Elise Angela H. Espinosa 2013-14769 PI100 First Exam Reviewer WHY TAKE PI100? Rizal Bill or Rizal Law (Rep. Act 1945)

o Proposed/made by Claro M. Recto o June 12, 1956 o Supported by Laurel o Opposed by Catholics because of Noli and El Fili issues o Compromise between Catholics and the bill:

Filtered and censored version to be taught in High School Uncensored form to be taught in college

o Noli and El Fili: to be translated in vernacular languages (English and Filipino)

Rationale or why we should study PI100: o To lessen historical unawareness for our significant past

Historical amnesia: we never learn from the past o Re-dedication to ideals of freedom and independence

Why do we have to know our heroes’ values? Their values shaped our national character and

identity o Rizal as ONE of the founders of Philippine Nationalism

Why is it called “Philippine Institution”? We study the “institutions” who are the founders of

Phil. Nationalism Problem/Cancer ng Lipuna

Degenerative stage of the Philippines under Spanish colonialism

o To revive our sense of nationalism and reorient We have become to individual-centric We only become nationalistic on occasions like Pacquio’s

boxing matches, etc. No civic consciousness We have to self-reflect on our own products and preferences

VENERATION WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING 1. Rizal’s repudiation of the Revolution

a. Reformist and not a revolutionist b. Education was essential that’s why he rejected the revolution (anong

gagawin sa independence after revolution?) 2. Rizal was an American-sponsored hero

a. Streets were named after him

b. Postage stamps, schools, etc were also named after him c. Why was Rizal appointed as National Hero?

i. Dramatic Martyrdom 1. He became a symbol of innocent and cultured

attitude 2. He did not die of sickness or whatsoever 3. He was a symbol of Spanish oppression 4. Americans tried to focus on political issues rather

than economic issues ii. Rizal was already dead

1. He can no longer speak against the Americans iii. Rizal never advocated independence

** Macario Sacay = established the New Katipunan = called a bandit because he was against Americans = Sedition, Brigandage, Flag Law

Social Relations & Economic Development in the 19th Century would inevitably produce nationalist movement

I. Rizal was more of a “catalyst” for the independence movement rather than seeing him as “all”.

a. His novels writing style were eye-openers for the Filipinos b. Ilustrado: the Philippine Commission were all members of the

Ilustrados (that’s why he became Nat’l Hero) first mendicant c. He viewed freedom as something deserved rather than a right d. Rizal underestimated the capability of the Filipinos

II. Innovation and changes Philippines opened to World Trade a. English Occupation in 1764-1766

i. Non-Hispanic commercial houses can be owned by anyone who had the money

ii. Ports were opened (aside from Manila) iii. Cosmopolitan lifestyle & culture (“nouveau riche” = new rich)

b. End of Galleon Trade (China-Philippines-Mexico) i. Phil. Port: no export; trade only ii. After galleon trade: exporting economy & cash crops(indigo,

rice, sugar, hemp) c. Latin-American colonies were revolting

i. Influx of Peninsulares III. Effects

a. Improvement in communication and transportation i. Street cars, etc. ii. Telephones, electric lights, etc.

iii. Feeling of discontentment 1. Because some cannot afford to catch-up on the dev’t 2. Inequality of opportunites (deprived of opportunity to

strive) IV. Secularization parishes to be managed by secular/Filipino priests (but the

Peninsulares demanded the secular priests to leave) V. Anything not Spanish is discriminated; anything not Spanish became the start of

Philippine Identity VI. Propaganda Movement at first, mostly reformist, then slowly became

separatist VII. Revolution by Bonifacio social consciousness and practice

INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE (diagram: see attached bond paper/notebook) RIZAL’S FAMILY TREE (see attached bond paper) LIFE OF RIZAL Born: June 19, 1861 -- Calamba, Laguna Died: December 30, 1896 – Bagumbayan 7th child Significant Rizal children:

o Paciano (2nd child) 1851 – 1930 Jose’s confidant Joined Philippine Revolution after Jose died

o Narcisa (3rd child) 1852 – 1939 HHusband: Antonio Lopez (teacher)

o Concepcion (8th child) 1862 – 1865 Died early because of illness Jose’s “FIRST SORROW”

o Trinidad (10th child) 1868 – 1951 Old maid – Spanish discouraged marriage

Why Rizal changed his surname from MERCADO to RIZAL o Gov.-Gen. Narciso Claveria y Zoldua’s decree: Indios must have a

surname to update the census for collection of taxes o “Catalogo Alfabetico Apelidos” – sort of like dictionary of all surnames

o Risal Rizal = “soil in which wheat that is cut green reappears and sprouts again”

Middle Class Family (Clase Media Chinese Mestizos) o Principalia – has money to have lands for rent (landgrabbing) o Rented lands from Dominican orders

Rice, sugarcane, and corn Raised pigs, chickens, and turkeys

o Doña Lolay General goods store aka “SARI-SARI STORE” Operated a flourmill and a homemade ham press

o LARGE STONE (Adobe Stone) HOUSE near the church+ another house + carriage (status symbol) + private library + money to send children to study in Manila

o All guests were welcomed to their house regardless of race, status, rank, or class.

Childhood o Don Francisco = “model of fathers”

Built a bahay kubo + garden = Jose’s playhouse o Yaya/Aya who looked after him

Tells him tales and folklores Rizal was fond of observing his surroundings and reflecting

on them Age 3: leads the prayer Age 5: reads Spanish bible; sketches and molds clay Age 8: “Sa Aking mga Kababata”

Showed loved for his ountry

Wrote his first dramawork

Likes to do magic tricks

Conducted puppet shoes and plays for his neighborhood

“Manong Jose” liked to join his mother all time in prayer meetings etc; behaved like an old man

BACKGROUND: Why did Spain Colonize Philippines? Europe: emerging from Dark Ages Vatican: assured power Kingdoms aggregated with each other King Ferdinand of Castille Isabel of Aragon 1st monarchs of Spain

o Pope – forced to recognize Spain: CRUSADE o Exposed to the Orient o Demand for oriental goods (originally with Muslims China) o High demand, low supply, high prices

They had to get another source of goods (Age of Exploration) o Motivations for Colonization

Spices: food preservation and taste

Food needs to be preserved because of the weather; high risk for molds

Silk (China): high demand; highest kind of cloth (status symbol)

Portugal vs. Spain o “Papal Bull” divided the world into two (East-Spain vs West-

Portugal) o Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese Explorer who sought help from

Spain) & Magellan Expedition 1521 - Spaniards landed in the Philippines Enrique de Malaca first one to circumnavigate the world

Magellan’s aid

Molucas/Philippines debated God, Gold, Glory Search for gold, silver, etc = Mercantilism

Medium of trade/payment

Silver is more preferred

Spain sought gold and silver mines Before arrival of Spaniards

o Philippines was already trading internationally (baranganic society) o Natives and Spaniards clashed (Magellan vs. Lapu-lapu) o Commonality of gold

Pacification subdue population to manipulate o Confiscation of gold o Collection of tributes (Resettlement Policy – “reducion”)

Pueblo-Barrio-Sitio System Live within the vicinity where you can hear the church bell

o Population: from 600,000 to 100,000 in 0 years Because of the encomiendero system

“encomendero” = tax collectors

Maintenance of peace and order

Education

Conversion to Christianity Polo y sevicios

40-60 days in paper; reality: up to 2 years

Food from family, no benefits

Males

Females/wives: till the land

Many suffered from famine

Many lands were left untilled

Forced labor = harsh conditions o Galleon: wood from mountains

o Bandala System Force production of goods by each encomienda Required to sell to colonial government = underpaid natives

BRITISH COLONIZATION ( 1764-1766) Liberal in terms of economy Brits = instant rich India = allowed agriculture to thrive

o Indigo (dye) – symbolism for royalty o Developed Scholastic discipline (science) o Tea from India = main Brit economy; can be sold at a cheaper price

Brits in the Philippines: OPENED PHILIPPINES TO LIBERALISM AND WORLD TRADE (more ports opened like in Iloilo and Mindoro)

o Better communication and transportation o Formation of middle class o Export crops industry flourished o Social awakening - flow of ideas o Establishment of Banks

Bangko Isabel II – 1st bank Law of supply and demand Prices were determined by market

o Monopoly stopped o Export then >>>> export now o Galleon trade = Php250k/year o World trade = Php108M/year o Elimination of Monopoly

Competitors aka Chinese agriculturist (cheaper products) After British Colonization, Spain did not scrap changes that took place PH

was richer = Spain can collect more tax Export crops: rice, tobacco, indigo, abaka/hemp, sugarcane, coffee, cotton Effects of Opening to World trade

o Communication “Badaguero System” = old system

mailing system by walking or by horse for free

for priests, officials and Spaniards

persisted for a long time because it’s free 1767 – First Post Office

Encompassed archipelago

Mailman per town Criteria for Industrialization

Good postal system Good railway system Iron/streel production

Manila leading center of postal services in Asia 1854 postal stamp 1873 telephone (mayayaman) and telegraph (Manila to

Corregidor/Hongkong to Manila) 1872 Telegraph Practical School 1st Newsletter (14pages) ”Successos Felices” 1st Newspaper “La Esperanza”

o Transportation Railway system 1882 first railroad (Manila-Dagupan; Manila Railroad

Company) 1887 railroad extension to Tutuban Foreigners = many business opportunities

o Entry of Liberal Ideas and Educational Reform – Suez Canal (1869) Ideas of liverty and democracy Tavera French revolution: Liberty, Equlity and Fraternity Spanish colonies in Latin America fell Democrate ideas in the US reached PH Liberal movement in Spain – fight for democracy; against

monarchy (1820) Effect: liberalism in PH 1863 SECONDARY AND TERTIARY EDUCATION IN PH

“Social Contract Theory” – Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Conditional freedom if conditions are met Protection by the government + rights

Locke: overthrowing a deficient government

Rousseau: Alteration of government

Carlos Maria dela Torre (Gov-Gen) Abolished flogging imprisonment Stipulated EQUALITY between Spaniards

and Filipinos Press Espionage and censorship abolished FREEDOM OF SPEECH

Met with peasant rebel leaders = compromise

Led group of Filipino elites to toast to liberty

Educational Reform (original 1550 1800’s) Learn conqueror’s language = SPANISH Missionaries educate the native especially

chiefly class Education not only for conversion by=ut for

acquisition of knowledge SCHOOL FOR BOYS

College of Immaculate Conception (ADMU)

Escuela Normal de Maestro de Manila

Colegio de Nuestra de Señora de Santissimo Rosario (UST)

Seminario de Niños hue Faños de San Pedro y San Pablo (Letran)

Beaterios – for girls; madre

Educational Reform (1863) Provisions:

Free to the poor Compulsory to ages 7-12 Sundays – adults to be taught

Spanish Spanish Language as a medium of

education Theory of Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, etc. Criticisms:

Narrowness of substance Lack of efficiency, size of pueblos Promoted social inequality and

discrimination Lack of school facilities No incentives for teaching as

professional career Education used to justify

colonialism (brainwash; indoctrination)

Patriarchal system of education only males are taught science

Promoted women subordination women must only stay at home and do chores

No PH history and geography Filipinos stayed ignorant

o Rise of the Middle Class Old Principalia (relative of datus) vs. New Principalia (from

the Mestizo Families) End of Tobacco Monopoly

Main business of the government

Dangerous for the Philippines, why? Not consumable All products cannot be exported Spanish gov’t dictates prices Natives were underpaid “promissory notes” as payment

Effect of world trade = competition arises Higher quality cheaper

Spaniards became poor no galleon and no tobacco monopoly no more capacity to support luxurious living

Classes before the Opening to World Trade:

Spaniards

Old Principalia

Indios Classes after the Opening to World Trade

Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)

Insulares/Creoles (Spaniards born in PH; 1st Filipinos)

Clase Media (Middle Class) Spanish Mestizos (Fil + Span) Chinese Mestizos (higher than natives;

Chin + Span) “Middlemen” of economy Local and international trade

New Principalia (regardless of blood) High positions in the government

Pure Chinese (Sangley) Not allowed to interact with the Spaniards “parian” where they all live

Indios All non-Catholic Chinese were expelled from the country

(1755) Chinese Spaniards: strategic marriage = Chinese Mestizos

1850 Surging and Busting economy

Chinese were allowed to come back to the PH again, why? Investment capabilities of Mestizos is

limited (cannot keep up with the demands) Ensures sustainability of economy Nature of business opportunities Long-term result: sustainability and keeping

the economy healthy

Effect: export crop business surged; MORE EXPORT Rice, abaca/hemp, cotton Indigo, coffee, sugar FIRST BANK: Banco de Isabel II

Disadvantage: massive land grabbing Spanish vs Mestizos vs Chinese “PACTO DE RETROVENTA” (Strategy)

Contract wherein the original owner of the land can buy again his own land at the same price

Small-time farmers were forced to sell their lands again

Price/value does not change even in years

Buyer can assess ex. Land is dry etc and declare it is half the real value

If you want to buy the land back, they will price it higher due to “improvements”

Haciendas Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869

Better export, flow ideas

Worse land grabbing Government aggravates landgrabbing

Maura Law (1894) Royal decree in Spanish Language Gave all the landowners 1 year to gave

their land titles but nobody understood they all did not know about the deadlines, etc.

If land is not claimed Royal Hacienda or estate of king or government

Mestizos, Chinese and Spanish Had the lands of natives titled

“REALENGAS” buy and sell of Royal Hacienda To get finaces Sold to Chinese, Mestizos and Spanish

RICH MESTIZOS ILUSTRADOS

Young, mostly male, studied abroad

Liberal ideas

Inspired revolution

Will later on fight for reform Identity of Filipinos was not based on sanguinity but was

more of a SOCIAL CONCEPT ILUSTRADOS First articulators of aspirations and grievances of the Filipinos Class arose because of national economy development Educational opportunities in Manila and abroad Projected the consciousness of nationhood Propaganda Movement

o Where they voiced out their sentiments Filipinos everyone discriminated because we are not Spaniards

o Later all inhabitants of Archipelago o First – Insulares only

KILUSANG SEKULARISASYON Ideas not confined to Ilustrados In flow of new Spaniards

o Position of Ilustrados was given to them Secular Priests (Filipinos) vs Regular Priests (Spaniards) Turning Point of the Revolution

o Realized that no matter who you are/what you have, you will be discriminated nonetheless

o GomBurZa: accused for Cavite Mutiny (framed up; garrote) Cavite Mutiny: military encampment that revolted due to lack

of food and support Burgos mahjong

Seen at the encampment night before mutiny El Fili dedicated to GomBurZa

o Padre Pedro Pelaez: “Ama ng Kilusang Sekularisasyon” Archbishop of Manila Cathedral

“El Clamor Publico” – priest issues discussed “El Catholico Filipino” – articles on what were fought for during secularization Council of Trent (1545, 1563)

o Decree from the Vatican that secular priests should manage parishes in the colonies

Reform and Propaganda Movement NO CONCEPT OF NATIONHOOD REASONS FOR LACK OF FILIPINO UNITY:

o No material basis of a nation No tangibe structures like pyramids in Egypt, Great Wall of

China, etc. Gold: taken away

o Lack of Communication Facilities Easier to facilitate with people if there is communication Badaguero system

o Colonial Policy deliberately kept the people in a state of ignorance Memorizing latin prayers etc

Reason for LACK OF NATIONHOOD LACK OF UNITY ILUSTRADOS (Ranking: Insulares – Ilustrados – Mestizos) articulate national consciousness Embodiment of people Educational opportunities Some were sent abroad First spokesperson of the people “ARTICULATORS OF PEOPLE” First Filipinos encompassed to the people residing in the archipelago

REFORM MOVEMENT IS THE 1ST EXPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM Why Madrid?

o Freedom of Speech o Considered Spain as the mother country o Manifestation of the hope that the Spanish would be made aware of

the situations in the PH Constituents of the Propaganda Movement:

o Young men who went to Spain o Refugees who left the islands to escape conviction o Group of suspected filibusteros

KNOWN PROPAGADISTAS 1. Graciano Lopez Jaena

a. “Prinsipe ng Mananalumpating Tagalog” b. Wrote “Fray Botod” (story about a corrupt priest)

i. Botod = “bundat”/greedy/fat/corrupt c. Pen name: Diego Laura d. 1st EIC of the La Solidaridad

2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar a. “Dakilang Propagandista” b. Lawyer and journalist c. Writes in tagalong (1st and only) d. Call to action for the Filipinos e. Pen name: Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat f. Wrote parodies g. “Dasalan at Tocsohan” collection of catechism parodies in novena

booklet form h. El Verdadero Decalogo

3. Jose Rizal a. Physician b. Linguist – fluent in 20 languages; polyglot c. Poet d. Novel writer e. Noli (1887) El Fili f. Mi Ultimo Adios, Indolence, etc g. Third unpublished novel (after El Fili): Pakimisa h. Pen name: Laong Laan, Dimasalang

4. Pio Valenzuela a. Reformist turned separatist founder of Katipunan b. Pen name: Madlang Awa

5. Antonio Luna a. Greatest general of revolution b. Reformist turned separatist c. Pinapatay ni Aguinaldo d. Pen name: Taga-Ilog

6. Mariano Ponce a. Pen name: Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako b. Joined Propaganda when he was already old

7. Jose Maria Panganiban a. Pen name: JoMaPa or JMP b. Article contributor of La Solidaridad

8. Juan Luna a. Pen name: Potacio

b. Reformist until the end “La Politica de España en Filipinas” Anti-Filipino Newspaper Other Publications: El Eco Filipino

o Did not last; banned due to censorship Circulo Hispano Filipino

o Juan Atayde o Lack of funds and confidence as a leader

Asosacion Hispano Filipino o Miguel Morayta o Asked for reforms but all members are Spanish

La Solidaridad (1880) organization o Newspaper: 1889-1895 o All members: pure Filipino o Issues:

Representation of PH in Spanish Cortes Abolition of Censorship of the Press Prohibitions of deporting citizens through administrative

orders Why Publications Failed:

1. Lack of funds 2. Lack of unity 3. Differences in opinions 4. Petty jealousies 5. Personal ambitions

Concerns of all Propaganda Movements

1. Freedom of Press, of Speech and of assembly 2. Equality before the Law 3. Participation in the affairs of the government 4. Social and Political Freedom 5. Reforms in all branches of government 6. Promotion of Education 7. Stop the abuse of the Guardia Civil 8. An end to arbitrary deportation of citizens

Main goal of Propagandas to make a PH a Spanish Province

Masonry don’t like church as an institution as a source of oppression and sufferings Upholds morality Brotherhood Became an integral part of the Propaganda Movement (anti-friars) Lodges, taverns, inns – free for co-masons

o Where they assemble o Non-members rent funds

Propaganda Movement Failed

1. Failed to reach the masses (minimal influence) 2. Wrote in Spanish (people did not understand) 3. Perineal lack of funds 4. Bickering of Propagandist (Jaena vs Del Pilar) 5. Strict censorship in PH

* Rizal went back to PH after the failure of La Solidaridad Organized La Liga Filipina (3-4 days only) – bottom to top 1892 Divided into Two Groups:

o Cuerpos de Compromisarios: members are rich o Katipunan: Andress Bonifacio

Demanding for independence 1894 Katipunan moved as an ord

o Led the PH to revolt

Points to Remember for1st Long Exam: Rizal and family – Birth and death date

What class? CHINESE MESTIZO

Travels of Rizal? When and where were Noli and El Fili

published?

What did he do in Paris and London?

Three major consequences of opening to world trade

o Better communication and transportation

o Entry of liberal ideas and educational reform

o Rise of middle class

Courses of Rizal in UST

o Philosophy in Arts and Letters

o Medicine

UST criticized in El ili

o Obsolete & repressive

o Racial discrimination

Studied Medicine Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain

Why Europe? He wanted to observe the way of life in

European nations (source of liberal ideas)

Engaged to Leonor Rivera (who later on married______)

o Didn’t finish medicine because he didn’t submit his

thesis

o Dr honorary degree

SPAIN

o Pursue in Philosophy of Arts & Letters

PARIS

o Apprentice to Dr. Weckert

o Specialized in Ophthalmology

HEIDELBERG

o Dr. Becker

BERLIN

o Dr. Schweigger

GRAND EUROPEAN TOUR

o Ventured with Maximo Viola

ITALY

o Observed Vatican

How they run and how liberal Vatican is

Went back home after

ASIA

o China particularly HK

o Macau he did not like this place

o Japan maganda, polite, industrious, etc

He liked Japan very much

Nanio no day horan (sp??)

Japanese version of Noli and El Fili

Seiko Usuei or O Sei San Rizal’s girl

USA

o Cholera outbreak

LONDON

o British Museum

o Morgas (see Indolence Flowchart)

ROME LIVERPOOL LONDON PARIS

Bibliotech National precolonial articles

SPAIN reform movement

GHENT, BELGIUM El Fili published

STUDY RIZAL’S GIRLS

Last travel: CUBA FROM PHILIPPINES stopped for exile