plankton net. fnft fnft: the evolutionary relationships of the major groups of marine organisms
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PlanktonNet
Fnft
Fnft: The evolutionary relationships of the major groups of marine organisms
SizeDistribution
Fnft: Relative sizes of phytoplankton groups
Fnft: Food pyramid that leads to an adult herring
• PHYTOPLANKTON
“plant plankton”
Photosynthetic
The very base of the food chain…
Fnft: A micrograph of pelagic diatoms
Diatom
(chain) diatom
Fnft: The size difference between a typical centric diatom and a coccolithophore cell
© Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Fnft: SEM of Thalassiosira
© Dee Breger/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Fnft: SEM of entire Asteromphalus heptacles
Courtesy of Dr. José Luis Iriarte M., Universidad Austral de Chile
Fnft: Mixed sample of spinous and chain-forming diatoms, Diatoma vulgare
© blickwinkel/Alamy Images
Figure 3.11: Cells in a chain of Stephanopyxis
Courtesy of Kohki Itoh
Fnft: centric diatom from saltwater
© Phototake/Alamy Images
Fnft: A dinoflagellate
© Phototake/Alamy Images
Dinoflagellates
• Ceratium• A Dinoflaggelate• “Phytoplankton”
Fnft: SEM of Gonyaulax polygramma
Fnft: SEM of Dinophysis rapa
Figure 3.16c: SEM of Gonyaulax
© CSIRO Marine Research
Fnft: SEM of Ceratochoris horrida
© CSIRO Marine Research
Why do phytoplankton matter to global change?
• ZOOPLANKTON
“animal plankton”
NOT Photosynthetic – but “herbivores” and “carnivores” instead
They FEED ON the very base of the food chain (phytoplankton)…but how?
• 2 types of ZOOPLANKTON
HOLOPLANKTON
Spend entire lives as plankton
Copepod, for example
MEROPLANKTON
Only part of their lives as plankton
crabs & many fish, for example
Copepod, holoplankton
• …a “survey” of zooplankton
salp
Larvacean:(Sea
Squirt)Filter
Feeder
Feeding on Dispersed Prey
The appendicularian Oikopleura, within its mucous bubble.• Arrows indicate path of water flow.
(mollusk)
Inhabitants of the Pelagic Division
Some large gelatinous
zooplankton: (a) A pelagic
mollusk, Corolla.
© David Wrobel/Visuals Unlimited
(sea star)
Polychaete worms &some mollusks
(crustacean)
Meroplankton
Inhabitants of the Pelagic Division
• Some large gelatinous zooplankton: (b) A ctenophore, Bolinopsis, swimming with eight rows
of ciliated combs.
Courtesy of OAR/National Undersea Research Program/NOAA
They aren’t always “small!”
Some large gelatinous zooplankton: (c) A colony of salps (Pegea) cloned from a single parent.
© Eric Prine/age fotostock
The “ultimate” symbiosis: sea slug w/ jellyfish
Not all plankton are small
Water spider
The cycle from a larva stage to the upcoming of adult hood.
Vertical Migration:Tying the Upper Zones Together
A midwater siphonophore with a small, gas-filled pneumatophore at the upper end.
Courtesy of Dr. Alice Alldredge, University of California, Santa Barbara
Badplankton
Fnft: Phytoplankton bloom along the California coast
Food Chain impacts
Table 15.01