussion on

Frame Structure and Key Technical

WANG

Jun, Wang Qingqin,

Construction

Technology

May.

2014

1-3 Y

61

Issues of Standards for Green Performance Assessment of Existing Building Retrofitting

Cheng Zhijun

Scientific Research, Standards and Case

Studies of Green Retrofitting of Existing Buildings

Wang Jun Construction Technology

May. 2014

4-9 Y

Enhancing Technology Research and Promoting Scale

Development of Green Building in China. May.

Lin Haiyan, Wang Qingqin,

Construction Technology,

May. 2014

10-13 Y

Research on Comprehensive Inspection and Evaluation Green Retrofitting

Technology and Extension System

Wang Qingqin

Construction Technology

April.2014

72-73 Y

The Development and prospect of Green Retrofitting for Existing Buildings in China.

Wang Jun Construction Technology

April.2014

74-75 Y

Study on Indoor Space Adaptive Renovation for Existing Office Buildings

Chen Chen, Yin Bo, Zhou Haizhu, Li Xiaoping,

Building Science May 2014

P219-223

Y

Study on The Key Technologies of Lighting Energy-saving for Retrofitting Office Buildings.

Luo Tao, Zhao Jianping


P224-P227 Y

Analysis the Implementing Effect

of Existing Office Building Green Retrofit

Yang Chun,

Meng Chong, Ren He, Wang Li


P392-399

Y


Book:(China Architecture & Building Press)

Nov. 2011

ISBN: 978-7-112-13695-7

Y

Retrofitting of Existing Buildings Yearbook 2012,China Architecture & Building Press


Nov 2012 ISBN: 978-7-112-15104-2

Y

Retrofitting of Existing Buildings Yearbook 2013, China Architecture & Building Press,


2013 ISBN: 978-7-112-16600-8

Y

62

Technical Guide for

Retrofitting of

Existing Buildings,

China

Wang Qingqin


2012 ISBN: 978-7-1121-3973-6

Y

Green Retrofitting

for Existing Office

Buildings-Case

Studies, China

Li Chaoxu, Wang Qingqin, Zhao Hai


2015 ISBN:978-7-112-18204-6

Y

Research on effective factors of heat transfer of thin heating floor.

Yan Quanying, Jin Lili, Zhou Ran, Wang Suilin.

ICSBM 2012. 2012, 3

2012 Y

Investigation of the Indoor Temperature Detection for Heating Residential Building.

Qin Bo,Wang Suilin,etc.

Building Energy Efficiency.

2012, 40(2)

63-66 Y

Research on heat metering reformaton

of existing residential buildings in Beijing.

Sun Yanyan,

Zhao Chenjie, Dong Fulin, Wang Suilin.

Low Temperature Architecture

Technology. 2014, 187（1）

2014 126~128 Y

Energy consumption

of existing residential building heat metering reformation project of Beijing measured analysis.

Zhao

Chenjie, Dong Fulin, Sun Yanyan, Wang Suilin.

Hvac. 2014,44(3): 2014 80~83

Y

Prefabricated thin prefabricated low

temperature radiation heating measurement and analysis of the construction. Building

Zhu Aiming,

Yin Rongjie, Wang Peng, Fei Yumin, Wang Suilin.

Eenergy Conservation.,2015

(6)

2015 8-12 Y

3. Section B (confidential or public: confidential information to

be clearly marked)

The applications for patents, trademarks, registered designs, etc. shall be listed in table B1.

Table B1-a

Type of IP

rights:

patents/tradem

arks/registered

designs/utility

patent

63

models/others

Application

reference

CN201210102561

Intellectual

property

organisation:

(country)

Guangdong University of Technology, China

University of Hull (Xudong Zhao), UK

Subject or title

of application Solar solid dehumidifying and regenerating air-conditioning system

Confidential

Y/N

N

Foreseen

embargo date

None

Applicant (as

on the

application)

Wansheng Yang, Zhangyuan Wang, Xudong Zhao

URL of

application

(mandatory for

patents)

https://www.google.com/patents/CN102620369B?cl=en&dq=Chinese+Patent+20121010256

1&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIj7jFkoeLyQIVDB8aCh0jMg3s

Table B1-b

Type of IP

rights:

patents/tradem

arks/registered

designs/utility

models/others

patent

Application

reference

CN202660776U

Intellectual

property

organisation:

(country)

Shanghai Green Energy Technology Ltd, Shanghai Solar Energy Technology Research Centre

Ltd, China


Subject or title

of application Minitype solar energy combined heat and power system based on loop-type heat pipe

Confidential

Y/N

N

Foreseen

embargo date

None

64

Applicant (as

on the

application)

Xinxin Zhang, Xudong Zhao, Jiwan Xu, Xiaotong Yu

URL of

application

(mandatory

for patents)

https://www.google.com/patents/CN202660776U?cl=en&dq=Chinese+Patent%EF%BC%8C+

202660776U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIs7eWiomLyQIVg9UaCh1bYQa

y

Table B1-c

Type of IP

rights:

patents/trade

marks/register

ed

designs/utility

models/others

patent

Application

reference

CN 103759432 A

Intellectual

property

organisation:

(country)

Nantong Xinyuan Energy Technology Ltd, China


Subject or

title of

application

Superthin superconducting-type heat absorbing plate core and flat-plate solar collector

Confidential

Y/N

N

Foreseen

embargo date

None

Applicant (as

on the

application)

Xinxin Zhang, Xudong Zhao, Jiwan Xu Xiaotong Yu

URL of

application

(mandatory

for patents)

https://www.google.com/patents/CN103759432A?cl=en&dq=Chinese+Patent%EF%BC%8C+

CN103759432A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIy86AqYqLyQIVQ7waCh1wb

QlP

Table B1-d

65

Type of IP rights:

patents/trademarks/re

gistered

designs/utility

models/others

patent

Application reference CN201410247054

Intellectual property

organisation:

(country)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Subject or title of

application

Efficient phase change cold storage heat exchange tube

Confidential Y/N N

Foreseen embargo

date

None

Applicant (as on the

application)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

URL of application

(mandatory for

patents)

http://www.pss-system.gov.cn/sipopublicsearch/search/searchHome-

searchIndex.shtml?params=991CFE73D4DF553253D44E119219BF31366856FF4B15

2226CAE4DB031259396A

Table B1-e

Type of IP rights:

patents/trademarks/re

gistered

designs/utility

models/others

patent

Application reference CN201410821035

Intellectual property

organisation:

(country)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Subject or title of

application

Radiant cooling plate with Phase change cold storage for solar air- conditioner

Confidential Y/N N

Foreseen embargo

date

None

Applicant (as on the Shanghai Jiao Tong University

66

application)

URL of application

(mandatory for

patents)

http://www.pss-system.gov.cn/sipopublicsearch/search/searchHome-

searchIndex.shtml?params=991CFE73D4DF553253D44E119219BF31366856FF4B15

2226CAE4DB031259396A

Table B1-f

Type of IP rights: patents/trademarks/registered

designs/utility models/others

patent

Application reference ZL201310359490.X

Intellectual property organisation: (country) University of Science and Technology of China,

China

Subject or title of application An omosis-driven thermodynamic cycle

Confidential Y/N N

Foreseen embargo date March 18, 2035

Applicant (as on the application) Jing Li, Jie Ji, Gang Pei.

URL of application (mandatory for patents) http://epub.sipo.gov.cn/patentoutline.action

Table B1-g

Type of IP rights:

patents/trademarks/registered


patent

Application reference CN 101738011 A

Intellectual property organization:

(country)

China

Subject or title of application Microchannel heat pump air conditioner with a self liquid

separation structure

Confidential Y/N N

Foreseen embargo date Jan 15, 2029

Applicant (as on the application) Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Technology

Junming Li, Cheng Li, Hongqi Li

67

URL of application (mandatory for

patents)

http://cpquery.sipo.gov.cn/txnQueryBibliographicData.do?s

elect-key:shenqingh=2009102598447&select-

key:zhuanlilx=1&select-

key:backPage=http%3A%2F%2Fcpquery.sipo.gov.cn%2Ftx

nQueryOrdinaryPatents.do%3Fselect-

key%3Ashenqingh%3D%26select-

key%3Azhuanlimc%3D%25E4%25B8%2580%25E7%25A

7%258D%25E5%25B8%25A6%25E8%2587%25AA%25E

5%2588%2586%25E6%25B6%25B2%25E7%25BB%2593

%25E6%259E%2584%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25BE

%25AE%25E7%25BB%2586%25E5%25A4%259A%25E9

%2580%259A%25E9%2581%2593%25E7%2583%25AD%

25E6%25B3%25B5%25E5%259E%258B%25E7%25A9%2

5BA%25E8%25B0%2583%25E6%258D%25A2%25E7%2

583%25AD%25E5%2599%25A8%26select-

key%3Ashenqingrxm%3D%26select-

key%3Azhuanlilx%3D%26select-

key%3Ashenqingr_from%3D%26select-

key%3Ashenqingr_to%3D%26inner-flag%3Aopen-

type%3Dwindow%26inner-

flag%3Aflowno%3D1447237483441&inner-flag:open-

type=window&inner-flag:flowno=1447238295509

Table B1-h

Type of IP rights:



patent

Application reference CN 201626827 U


(country)

China

Subject or title of application One kind of oil vapor recovery system using the

condensation method

Confidential Y/N N

Foreseen embargo date April 3, 2019

Applicant (as on the application) Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Technology

Junming Li, Cheng Li, Hongqi Li


patents)

http://cpquery.sipo.gov.cn/txnQueryBibliographicData.do?se

lect-key:shenqingh=2010201222124&select-



68




7%258D%25E5%2586%25B7%25E5%2587%259D%25E6

%25B3%2595%25E6%25B2%25B9%25E6%25B0%2594%

25E5%259B%259E%25E6%2594%25B6%25E7%25B3%2

5BB%25E7%25BB%259F%26select-

key%3Ashenqingrxm%3D%26select-







Table B1-i

Type of IP rights:



patent

Application reference CN 101244343 B


(country)

China

Subject or title of application One kind of low temperature refrigeration method used for

oil vapor recovery

Confidential Y/N N

Foreseen embargo date March 16, 2026

Applicant (as on the application) Beijing University of Technology, Tsinghua University,

Wenxin Xie

Hongqi Li, Junming Li, Wenxin Xie


patents)

http://cpquery.sipo.gov.cn/txnQueryBibliographicData.do?s

elect-key:shenqingh=2007100798948&select-






7%258D%25E7%2594%25A8%25E4%25BA%258E%25E

6%25B2%25B9%25E6%25B0%2594%25E5%259B%259E

%25E6%2594%25B6%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25BD

%258E%25E6%25B8%25A9%25E5%2588%25B6%25E5

%2586%25B7%25E6%2596%25B9%25E6%25B3%2595%

69

26select-key%3Ashenqingrxm%3D%26select-







Table B2-a

Type of exploitable foreground:

General advancement of knowledge/

Commercial exploitation of R&D results/

Exploitation of R&D results via standards/

Exploitation of results via EU policies/

Exploitation of results through social innovation

General advancement of knowledge

Exploitable foreground (description) The efficient phase change cold storage heat exchange

tube is an effective way of storing cold generated

natural and surplus energy.

Confidential? Y/N N

Foreseen embargo date None

Exploitable product or measure phase change cold storage heat exchanger

Sector of application Air-conditioning and energy storage

Timetable for commercial use or any other use Possible for commercial use after 2023

Patents or other IPR exploitation (licences) A efficient phase change cold storage heat exchange

tube patent is planned for 2017

Owner and other beneficiary(s) involved Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Its purpose Used to store cool thermal energy for peak load

shifting of the grid, or for solving the mismatch

problem of renewable resources, which are generally

intermittent in nature

How the foreground might be exploited, when

and by whom

In practical application, many efficient phase change

cold storage heat exchange tube in parallel can be

used to meet the cold storage demand of air-

conditioning systems with different cooling capacity.

IPR exploitable measures taken or intended The patent is under application.

70

Further research necessary, if any Selecting Phase change materials with higher thermal

conductivity for a better heat transfer rate.

Potential/expected impact (quantify where

possible)

Leakage problem should be seriously treated when the

phase change materials are in liquid state.

Table B2-b

Type of exploitable foreground:

General advancement of knowledge/

Commercial exploitation of R&D results/

Exploitation of R&D results via standards/

Exploitation of results via EU policies/

Exploitation of results through social innovation

General advancement of knowledge

Exploitable foreground (description) Radiation cooling plate filled with phase change

materials is a feasible air-conditioning terminal for

solar cooling system

Confidential? Y/N N

Foreseen embargo date None

Exploitable product or measure radiant heat exchange plate

Sector of application Solar air-conditioning and green buildings

Timetable for commercial use or any other use Possible for commercial use after 2023

Patents or other IPR exploitation (licences) Radiant cooling plate with Phase change cold storage

for solar air-conditioner patent is planned for 2017

Owner and other beneficiary(s) involved Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Its purpose Avoid water condensation on radiant cooling plate

surface and solve the mismatch problem of solar

cooling system.

How the foreground might be exploited, when

and by whom

Phase change materials will be selected with a melting

temperature higher than the dew point temperature.

Phase change materials filled in the radiant heat

exchange plate store surplus cold generated by solar

cooling system.

IPR exploitable measures taken or intended The patent is under application.

Further research necessary, if any Selecting better Phase change materials with

71

High thermal conductivity.

Potential/expected impact (quantify where

possible)

Leakage problem should be seriously treated when the

phase change materials are in liquid state.

pi name prof saffa riffat project name reporting period...

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