place label here - department of education · at the 2008 beijing olympic games, usain bolt broke...

Pages: 16 Questions: 6 ©Copyright for part(s) of this examination may be held by individuals and/or organisations other than the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority.

PLACE LABEL HERE

Tasmanian Certificate of Education

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Senior Secondary

Subject Code: PSC315109

External Assessment

2012

Part 1

Time: approximately 45 minutes

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the course statement: Criterion 5 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles of

force and motion.

Criterion Mark

5 /40

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Physical Sciences – Part 1

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed ALL of the externally assessed criteria on this examination paper. Answer ALL questions. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. Note: When candidates are asked to ‘show that’ an answer to a question is ‘about’ a numerical value given to one or two significant figures: • A candidate should provide their own answer to three significant figures (unless told otherwise

in that question). • A candidate whose answer rounds off to the given answer should continue to use their own

three significant figure answer in any subsequent questions requiring this answer. • A candidate whose answer is significantly different from that given by the examiner should use

the one or two significant figure answer given by the examiner in answering subsequent questions.

The 2012 Physical Sciences Information Sheet can be used throughout the examination. No other written material is allowed into the examination. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 45 minutes in total answering the questions in this booklet. Show all working in your answers to numerical questions. Some credit will be given for unsimplified answers but no credit will be given for an incorrect answer, unless it is accompanied by details of the working. Appropriate units must be included. All written responses must be in English.


Question 1 At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Usain Bolt broke the previous World Record for the 100 m sprint. Analysis of the sectional times is shown in the table below.

Distance (m) Time (s) Time for section (s) Average speed for

section (ms–1) 0 0 0 0

10 1.85 1.85 5.39 20 2.87 1.02 9.81 30 3.78 0.91 11.0 40 4.65 0.87 11.5 50 5.50 0.85 11.8 60 6.32 0.82 12.2 70 7.14 0.82 12.2 80 7.96 0.82 12.2 90 8.79 0.83 12.1

100 9.69 0.90 11.1 (a) Over which distance sections did Bolt run at approximately constant speed? Explain. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Show that Bolt’s average speed over the whole distance was about 37 kmh-1 . (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. It is claimed that when Bolt realised how far he was ahead of his opponents, he slowed down. (c) What evidence is there in the data to support this claim? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

Question 1 continues opposite.

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Question 1 (continued) (d) Estimate his time for this race if he had finished the race close to his maximum speed. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 2 In a badminton match, players hit a shuttlecock over a net so that it will land inside the court. The total length of the court is 13.4 m. By design, air resistance has a greater effect on the movement of a shuttlecock than it would on most projectiles. At a particular point in a badminton match, the shuttlecock is at a height of 2.45 m when a player, who is 5.70 m from the net, hits it horizontally at a speed of 65.0 ms–1 so that it clears the net. (a) Show that, in the absence of air resistance: (i) the time taken for the shuttlecock to hit the ground is about 0.70 s (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) the shuttlecock will land out of court. (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (b) Air resistance will increase the time of flight of the shuttlecock to considerably more

than 0.70 s. Explain why air resistance increases the time of flight of the shuttlecock. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................


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Question 2 (continued) (c) The height of the badminton net is 1.52 m. The shuttlecock is again hit horizontally at

65.0 ms–1 by a player 5.70 m from the net. If air resistance causes the shuttlecock to have a vertical acceleration down of 4.90 ms–1, but has no horizontal effect, and the shuttlecock takes 0.20 s to reach the net, will the shuttlecock clear the net? (3 marks)

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Question 3 Sketch the following graphs and answer the questions relating to the graphs. Calculations are not required. (a) (i) Sketch the velocity~time graph for a car that uniformly accelerates from rest

along a straight road for 15 s, brakes and then comes to rest uniformly in 5 s. (ii) How would you determine the displacement of the car from the graph? (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................


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Question 3 (continued) (b) (i) Sketch the speed~time graph for a golf ball that is dropped from a height

of 1.5 m and returns to a height of 1.3 m. Ignore air resistance. (ii) Identify one feature of the graph that changes significantly if air resistance is

taken into account. (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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Question 4 (a) In stating the law of conservation of momentum a student says “Total momentum

before an interaction is supposed to be equal to the total momentum after the interaction. This does not work because if an object is dropped on to the floor, it has a lot of momentum before it hits the floor but very little after.”

Explain what is wrong with the student’s view of the law of conservation of

momentum. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) A 1.50 kg toy cannon loaded with a 52.7 g ball is mounted on top of a 2.00 kg cart,

which is at rest. The cannon is ignited and launches the ball to the east with a speed of 75.0 ms–1.

(i) Show that the magnitude of the momentum of the ball is about 3.9 kgms–1. (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Hence determine the post-explosion velocity of the cannon and cart. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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Question 4 (continued) (c) The cannon was fired again but this time the cart and cannon are moving at 1.27 ms–1

to the east when the ball is launched at 75.0 ms–1 relative to the ground. What is the post explosion velocity of the cannon and cart in this case? (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 5 The cannon from the previous question (mass 1.50 kg) is now placed on a force plate. The cannon launches another 52.7 g ball vertically up with a speed of 75.0 ms–1 by means of an explosion that lasts 0.15 s. (a) What is the acceleration of the cannon ball during the explosion? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) What resultant force was applied to the cannon ball? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) What is the total weight of the cannon and ball before explosion? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (d) The force plate is attached to an output that records a force~time graph on a monitor.

Sketch the shape of the graph of the force applied by the cannon to the force plate for the time interval 2 seconds before the explosion commences to 2 seconds after the explosion finishes. Explain your reasoning referring to appropriate physics laws. No force values are required on the graph. (3 marks)

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time (s)

force

0 2 2.15 4.15


Question 6 (a) The diagram below shows all the forces on an object on a frictionless surface. Is it

possible to tell from the diagram whether the object is moving? Justify your answer. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................... (b) A student accidently drops an object of weight is 50.0 N from a balcony into a

swimming pool below.

(i) As it travels through the water it experiences an upward frictional force of 50.0 N. Sketch a graph to show velocity~time for the object from the time it was dropped until it reaches the bottom of the pool. No calculations are required. (2 marks)

(ii) The student then drops an object with greater surface area so that when it falls through the water it experiences an upward frictional force of 60.0 N. Sketch the velocity~time graph for this situation. No calculations are required.

(2 marks)

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This question paper and any materials associated with this examination (including answer booklets, cover sheets, rough note paper, or information sheets) remain the property of the Tasmanian Qualifications Authority.


PLACE LABEL HERE


PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2012

Part 2



structures and properties of materials.

Criterion Mark

6 /40

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed ALL of the externally assessed criteria on this examination paper. Answer ALL questions. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. Note: When candidates are asked to ‘show that’ an answer to a question is ‘about’ a numerical value given to one or two significant figures: • A candidate should provide their own answer to three significant figures (unless told otherwise

in that question). • A candidate whose answer rounds off to the given answer should continue to use their own three

significant figure answer in any subsequent questions requiring this answer. • A candidate whose answer is significantly different from that given by the examiner should use




Page 4

Question 7 Complete the following table. The first line has been completed as an example. (4 marks)

Name Chemical formula Structure silicon dioxide SiO2 Covalent network

oxygen SiC PbO2

aluminium phosphate Question 8 A common positive polyatomic ion is the ammonium ion, (a) What is meant by the term polyatomic ion? (1 mark)

............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

(b) Give another example of a polyatomic ion. (1 mark)

............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

(c) Why does the ammonium ion form compounds similar to those formed by metallic ions?

(1 mark)

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(d) Name and explain the bonding that exists within the ammonium ion. (2 marks)

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4+

NH .


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Question 9 Teflon is the commercial name given to the polymer that is commonly used for non-stick surfaces on cook-ware. Its structure, showing seven monomer units is given below.

(a) Name and draw the structure of the monomer that is used to manufacture Teflon. (2 marks)

Name: ..............................................................

(b) Identify two physical processes that may be needed to be used to manufacture Teflon

from its monomer. (2 marks)

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Page 6

Question 10 Name the following organic structures. (6 marks)

Structure Name

CHCH3

CH2CH

Cl

CH2

CH2

CHCH3

CH2CH

Cl

CH2

CH2

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CH3 C

Br

C CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH3 C

Br

C CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH C C

I

I

CH3

CH C C

I

I

CH3


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Question 11 Petroleum is a mixture of a large number of hydrocarbons, the most common being alkanes. An example of one of these alkanes is octane. (a) Car exhaust gases usually contain both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Write two balanced equations to show the production of these compounds from the

combustion of octane. (4 marks)

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(b) Suggest a way of reducing the concentration of carbon monoxide in car exhaust gases

without changing the fuel. (1 mark) .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 12

(a) Draw the molecular structure of 2,3-difluoroprop-1-ene. (2 marks) (b) Draw and name the two cyclic isomers of 2,3-difluoroprop-1-ene. (2 marks)

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Question 13 A student was provided with two test tubes, one containing 10 mL of pentane and the other 10 mL of pent-1-ene. To each tube she added, a drop at a time, about 1 mL of a solution of bromine. (a) Describe what she saw in: (i) the test tube containing pentane (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) the test tube containing pent-1-ene. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (b) Illustrate your answers to (a) with relevant, balanced chemical equations. (2 marks) (i) ........................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) ....................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 14

(a) Draw an electron dot diagram (Lewis diagram) for nitrogen gas. (2 marks) (b) Boron has atomic number 5. Draw a diagram to show the electronic configuration for

boron. (1 mark) (c) What type of bonding would you expect to find in:

(i) the elements in the two columns immediately to the left of boron in the periodic table? (1 mark)

.................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) the elements in the two columns immediately to the right of boron in the periodic

table? (1 mark) .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................


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Page 11

Question 14 (continued) (d) An article in New Scientist this year stated ‘In a vacuum sealed flask on a lab bench in

Germany sits an emerald green crystal that will cause some jaws to drop. The crystal is the first stable compound containing a triple bond between two boron atoms, a feat that had previously been limited to only two other elements — carbon and nitrogen’.

(2 marks)

(i) Why can boron form triple bonds? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) What sort of bonding is usually associated with elemental boron? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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PLACE LABEL HERE


PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2012

Part 3

Time: approximately 45 minutes On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide a result on the following criterion taken from the course statement: Criterion 7 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles of

sources and properties of energy.

Criterion Mark

7 /40

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed ALL of the externally assessed criteria on this examination paper. Answer all questions on this paper. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. Note: When candidates are asked to ‘show that’ an answer to a question is ‘about’ a numerical value given to one or two significant figures: • A candidate should provide their own answer to three significant figures (unless told otherwise






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Question 15 (a) List the energy changes for a person bouncing on a trampoline for one complete bounce. (2 marks)

............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................ (b) Describe the energy changes of a skier moving down a slope at constant speed. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................

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Question 16 When sections of the London Underground railway were being constructed, the track at the stations was built at a higher level than the track between the stations, as shown in the diagram below.

(a) Explain, using energy concepts, the advantages of this arrangement in terms of fuel

saving and wear on brakes. (4 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) A London Underground passenger train has a total mass of 1 586 tonnes. It is travelling

at 7.80 ms–1 before being slowed by a slight incline to a horizontal platform. This incline raises the train vertically by a height of 1.30 m over a distance of 300 m.

(i) Show that the speed of the train at the top of the incline is about 6.0 ms–1.

Assume there is no braking or other friction. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................


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Station


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Question 16 (continued)

(ii) Without calculation, explain what difference there would be to the answer in part (i) if the train had an additional hundred passengers with a total mass of 6 000 kg. (1 mark)

.................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (iii) Without braking, the train will pass through the station at a speed of 2.10 ms–1.

Calculate the frictional force between the train and the rails. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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Question 17 A Subaru Forester uses 9.90 L of petrol per 100 km. Petrol provides 31.0 MJ of energy per litre and the approximate cost of petrol is $1.45 per litre. (a) What does it cost to drive the Subaru Forester 1 km? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) If the Subaru is driven at 60 kmh–1, at what rate, in watts, will it use energy from the

petrol? (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Question 18 Complete each of the following nuclear equations and name the missing particles. (a) 5

11B!+! 24He!!! 7

14N!+! (2 marks) Name: ............................................................... (b) 91

234Pa!!! 92234U!+! (2 marks)

Name: ...............................................................

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Page 7

Question 19 (a) Why do some materials conduct electricity whereas others do not? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) A charge of 20.0 C is passed through a metal resistor that has a potential difference of

60.0 V between its ends. (2 marks)

(i) How much energy is used? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) How is this energy likely to be seen? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(c) Comment on the statement ‘a battery is a store of electricity’. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (d) A student has a portable battery audio device which is rated at 9.0 V and 7.0 W.

The student operated it from 9:00 pm to 2:00 am the next day. (3 marks)

(i) What is the resistance of the device? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) What average current does it draw? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the total charge that passes through the device during that time. .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

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Page 8

Question 20 A Cloud Chamber is a device that allows a visible ‘cloud track’ to form when ionising particles pass through it. The diagram below shows examples of the tracks made by alpha and beta particles in a Cloud Chamber.

(a) Describe the appearance of: (1 mark)

(i) the tracks made by alpha particles

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(ii) the tracks made by beta particles.

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(b) Account for the difference between the tracks made by alpha and beta particles. (3 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Question 20 continues opposite.

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Question 20 (continued) (c) What would you expect to see if gamma radiation passed through a Cloud Chamber?

Explain. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Page 10

Question 21 The age of an organic material can be estimated by using a process called carbon dating. A naturally occurring isotope of carbon, C-14, is radioactive and decays with a half life of 5 730 years. When plants and animals die, they stop taking in C-14 from the atmosphere and the percentage of that isotope in the sample immediately starts to drop. By measuring the percentage of C-14 in an old sample of organic material and using a graph similar to that below, the age of the sample can be estimated. Use the graph below to answer parts (a), (b) and (c). (a) In 1991, the body of a prehistoric man was found in the Alps in Europe. Carbon dating

of samples from the site established that the man had died 5 300 years ago. What percentage of the original carbon-14 would have been in the sample? (1 mark)

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Years from present

Percentage of original

carbon-14

Decay of carbon-14


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Question 21 (continued) (b) Because of the debate about global warming, scientists are keen to find out more about

the earth’s climate in the past. Samples taken from the base of a glacier in South America contained insects that had 5.5% of their original carbon-14. (2 marks)

(i) Approximately how many years ago did the glacier form? .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Comment on the likely accuracy of this estimate.

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(c) For hundreds of years it was claimed that the Shroud of Turin was the garment in which

Jesus was buried – about 2 000 years ago. Recent analysis showed the Shroud of Turin had lost about 8% of its original carbon-14.

From this information, estimate the age of the Shroud and comment on the significance

of this estimate. (2 marks)

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............................................................................................................................................. (d) For samples older that about 40 000 years, carbon-14 dating is considered inaccurate

because of the small percentage of the sample left. To estimate the age of early primates (apes/humans) who lived about 4 million years ago, a system called potassium argon dating is used. The equation for this decay is 19

40K!! ! 1840Ar!!+! +1

0e where the

half life of the potassium is 1.25!109 years. Why can this method not be used with any accuracy to determine the age of samples

less than 10 000 years? (2 marks)

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PLACE LABEL HERE


PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Senior Secondary


External Assessment

2012

Part 4



chemical reactions and change.

Criterion Mark

8 /40

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CANDIDATE INSTRUCTIONS Candidates MUST ensure that they have addressed ALL of the externally assessed criteria on this examination paper. Answer all questions on this paper. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper. Note: When candidates are asked to ‘show that’ an answer to a question is ‘about’ a numerical value given to one or two significant figures: • A candidate should provide their own answer to three significant figures (unless told otherwise






Page 4

Question 22 (a) For the following chemical equation: (3 marks)

CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) !!!!!!!Ca2+ (aq)!+ !H2O(!) +CO2(g)

(i) identify the reactants and products .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) explain the other information it contains. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (b) An empty beaker is placed on a balance (scale) and the above reactants added.

What would you expect to observe? Explain. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Question 23 Balance the following chemical equations. (2 marks) (a) Al(OH)3(s) !!!!+!!!!H2SO4(aq) !!!!!!!!!Al2(SO4)3(aq) !!!!+!!!!H2O(!) (b) NH4NO3(aq) !!!!+!!!!Ca(OH)2(aq)! !!!!!!!!Ca(NO3)2(aq) !!!!+!!!!NH3(g) !!!!+!!!!H2O(!)

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Page 5

Question 24 Lithium, sodium and potassium are the first three members of the alkali metal group of the periodic table. (a) Explain why none of the members of this group is found as an element in nature. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Using one of the members of this group as an example, write an equation to show the

chemical reaction of a member of the alkali metal group with water. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) These elements form basic oxides. (2 marks) (i) What is meant by the term ‘basic oxide’? .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) Illustrate your answer above with a relevant, balanced chemical equation. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... Question 25 A compound is found to contain 43.7% phosphorous and the rest is oxygen. What is this compound’s empirical formula? (3 marks) ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................

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Question 26 Calculate the amount (number of moles) of chloride ions in 15.0 g of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 . (2 marks) ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... Question 27 Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are both used as fertilizers. Calculate the percentage by mass of: (3 marks) (a) nitrogen in ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) ammonium ions in ammonium sulfate, NH4( )2 SO4 . ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Page 7

Question 28 Lead(II) nitrate and sodium iodide solutions react as shown in the following equation:

Pb(NO3) 2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) !!!!!!!Pbl2(s) !+ !2NaNO3(aq) A student wishes to make a 0.40 g sample of lead(II) iodide. (a) Show that this sample is about 8.7!10"4 mol of lead(II) iodide. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) To produce the lead(II) iodide, what is the least volume, in mL, of: (i) 0.1 lead(II) nitrate solution required? (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (ii) 0.1 sodium iodide solution required? (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (c) Predict the outcome if the student miscalculated and added double the required volume

of sodium iodide solution to the lead nitrate solution. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 29 The terms concentration and strength are used to describe acids and bases, but are frequently misused. Carefully distinguish between the terms concentration and strength when referring to acids, using examples to illustrate your answer. (4 marks) ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................

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Question 30 (a) Carefully explain the significance of Avogadro’s number. (2 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Calculate the number of moles in 2.72 g of magnesium atoms. (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c) How many atoms are there in 2.72 g of magnesium atoms? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (d) How many protons are there in 2.72 g of magnesium atoms? (1 mark) ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

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Question 31 A student doing an experiment on solubility finds two bottles containing liquids without labels on the bench and then discovers their two labels nearby. One was for ‘1 M barium nitrate’ and the other for ‘1 M sodium nitrate’. The student asked her teacher how to match the labels with the bottles. The teacher gives her a bottle of 1M sulfuric acid. (a) How could the student use the sulfuric acid to match the labels with the bottles? Use net ionic equations as needed to illustrate your answer. (4 marks) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Would the student have been able to identify the barium nitrate and sodium nitrate if the

teacher had given her a bottle of potassium hydroxide, rather than the sulfuric acid? Explain. (2 marks)

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PHYSICAL SCIENCES (PSC315109)

2012 External Examination Formula Sheet

Page 1 of 7

TA

SM

AN

IAN

QU

AL

IFIC

AT

ION

S A

UT

HO

RIT

Y

CONSTANTS Acceleration due to gravity: g = 9.80 m s – 2 down Charge on an electron: e = –1.6 × 10–19 C EQUATIONS OF MOTION

!

vav =st

!

v = u + at

!

v2 = u2 + 2as s = ut +

!

12at2

MOMENTUM, ENERGY & POWER PHYSICAL QUANTITY SYMBOLS (SI UNITS) p = mv s = displacement (m)

u = initial velocity (m s-1) v = final velocity (m s-1) a = acceleration (m s-2) t = time (s) p = momentum (kg m s-1) ∆p = change in momentum (kg m s-1) m = mass (kg) F = force (N)

!

Ek = kinetic energy (J)

!

Ep = potential energy (J)

!

"E = change in energy (J) g = acceleration due to gravity (m s-2) h = change in vertical height (m) P = power (W) W = work done (J) Q = charge (C) I = current (A)

V = potential difference (V) R = resistance (Ω)

tu)–m(v

tpFnet =

Δ=

maFnet = mgFw =

!

Ek = 12mv2

mgh=Ep

tWP =

tEP Δ

=

W = Fs

W = ∆E

ELECTRICITY

!

I =Qt

!

V =WQ

!

V ="EQ

V = IR

!

P = VI = I2R =V2

R

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PREFIXES T — tera

!

1012 G — giga

!

109 M — mega

!

106 k — kilo

!

103 c — centi

!

10"2 m — milli

!

10"3 µ — micro

!

10"6 n — nano

!

10"9 VECTORS AT RIGHT ANGLES

tan θ

!

=oppositeadjacent

=ba

sin θ

!

=oppositehypotenuse

=bc

cos θ

!

=adjacenthypotenuse

=ac

!

c2 = a2 + b2 IONISING RADIATION

!

" (alpha)

!

" (beta)

!

" (gamma) Neutron Proton Nature of radiation

helium nucleus

!

24He

electron

!

-10e

electromagnetic waves

neutron

!

01n

proton

!

11H

Electrical charge

+2 –1 no charge no charge +1

Mass (amu) 4 negligible none 1 1 Distance

travelled in air a few cm 20 – 30 cm long distances very long

distances 20 – 30 cm

Stopped by paper, skin ~1 mm of aluminium

several cm of lead

thick layer of concrete

~1 mm of aluminium

b

c a

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Alkanes:

!

CnH2n+2 Alkynes:

!

CnH2n–2 Alkenes:

!

CnH2n Cyclic Alkanes:

!

CnH2n

ORGANIC STEM NAMES

Carbon Atoms in Chain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Stem Name meth- eth- prop- but- pent- hex- hept- oct- non- dec- SIDE CHAINS AND SUBSTITUTES methyl

!

–CH3 bromo

!

–Br ethyl

!

–C2H5 chloro

!

–Cl propyl

!

–C3H7 fluoro

!

–F iodo

!

–I

PREFIXES

Atoms in molecule

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

prefix mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES Structure Melting/boiling

point Electrical conductivity Further

physical properties

Particles present

Charge carriers Solid Molten Aqueous

Metallic high conducts conducts insoluble dense, malleable, ductile, lustrous

+ ions & electrons

electrons

Ionic high non-conducting

conducts conducts if soluble

hard, brittle + & - ions ions

Covalent molecular

low non-conducting

non-conducting

non-conducting if soluble

soft solids, liquids or gases

molecules none

Covalent network

very high non-conducting

non-conducting

insoluble hard, brittle atoms none

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COMMON POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+

ammonium

!

NH4+ barium

!

Ba2+ aluminium

!

Al3+ lead (IV)

!

Pb4+ hydrogen

!

H+ calcium

!

Ca2+ chromium (III)

!

Cr3+ tin (IV)

!

Sn4+ lithium

!

Li+ copper (II)

!

Cu2+ iron (III)

!

Fe3+ potassium

!

K+ iron (II)

!

Fe2+

silver

!

Ag+ lead (II)

!

Pb2+

sodium

!

Na+ magnesium

!

Mg2+ mercury (II)

!

Hg2+ nickel (II)

!

Ni2+ strontium

!

Sr2+ tin (II)

!

Sn2+ zinc

!

Zn2+

NAMES AND FORMULAE OF SOME COMMON NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) –1 –2 –3

bromide

!

Br– carbonate

!

CO32– nitride

!

N3– chloride

!

Cl– chromate

!

CrO42– phosphate

!

PO43–

ethanoate (acetate)

!

CH3COO– dichromate

!

Cr2O72–

fluoride

!

F– oxide

!

O2–

hydrogen carbonate

!

HCO3– sulfate

!

SO42–

hydrogen sulfate

!

HSO4– sulfide

!

S2–

hydrogen sulfite

!

HSO3– sulfite

!

SO32–

hydroxide

!

OH– thiosulfate

!

S2O32–

iodide

!

I– nitrate

!

NO3–

nitrite

!

NO2–

permanganate

!

MnO4–

IMPORTANT REACTIONS OF ACIDS

acid + base [hydroxide/ metal oxide]

!

" # " salt + water

acid + reactive metal

!

" # " salt + hydrogen

acid + carbonate

!

" # " salt + water + carbon dioxide

acid + hydrogen carbonate

!

" # " salt + water + carbon dioxide

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SOLUBILITY TABLE FOR COMMON IONIC COMPOUNDS Negative Ions (anions) Solubility of Compounds

ethanoates (acetates) (

!

CH3COO– )

All soluble

nitrates

!

(NO3– ) All soluble

chlorides

!

(Cl– ) All soluble except AgCl,

!

PbCl2, HgCl2

bromides

!

(Br– ) All soluble except AgBr,

!

PbBr2, HgBr2

iodides

!

(I– ) All soluble except AgI,

!

PbI2, HgI2

sulfates

!

(SO42–) All soluble except

!

BaSO4, CaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4, SnSO4

hydroxides

!

(OH–) Insoluble except LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH,

!

NH4OH, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

sulfides

!

(S2– ) Insoluble except

!

Li2S, Na2S, K2S, Rb2S, (NH4 )2S, MgS, CaS, SrS, BaS

carbonates

!

(CO32– ) Insoluble except

!

Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, Rb2CO3, (NH4 )2CO3

phosphates

!

(PO43–) Insoluble except

!

Li3PO4,Na3PO4,K3PO4,Rb3PO4,(NH4)3PO4

sulfites

!

(SO32–) Insoluble except

!

Li2SO3, Na2SO3, K2SO3, Rb2SO3 QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY Avogadro’s Number:

!

NA = 6.02 "1023

!

mol"1

N = n

!

"

!

NA

!

c =nV

!

n =mM

N = number of particles, etc n = amount of substance (mol) m = mass (g) M = molar mass (g ) c = concentration (mol ) V = volume (L)

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TABLE OF RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES (BASED ON

!

12C =12.00)

Name

Symbol Atomic Number

Relative Atomic Mass

Name

Symbol Atomic

Number Relative Atomic Mass

actinium Ac 89 - mercury Hg 80 200.6 aluminium Al 13 26.98 molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 americium Am 95 - neodymium Nd 60 144.2 antimony Sb 51 121.8 neon Ne 10 20.18 argon Ar 18 39.95 neptunium Np 93 - arsenic As 33 74.92 nickel Ni 28 58.71 astatine At 85 - niobium Nb 41 92.91 barium Ba 56 137.3 nitrogen N 7 14.01 berkelium Bk 97 - nobelium No 102 - beryllium Be 4 9.012 osmium Os 76 190.2 bismuth Bi 83 209.0 oxygen O 8 16.00 boron B 5 10.81 palladium Pd 46 106.4 bromine Br 35 79.90 phosphorus P 15 30.97 cadmium Cd 48 112.4 platinum Pt 78 195.1 caesium Cs 55 132.9 plutonium Pu 94 - calcium Ca 20 40.08 polonium Po 84 - californium Cf 98 - potassium K 19 39.10 carbon C 6 12.01 praseodymium Pr 59 140.9 cerium Ce 58 140.1 promethium Pm 61 - chlorine Cl 17 35.45 protactinium Pa 91 - chromium Cr 24 52.00 radium Ra 88 - cobalt Co 27 58.93 radon Rn 86 - copper Cu 29 63.54 rhenium Re 75 186.2 curium Cm 96 - rhodium Rh 45 102.9 dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 rubidium Rb 37 85.47 einsteinium Es 99 - ruthenium Ru 44 101.1 erbium Er 68 167.3 samarium Sm 62 150.4 europium Eu 63 152.0 scandium Sc 21 44.96 fermium Fm 100 - selenium Se 34 78.96 fluorine F 9 19.00 silicon Si 14 28.09 francium Fr 87 - silver Ag 47 107.9 gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 sodium Na 11 22.99 gallium Ga 31 69.72 strontium Sr 38 87.62 germanium Ge 32 72.59 sulfur S 16 32.06 gold Au 79 197.0 tantalum Ta 73 180.9 hafnium Hf 72 178.5 technetium Tc 43 - helium He 2 4.002 tellurium Te 52 127.6 holmium Ho 67 164.9 terbium Tb 65 158.9 hydrogen H 1 1.008 thallium Tl 81 204.4 indium In 49 114.8 thorium Th 90 232.0 iodine I 53 126.9 thulium Tm 69 168.9 iridium Ir 77 192.2 tin Sn 50 118.7 iron Fe 26 55.85 titanium Ti 22 47.90 krypton Kr 36 83.80 tungsten W 74 183.9 lanthanum La 57 138.9 uranium U 92 238.0 lawrencium Lr 103 - vanadium V 23 50.94 lead Pb 82 207.2 xenon Xe 54 131.3 lithium Li 3 6.941 ytterbium Yb 70 173.0 lutetium Lu 71 175.0 yttrium Y 39 88.91 magnesium Mg 12 24.31 zinc Zn 30 65.37 manganese Mn 25 54.94 zirconium Zr 40 91.22 mendelevium Md 101 -

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 H Hydrogen 1.008

2 He Helium 4.002

3 Li Lithium 6.941

4 Be Beryllium 9.012

5 B Boron 10.81

6 C Carbon 12.01

7 N Nitrogen 14.01

8 O Oxygen 16.00

9 F Fluorine 19.00

10 Ne Neon 20.18

11 Na Sodium 22.99

12 Mg Magnesium 24.31

13 Al Aluminium 26.98

14 Si Silicon 28.09

15 P Phosphorus 30.97

16 S Sulfur 32.06

17 Cl Chlorine 35.45

18 Ar Argon 39.95

19 K Potassium 39.10

20 Ca Calcium 40.08

21 Sc Scandium 44.96

22 Ti Titanium 47.90

23 V Vanadium 50.94

24 Cr Chromium 52.00

25 Mn Manganese 54.94

26 Fe Iron 55.85

27 Co Cobalt 58.93

28 Ni Nickel 58.71

29 Cu Copper 63.54

30 Zn Zinc 65.37

31 Ga Gallium 69.72

32 Ge Germanium 72.59

33 As Arsenic 74.92

34 Se Selenium 78.96

35 Br Bromine 79.90

36 Kr Krypton 83.80

37 Rb Rubidium 85.47

38 Sr Strontium 87.62

39 Y Yttrium 88.91

40 Zr Zirconium 91.22

41 Nb Niobium 92.91

42 Mo Molybdenum 95.94

43 Tc Technetium

44 Ru Ruthenium 101.1

45 Rh Rhodium 102.9

46 Pd Palladium 106.4

47 Ag Silver 107.9

48 Cd Cadmium 112.4

49 In Indium 114.8

50 Sn Tin 118.7

51 Sb Antimony 121.8

52 Te Tellurium 127.6

53 I Iodine 126.9

54 Xe Xenon 131.3

55 Cs Caesium 132.9

56 Ba Barium 137.3

57 La Lanthanum 138.9

72 Hf Hafnium 178.5

73 Ta Tantalum 180.9

74 W Tungsten 183.9

75 Re Rhenium 186.2

76 Os Osmium 190.2

77 Ir Iridium 192.2

78 Pt Platinum 195.1

79 Au Gold 197.0

80 Hg Mercury 200.6

81 Tl Thallium 204.4

82 Pb Lead 207.2

83 Bi Bismuth 209.0

84 Po Polonium

85 At Astatine

86 Rn Radon

87 Fr Francium

88 Ra Radium

89 Ac Actinium

104 Rf

105 Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Uun

111 Uun

112 Uub

113 114 115 116 117 118

58–71 Lanthanide Series 58 Ce Cerium 140.1

59 Pr Praseodymium 140.9

60 Nd Neodymium 144.2

61 Pm Promethium

62 Sm Samarium 150.4

63 Eu Europium 152.0

64 Gd Gadolinium 157.3

65 Tb Terbium 158.9

66 Dy Dysprosium 162.5

67 Ho Holmium 164.9

68 Er Erbium 167.3

69 Tm Thulium 168.9

70 Yb Ytterbium 173.0

71 Lu Lutetium 175.0

90–103 Actinide Series 90 Th Thorium 232.0

91 Pa Protactinium

92 U Uranium 238.0

93 Np Neptunium

94 Pu Plutonium

95 Am Americium

96 Cm Curium

97 Bk Berkelium

98 Cf Californium

99 Es Einsteinium

100 Fm Fermium

101 Md Mendelevium

102 No Nobelium

103 Lr Lawrencium

5 B Boron 10.81

Atomic number

Name

Relative atomic mass

Symbol

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