[pib] 2014 march week2_ transavaal march, ghadar, vvpat, star campaigners, indelible ink, mh-370,...

8/4/2014 [PIB] 2014 March Week2: Transavaal March, Ghadar, VVPAT, Star Campaigners, Indelible Ink, MH-370, Infrasound, Transponder, Hijacking Policy, sample Questions & Answers - Mrunal

http://mrunal.org/2014/03/pib-2014-march-week2-transavaal-march-ghadar-vvpat-star-campaigners-indelible-ink-mh-370-sample-questions-answers.html 1/31

1. Prologue: What to read What to skip PIB March Week-2?

1. 8th March 2014

2. 9th March 2014

3. 10th March 2014

4. 11th March 2014

5. 12th March 2014

6. 13th March 2014

7. 14th March 2014

2. History Culture related

1. H1: Ghadar party & Transvaal March [Mains Answer-writing]

2. H2: Sculpture @Sarnath

3. H3: Stree shakti purshkar

3. [Polity] General Election related

1. P1: Voter verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT)

2. P2: Indelible ink: Principle

3. P3: Booth Officer

4. P4: Benefits of registered political party

5. P5: Snatching Deposit

4. [Internal security] Chhattisgarh attack

5. [IR] International/Bilateral related

1. #1: MH 370 & Anti-hijacking Policy in India



2. #2: Tourist visa on arrival

3. #3: energy coop with Sudan + USA

6. PIB Misc.

7. Mock MCQ Questions

8. Sample Mains Answers

1. SA1: Ghadar Party

2. SA2: Transvaal March

Prologue

Continuing the [PIB] Series with March second week (8th to 14th)

First lets check what to read, what to skip?

8th March 2014

stree Shakti purskar historic figure imp,individual winners useless.

Fact Sheet on Arunachal Pradesh ignore, unless your from that state and preparing for interview

state vs national party imp

9th March 2014

passing away of H.E. Marshal Mohammad Qasim Fahim, Vice President of

Islamic Republic of Afghanistannot high profile enough for PIN



Booth Level Officerimp because relevance to RPA

(GS2)

Inquiry Ordered into Accident at VIZAGcontroversy not big enough to

warrant attention

10th March 2014

President of India to present standard to 112

HUdefence doesnt mean ball by ball commentary

Voter turnout in General Elections 2009 ignore

fact sheets: Nagaland, Manipurignore, unless youre from those and preparing for

interviews.

Festival of India in Vietnam IR doesnt mean ball by ball commentary

Global crude oil price of Indian Basket Economy also doesnt mean ball by ball commentary

11th March 2014

Chhattisgarh attack imp

resignation of D. Purandeswar not high profile enough to become PIN

fact sheets on various states ignore

India aviation expo imp for MCQ



foreign trade data Economy also doesnt mean ball by ball commentary

national Archives of india fact that it falls under culture ministry

CBEC denies controversy not big enough to warrant attention

National Workshop on Civil

Registrationjust a few lines

india-sudan imp

Civil Services (Main)

Examination,2013- Result Declaredignore unless you had appeared in it

global crude oil price Economy also doesnt mean ball by ball commentary

India-US energy dialogueignore because its ball by ball commentary, and the topic already

covered under my old article click me

12th March 2014

Maalyasia aircraft imp

VP interacts with students ignore

EC related fact sheets etc. ignore

India Aviation-2014 Inaugurated at Hyderabad already given on previous day

Rare Gupta Period Sculptures Discovered in Sarnath



Excavations imp

Exhibition on Ghadar Party and Transvaal March imp

CAS Visit to the Andaman Nicobar Command & new Eastern defense not about ball by ball commentary

new appointments in high courts not PIN-worthy enough

Quick Estimates of Index of Industrial ProductionConsumer Price

Index Numbers

Economy also doesnt mean ball by ball

commentary

tourist visa on arrival imp

13th March 2014

New timing for ceremonial changing of guard ignore

Fact Sheet on Odishaignore unless youre from that state,

preparing for interviews.

Contestants crossed twenty five per seat in we dont have to do PH.D on Election

Indian Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard Pressed into Service for

the Search of the Missing Malaysian Airline Aircraft

imp but hardly giving much MCQ/exam

worthy stuff. Better dig newspapers.

The Great Indian Police Band Show ignore

National Community Radio Awards 2014 presentedonly one fact that theyre given by Ministry

of Information & Broadcasting



global crude oil priceEconomy also doesnt mean ball by ball

commentary

14th March 2014

Indian Civil Accounts Service call on the President cost:benefit ratio of bol-bachhan to fodder = bad.

Delegation Of Cpwd Officers Wives Association

Calls On Vice PresidentIgnore

Infographic on Parliamentary Elections of India imp. click me to download

Forfeiture of Deposit only one line- when it gets taken away

GPRS Enabled Electronic Cash Transactions thik hai.

wholesale price index Economy also doesnt mean ball by ball commentary

CCI Imposes Penalty controversy not big enough to warrant attention

Missing MH 370damn, now this is becoming ball by ball commentary.

better rely on newspaper.

deadline for advance tax payment ignore (unless youve to pay it)

repurchase of G-Sec imp fact: E-kuber.

ACC appointment not PIN worthy enough

Global crude oil price Economy also doesnt mean ball by ball commentary



History Culture related

three topics:

H1: Ghadar party & Transvaal March [Mains Answer-writing]

Both completed hundred years in 2013 hence both important.

PIB uploaded full report about these two events from this PDF file

http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/mar/d2014031202.pdf

But knowing too much can also be a curse- because in mains, you need to prioritize what to write and what to skip.. So,

lets have an answer writing practice.

First read above pdf file, then write following questions in 200 words each, within 8-10 minutes each.

Then compare with sample answers given at bottom of current article.

Questions:

1. Write a note on the historic contributions of Ghadar party in Indias struggle for independence. (10 marks | 200 words)

2. Discuss the events leading to Transvaal March and how they helped transforming Gandhi as a mass leader? (10

marks | 200 words)

Sample answers at bottom

H2: Sculpture @Sarnath

Sarnath= Varansi, UP.



Other names: Rishipatna and Mrigdava or Mrigadaya.

Lord Buddha gave his first semon here.

11th Tirthankar died here, hence the place is sacred for Jains as well

Sarnath reached zenith during Gupta period (4 to 6th AD)

Foreign travellers to Sarnath

Fa-Hien Chandragupta-I

Hiuen Tsang Harshavardhan

Ya, but why in News?

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was doing excavation in Feb 2014 and Found sculptures in Sarnath.

Art form: Gupta art of Sarnath school.

This sculpture depicts the scene of Buddhas descent from Tusita heaven, where he believed to have given sermon

to his mother Mayadevi. From heaven he descended to Sankassa (modern day city of Sankisa,UP)

H3: Stree shakti purshkar

These awards are given Women and child Development Ministry. Winners not *that* important but the historic women

associated with them= important for MCQ. Where they belong to, what time era they lived in? (Exact years not important.

But chronology is).

WHEN WHERE WHO WHAT



100-

300TN Kannagi

character in Tamil epic Silapathikaram

Madurais Pandyan king murdered her husband, she took revenge

by putting a curse on the city.

1259-

1289Andhra

Rani

Rudramma

ruler of Kaktiya dynasty, in Andhra Pardesh (capital Warangal) in

13th century.

defended her kigdom against Cholas and Yadavas.

1598-

1674MH Mata Jijabai

mother of Shivaji the founder of Maratha empire.

also known as rajmata Jijabai Bhosle,

1725-

1795MP

Rani Ahlyabai

Holkar

queen of Malwa kingdom, after death of her husband

patron of Hindu temples.

1828-

1858UP Rani Laxmibai we already know why she is famous

1915-

1993Manipur

Rani Gaidinliu

Zeliang.

Naga spiritual leader and freedom fighter.

1932: Imprisoned for life at age 16

1947: released

Nehru gave her title Rani

Got Padma Bhushan

[Polity] General Election related



Do download the Infographic uploaded by PIB: click me to download

P1: Voter verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT)

Features of VVPAT

When voter presses EVM button, printer generates a paper slip

This paper slip contains

serial number of voter

name and symbol of the candidate for whom the vote has been cast.



paper slip will remain visible to the voter for seven seconds, through a glass-covered window.

Then itll automatically fall in a sealed box.

Later EC can use these slips for crosschecking / physical verification of votes during recounting.

but why do we need it?

Some parties allege that EVM machines can be manipulated.

VVPAT is developed to clear an air over authenticity of the EVMs (Electronic Voting Machine).

Helps physical verification /crosschecking votes.

Will help to resolve the election disputes.

Timeline

2013: SC ordered EC to introduce VVPAT in phased manner in 2014 general election.

2013, Sep: VVPAT first tried in Noksen constituency in Nagaland

P2: Indelible ink: Principle

Indelible= cannot be removed.

Chemical: silver nitrate. 5 ml vial can mark 350 voters.

Principle:

Silver nitrate is colorless soluble salt.

When it is put on skin, Silver nitrate reacts with the salt present on skin

Forms silver chloride. (a metallic salt)



in the meantime, solvent alcohol evaporates in air.

Silver chloride is not soluble in water, and clings to your skin.

It cannot be washed off with soap, water, alchol, nail polish removal etc.

You must wait for few weeks until dead skin cells fall off.

Production?

Factory: Mysore Paint and Warnish ltd. (public sector company). only supplier.

Where? left forefinger of voter => any other finger of left hand=> right forefinger=> right hand any other finger

if no fingers=> left arm or right arm.

Apart from India- Philippines, Indonesia, Mali etc also use it.

Chemical used: silver nitrate

which stains the skin on exposure to ultraviolet light, leaving a mark that is impossible to wash off removed only as

external skin cells are replaced

It may also contain a solvent such as alcohol to allow for faster drying, especially when used with dipping bottles,

It may also contain a biocide to ensure bacteria arent transferred from voter to voter.

In India, ink dries up in 60 seconds and remain for few months

P3: Booth Officer

He is the Representative of Election Commission at the Grass-Root Level.

Appointed as per provisions of Representation of People Act, 1950.

From amongst the officers of the Govt. /Semi Govt. /Local Bodies.

He is the custodian of EVM @ polling booth.

Responsible for distributing voter identification slips to people. (Previously work done by political parties=complaints.)



Helps citizen get voter cards.

Keeps electoral rolls updated- removes duplicate entries.

P4: Benefits of registered political party

1. can accept donations (but government company cannot give election fund)

2. gets first preference to pick symbol (Independent candidate cannot)

3. Need only one proposer while filling nomination form

4. Gets one copy of electoral rolls free. (in general election)

5. Gets two copies of electoral rolls free (when rolls are revised)

6. Can broadcast/telecast facilities over Akashvani/Doordarshan during general elections.

7. Can nominate Star Campaigners during General Elections.

Star Campaigners

Travel expenses of star campaigners are not to be accounted for in the election expense accounts of candidates of their

party.

party National / state Un-recognized party

Can have how many star campaigners? 40 20

Eligibility conditions

Meet any one of the following conditions:

State party National Party



3% seats in leg. Assembly, (minimum 3)Minimum 2% seats in Lok Sabha (11)From atleast three

different states

Won 1 LS seat for every 25 LS seats in the state 6% votes in four states (+4 seats in Lok Sabha)

Polled minimum 8% votes during (national/state)

electionEnjoys state party status in 4 states or more.

Got 6% votes (+ 1 Lok Sabha OR two

leg.assembly seats)

Must fullfill these conditions for all subsequent Lokshabha or State elections. Else, they lose their status.

Present status: 2014

National Parties 6

State Parties 47

Unrecognized Parties 1563

Total Registered Parties 1616

P5: Snatching Deposit

Deposit amount for Lok Sabha elections

Gen/OBC 25,000



SC/ST 12,500

If the candidate fails to get a minimum of one-sixth of the total valid votes polled=> deposit taken away, sent to

treasury.

[Internal security] Chhattisgarh attack

Major attacks in in recent times:

2010 Dantewara: Biggest attack on CRPF, more than 70 personnel killed.

2013 Entire Congress state-leadership wiped out in an ambushed Bastar, Chhatigarh.

March 2014

CRPF was deployed to protect on-going road works in Sukma dist., Chhastisgarh.

Maoists surrounded them, killed 15 personnel + 1 civilian.

Why this recent Attack?

1. This area-corridor is corridor used by rebels to enter and leave chhatisgarh.

2. But on going Lok Sabha election preparation => increase deployment of police => Maoists nervous.

3. To send a fear message to locals: dont vote in election (OR vote in favour of the candidate we recommend.)

4. This was TCOC attack (Tactical counter offensive campaign). Basically, Maoists will run a gang run for 3-4 months-

theyll ambush security personnel for looting weapons. This March-June period provides them good forest cover to

hide movement from drones and police informants.



What went wrong?

Personnel did not follow the standard operating procedure (SOP). They should have taken a different travel route

every day.

Downplayed the warning/information from MHA and local people.

Failed to learn from past mistakes. deficit of Training-Technology and leadership.

Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) not fully utilized = lack of mobile connectivity in red corridor.

NTRO (Natioanal Technical Reconnaissance Organisation) operates Israeli Drones for surveillance. But their airbase

is in Hyderabad=> drones cannot travel long. + shortage of pilots.

Lack of coordination between CRPF and state police

Future strategy

(List not exhaustive)

Deploy women police officers in moist-hit areas => reduce human rights violence cases, better communication with

locals => reduce base for Maoist

NTROs drone base should be moved closer to rebel strongholds in Chattisgarh and Jharkhand.

Better coordination among intelligence agency with security agencies. (which is never going to happen.)

Equip CRPF modern weaponry and training and cutting edge technology for intelligence.

Increase recruitment of local tribals in state police service.

[IR] International/Bilateral related

Three topics

#1: MH 370 & Anti-hijacking Policy in India



8th March 2014: A Passenger flight of Malaysian Airlines from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing disappeared.

you can read all conspiracy theories on Dailymail click me

Lets focus on two MCQ worthy topics

Transponder

Transponder = device on airplane. It reports an aircrafts altitude, speed, direction etc. to ground controllers and

nearby aircraft.

also, Helps radar to detect the plane.



When plane is on ground, the staff can turn it off. (to prevent wrong signal confusions.)

But MH-370s transponder was turned off whil it was in air. => someone had hijacked it and perhaps wanted to use it

as plane-missile like in 9/11 attack.

Infrasound

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation(CTBTO) = HQ Vienna.

It monitors infrasounds to detect nuclear explosions.

If a large plane had crashed, their infrasonic sensors would have detected it as well.

by the way, Infrasound is produced by both

Natural Sources Man Made Sources

1. volcanoes

2. earthquakes

3. meteors

4. storms

5. auroras

6. elephants use it for communication.

1. nuclear bombs

2. mining operations

3. chemicals explosions

4. aircrafts

5. rocket launches

6. wind turbines (causes headache)

Infrasound are Low frequency sounds (



(topic becomes important given the MH-370 Development)

Hijacked plane can be shot down, IF there is evidence that

itll be used for 9/11 like attack.

it is carrying weapons of mass destruction.

The decision on shooting down the plane will be taken by panel of PM, Defence minister and a high ranking IAF

officer.

If plane is high-jacked on Indian soil, the security agency can prevent its take off.

NO negotiations with hijackers on their demands.

If at all talks are started- itll be for preventing loss of life or ending the incident.

Hijacking = act of terror. Death penalty for hijackers.

Other than that:

International convention on Anti-Hijacking: Tokyo, Hague, Montreal.

India made Anti-high-jacking act, 1982 too old. New bill made in 2010- but pending.

#2: Tourist visa on arrival

Under Ministry of Home Affairs.

2010 scheme started for five countries

2011 six more added

2014, Feb 180 countries



Why in news? Because PIB says it lead to boost in tourists.

Mechanism for (Tourist) Visa on Arrival

Following applicable from Sep14 for 180 countries:

Foreigner has to apply online (3 days before arriving to India)

When he reaches India, pays 60$ fees, goes through biometric identification and gets the (Tourist) Visa.

Validity: 30 days, Cannot be renewed. He must leave after that.

But why should India give Visa on Arrival?

1. Will boost tourism and business

2. Can help us earn >40 billion USD by 2017

3. Challenges: women security, bad infrastructure, unhygienic places.

Before 2014 from Sep.2014

~40 countries eligible for visa on arrival.

Visa on arrival facility available to tourists from

180 countries. Including

1. US (Despite Devyani!)

2. China (Despite Dushmani!)

3. UK

4. UAE

5. Bangladesh



Not eligible for Visa on Arrival [security reason]

1. Pakistan

2. Sudan

3. Afghanistan

4. Iran

5. Iraq

6. Nigeria

7. Somalia

8. Sri Lanka

Tourists from these countries need to apply for visa through

Indian embassies in their country.

Same continued.

By the way, India is not the first country in the world to have Visa on arrival facility. Following countries already offer this

facility: Japan, Finland, Singapore, Indonesia, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Laos and

Myanmar.

#3: energy coop with Sudan + USA

India USA

Recently meeting held Under PACE-R (Partnership to Advance Clean Energy Research and development).

More details under my old article click me

India Sudan



India will help Sudan develop renewable energy resources -wind, solar, biomass and small hydro-plants.

training, resource assessment via our national research institutes + IREDA

Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)

Under ministry of new and renewable energy

It is an non-banking financial institution, to finance renewable energy projects in the country.

Some additional fodder

Despite Sundans close relations with Paki, they shared a cordial reletions with us sinc freedom.

During WW2, Indian troops sacrificed in liberation of Sudan.

In past India has backed Sudan, when others tried to pass resolution against Sudan.

India have 25% stake in oil field in South Sudan.

PIB Misc.

E-KUBER

core banking solution /software of RBI

helps auctioning of government securities (G-Sec)

was in news- because government decided to re-purchase some securities (via

RBI)

What will happen to money supply when RBI purchases g-sec from market? money

supply increased or decreased? Think about it!

Office of Registrar General & Census Commissioner = falls under Ministry of Home

Affairs.



CIVIL

REGISTRATION

recently held workshop

Issue: at present ~80% of births and ~65% of deaths get officially registered. need

to increase this to 100% by 2020

Need for web based portal for uniform civil registration throughout India.

INDIA AVIATION-

2014

exhibition jointly organized by aviation ministry + FICCI

at Hyderabad

theme: Enhancing air connectivity

BOOK: SUNRISE

AND SLUMSby Hindi poet Dr. Ravindranath Shrivastva. (Padmashree)

national Archives of

Indiafalls under culture ministry. Celebrated 124th bday in March 2014

Mock MCQ Questions

Q1. Correct Pair

1. Rani Rudramma: Kerala

2. Rani Ahlyabai Holkar: Maharashtra

3. Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang: Assam

4. None of Above

Q2. Correct Chronology: (1) Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang; (2) Rani Ahlyabai Holkar; (3) Mata Jijabai; (4) Rani Rudramma



1. 1234

2. 2143

3. 2134

4. 4321

Q3. Correct statement about Tourist visa on arrival scheme?

1. This scheme is launched by Ministry of overseas affairs in 2014.

2. India is the first country in the world to have Visa on arrival facility.

3. Tourist from every country except Pakistan, Afghanistan and Somalia are eligible f or this scheme.

Answer choices

1. only 1 and 2

2. only 2 and 3

3. only 1 and 3

4. None of them

Q4. Correct statements about Voter verifiable paper audit trail (VVPAT)

1. It generates paper slip containing serial number and individual votes-directly at State Election Commissions

headquarter for the purpose of cross-verification.

2. First successful trial was done during last assembly elections in New Delhi

3. Both A and B

4. Neither A nor B



Q5. Name of the chemical compound used in Indelible Ink Marker Pens during Elections and Pulse-Polio Campaigns.

1. Lead Acetate

2. Silver Nitrate

3. Chromium Sulphate

4. Zink Bromide

Q6. Why is Silver nitrate used in Indelible ink?

1. it directly penetrates inside skin pores

2. When it comes in contact of skin, it forms a metallic salt that cannot be washed off.

3. It forms an insoluble dye when exposed to air and Sunlight.

4. None of Above.

Q7. Incorrect statements about Star campaigners in an election?

1. Only national parties such as Congress and BJP, can nominated star campaigners.

2. Travel expenses of star campaigners are not to be accounted for in the election expense accounts of candidates of

their party.

3. All Star campaigners are eligible to get minimum Y category security cover.

Answer choices

1. only 1 and 2

2. only 2 and 3

3. only 1 and 3



4. None of them

Q8. Correct statement

1. The matters related to registration of birth and deaths fall under Ministry of Health and Family welfare.

2. 12th Five year plan wants to achieve universal registration of births and deaths by the end of 2017.

3. Both A and B

4. Neither A nor B

Q9. Correct statements about Infrasounds

1. Infrasound are inaudible to humans to audible to elephants.

2. Auroras and meteors can produce infrasounds.

3. They are ideal for short distance communication because they can travel a path than high frequency sounds.

Answer choices

1. only 1 and 2

2. only 2 and 3

3. only 1 and 3

4. All of them

Q10. What is the utility of a Transponder device on an airplane?

1. It is a technical instrument inside blackbox that prevents data from being destroyed when plane crashes.

2. Pilot uses this device to turn on the Auto-Pilot mode while the aircraft is at high altitude.

3. It reports an aircrafts altitude, speed, direction to ground controllers and nearby aircrafts.



4. None of Above.

Correct Answers for MCQ

1. None of above

2. D- 4321

3. D all wrong

4. D all wrong

5. B silver nitrate

6. B metallic salt.

7. C 1 and 3 wrong

8. D both wrong

9. A-only 1 and 2.

10. C.

Sample Mains Answers

These are not sacred cows best of the best answers, just written to help you kickstart who to frame a reasonably good

answer without mugging up trivial GK data.

SA1: Ghadar Party

Q. [GS Mains Paper 1] Write a note on the historic contributions of Ghadar party in Indias struggle for independence. (10

marks | 200 words)

In the original pdf, lot of freedom fighters and lot of dates. First brainstorm for ideas:



1. Are all years important? no, just focus on three: 1913 (setup), 1914: Komagata

2. Are all freedom fighters important? no, just focus on four: Hardayal, Premanand, Bhkana, Ras Bihari

3. Canada, oppression

4. journal

5. mutiny idea- ship arrests

6. Ras Bihari fails,

7. two parties in India

Now lets create 200 words

Answer keypoints

During early 1900s, Canadian govt. had started imposing restriction on the immigration and political rights of South

Asians.

1913: Lala Hardayal, Bhai Parmananda and Sohan sigh Bhakhna setup Hindi Association of Pacific Coast.

They started weekly journal Ghadar, in English and vernacular languages to expose British exploitation of Indian

economy and promote Nationalism among masses. Thus, became famous as Ghadar party.

1914: Gadar leaders called upon all Indians abroad to return to India and wage an armed revolt against the British-

akin to 1857s mutiny.

But British authorities became alert, passed orders to detain people. This led to arrest of Ghadarites from Namsang

and Toshamaru ships.

1914: Komagata Maru ship was carrying Sikh immigrants to Canada. But Canada did not allow them to enter. Ship

returned Kolkata, but Immigrants refused to go back to Punjab. Clashes with police, several deaths.

Later Rash Bihari Bose tried to wage an armed revolt but failed.

They also setup Kirti Kisan Party for workers and peasants in Punjab; Revolutionary Party of India in Bengal and



UP.

Despite their repeated failures and oppression under British, Ghadhar party created a feelings of unity, sacrifice,

nationalism and internationalism among the masses within India and abroad.

~205 words.

SA2: Transvaal March

Q. Discuss the events leading to Transvaal March and how they helped transforming Gandhi as a mass leader? (10

marks | 200 words)

First brainstorm for ideas

1. What was the problem of Indians in S.Africa?

1. registration

2. migration difficult

3. marriage invalid

2. Gen. Smut wasnt listening. Transval march=>Gen.Smut Listened.

3. If he transformed as mass leader then in what wisdom did he gain during Transval March?

Now lets frame the answer

Events Leading Transvaal March:

Since the early years of his stay in S.Africa, Gandhi had tried Moderate methods of prayers and petition to oppose the

discriminating laws against Indians, but often he failed.



1906: A legislation in Transvaal, required the Indians to register themselves and carry registration certificates at all

times.

Gandhi initiated passive resistance or satyagraha and called the Indians to burn their certificates in public.

Later, the authorities even imposed restriction on the inter-provincial movement of Indians, and declared their Hindu

marriages legally invalid.

Finally in 1913, Gandhi launched a March from Natal to Transvaal, crossing the border illegally. These Marchers

were sent to jail and treated brutally. But the struggle paid off, and under Gen.Smut-Gandhi agreement, most of their

demands were accepted.

Gandhis transformation

Tolstoy farm and Phoenix farm were precursor to Gandhis ashrams in India.



He learned that civil disobedience and passive resistance were more effective than traditional moderate methods of

prayers and petition.

Gained experienced of leading people from both genders, different religions, caste and social classes while facing

resistance from both enemy and followers.

This experience made him bold enough to take hard decisions even at the peak of the enthusiasm of the followers e.g

Calling off the NCM due to chauri-chaura incident.

~209 words.

Courtesy: Ms. Rajtanil for majority of the compilation.

[pib] 2014 march week2_ transavaal march, ghadar, vvpat, star campaigners, indelible ink, mh-370,...

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