planning for grassfed success
DESCRIPTION
Speaker: Dr. Allen Williams Session: Grass Fed Beef ProductionTRANSCRIPT
Planning For Grassfed Planning For Grassfed SuccessSuccess
Allen Williams, Ph.D.Allen Williams, Ph.D.
LMC, LLCLMC, LLC
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Grass-fed Beef : Budget for SuccessGrass-fed Beef : Budget for SuccessGetting StartedGetting Started– GeneticsGenetics– Principles of managed Grazing Principles of managed Grazing – Fencing / Watering SolutionsFencing / Watering Solutions– Winter ForageWinter Forage
FinancialsFinancials– Grazing vs Row Crop RentalGrazing vs Row Crop Rental– Cow/Calf vs Finishing Cow/Calf vs Finishing – 5 Year Cash Flow 5 Year Cash Flow
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What About The Grassfed Sector?What About The Grassfed Sector?
Mintel Red Meat Mintel Red Meat Report – 2012Report – 2012
In major US metro In major US metro areas – Grass fed areas – Grass fed beef accounted for beef accounted for between between 3% and 3% and 6%6% of all beef of all beef sales. sales.
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Grassfed Sector
Mintel Red Meat Report – 2012Mintel Red Meat Report – 2012– Importance On Scale of 1-10:Importance On Scale of 1-10:– Grass Fed – 7.2Grass Fed – 7.2– Impact on environment – 7.5Impact on environment – 7.5– Hormone/Antibiotic Free – 7.9Hormone/Antibiotic Free – 7.9– Taste – 8.7Taste – 8.7
43%43% had purchased “ had purchased “Grass FedGrass Fed” or ” or ““Locally Raised” beef in 2012. ” beef in 2012.
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Value of Grass Fed Beef Market
1998– 100+ serious grass fed beef producers– $4-$5 million retail value – Domestic– Industry in infancy– Thought of as “fad” – Little attention paid by larger programs and
packers, or even producers
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Value of Grass Fed Market
2013:– More than $2 billion sold in U.S.
$450 million domestic
$1.5 billion+ imported
– More than 3000 producers involved.– Growing @ 25-30% rate annually.– Has penetrated all major market sectors.– Major branded program and packer interest.
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Economic DataEconomic Data
University Studies and Farm/Ranch Case Study University Studies and Farm/Ranch Case Study data show:data show:– Takes average of Takes average of 0.8 – 1.2 acres 0.8 – 1.2 acres per head to finish per head to finish
steers. steers. – More than enough available acres to finish More than enough available acres to finish 30 30
million+million+ head annually in U.S. head annually in U.S.– Skilled grass finishers net Skilled grass finishers net $300 - $500+ $300 - $500+ per acre. per acre. – Build soil Build soil rather than deplete.rather than deplete.
Value of SOM is Value of SOM is $750/ac per 1.0%$750/ac per 1.0%. .
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Selecting Genetics for Selecting Genetics for Forage Based ProductionForage Based Production
Cow Herd AttributesCow Herd AttributesMust have great Must have great longevitylongevity
HighHigh fertilityfertility..
SoundSound feet & legsfeet & legs, , eyes, udder & teats, teetheyes, udder & teats, teeth..
Low to moderate milkLow to moderate milk
HighlyHighly adapted to their environmentadapted to their environment
Moderate frame (BIF Frame Score 3.0-5.0)Moderate frame (BIF Frame Score 3.0-5.0)– Bulls = 52 – 56 inchesBulls = 52 – 56 inches– Cows = 48 – 52 inchesCows = 48 – 52 inches
AdequateAdequate depth, thickness, and gut capacitydepth, thickness, and gut capacity. .
Bull Selection – What Are We Looking For?
“Viewed from behind, the fertile bullhas well sprung ribs, and the lowerrib region is the widest part of the body.”
J.C.B.
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Cow Selection
“The animal that is reallyfunctionallyefficient has small, sleek and very shiny teats.”
J.C.B.
“The body of the highly fertile cow is in beautiful proportion; she looks feminine or broody. Seen from behind, the largest diameter of the body is the mid-rib region. She has a tremendous stomach capacity…” J.C.B.
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Grass-fed Beef : Budget for SuccessGrass-fed Beef : Budget for SuccessEnvironmental Benefits of Holistic Environmental Benefits of Holistic ManagementManagement– Improve Soil HealthImprove Soil Health
– Reduce Erosion, Improve Water Reduce Erosion, Improve Water Retention Retention
– Improved Water QualityImproved Water Quality
– Improve Wildlife Habitat Improve Wildlife Habitat
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It All Starts With It All Starts With The Soil!!The Soil!!
The Soil is Alive!!The Soil is Alive!!
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90% of soil function is mediated by 90% of soil function is mediated by microbes. microbes.
Microbes depend on plants.Microbes depend on plants.
So, how we manage plants is critical. So, how we manage plants is critical.
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Plant growth & health highly correlated Plant growth & health highly correlated with how much life & what kind of life is in with how much life & what kind of life is in the soil!the soil!– Microbes Matter!!!Microbes Matter!!!– Microbial community structure crucial.Microbial community structure crucial.– Highly ImportantHighly Important
Fungi to Bacteria ratioFungi to Bacteria ratio
Predator to Prey ratioPredator to Prey ratio
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Optimum Soil HealthOptimum Soil HealthType of Organism Type of Organism number/acre lbs/acre number/acre lbs/acre
Bacteria Bacteria 800,000,000,000,000,000,000 800,000,000,000,000,000,000 2,600 2,600
Actinobacteria 20,000,000,000,000,000 Actinobacteria 20,000,000,000,000,000 1,3001,300
FungiFungi 200,000,000,000,000 200,000,000,000,000 2,6002,600
AlgaeAlgae 4,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 9090
ProtozoaProtozoa 2,000,000,000,000 2,000,000,000,000 9090
Nematodes 80,000,000Nematodes 80,000,000 4545
Earthworms 40,000Earthworms 40,000 445445
Insects /arthropods 8,160,000Insects /arthropods 8,160,000 830830Soil Food WebSoil Food Web
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Depleted Soil Depleted Soil Type of Organism Type of Organism lbs/acrelbs/acre
Bacteria Bacteria <500 <500
Actinobacteria Actinobacteria < 300< 300
FungiFungi < 1000 < 1000
AlgaeAlgae <90 to >200 <90 to >200
ProtozoaProtozoa <50 <50
Nematodes Nematodes >100 >100
Earthworms Earthworms <50 <50
Insects /arthropods Insects /arthropods <200 <200
Soil Food WebSoil Food Web
Role of MicrobesRole of Microbes
Produce Produce Glomalin – “Soil Glue”Glomalin – “Soil Glue”. . – Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Glomalin creates soil aggregates vital to nutrient Glomalin creates soil aggregates vital to nutrient exchange and water movement.exchange and water movement.
Reduces ponding and runoff.Reduces ponding and runoff.
Without underground “highways” created by glomalin, Without underground “highways” created by glomalin, crops require more fertilizer for same yields.crops require more fertilizer for same yields.
Slows down rate of water entering aggregate.Slows down rate of water entering aggregate.
Soil aggregates are soil carbon vault. Soil aggregates are soil carbon vault.
Stores carbon where slow-acting microbes live. Stores carbon where slow-acting microbes live.
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Additional RolesAdditional Roles
Fungal Hyphae:Fungal Hyphae:– Help Help create fine roots create fine roots
More efficient at grabbing nutrients.More efficient at grabbing nutrients.
Require less carbon as fuel (lower mpg).Require less carbon as fuel (lower mpg).
Unlock chemical bonds to release P, S, N. Unlock chemical bonds to release P, S, N.
Fungi take up P 6 X’s faster than root hairs.Fungi take up P 6 X’s faster than root hairs.
– Connect roots from different plantsConnect roots from different plants..Transfer N and other nutrients from legume nodule Transfer N and other nutrients from legume nodule to non-legume root. to non-legume root.
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10,000 – 50,000 10,000 – 50,000 microbe species in one microbe species in one gram of soil.gram of soil.
Nutrient cycling services worth up to Nutrient cycling services worth up to $20 $20 TrillionTrillion annually! annually!
World’s most valuable ecosystem!World’s most valuable ecosystem!
““Soil livestock” more numerous & diverse Soil livestock” more numerous & diverse than tropical rain forest species. than tropical rain forest species.
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BacteriaBacteria
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PseudomonasMycobacterium
Bacillus subtillisActinomycetes
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Mycorrhizal Fungi
ProtozoaProtozoa
Regulate bacterial populationsRegulate bacterial populations
Mineralize nutrientsMineralize nutrients
Release NH4+ (ammonium)Release NH4+ (ammonium)
Nutrient cyclingNutrient cycling
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NematodesNematodesFour Types of Free-living Four Types of Free-living nematodes:nematodes:– Bacterial FeedersBacterial Feeders– Fungal FeedersFungal Feeders– Predatory nematodesPredatory nematodes– OmnivoresOmnivores
Beneficial nematodes help Beneficial nematodes help control disease & cycle control disease & cycle nutrients.nutrients.
Stimulate prey populations.Stimulate prey populations.
Disperse microbes.Disperse microbes.
Food source – higher Food source – higher predators.predators.
Disease suppression & Disease suppression & Development.Development.
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Insects/ArthropodsInsects/Arthropods
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Mites
Sowbug
Mites
Beetles Ants
EarthwormsEarthworms
Functions:Functions:– Stimulate microbial Stimulate microbial
activity.activity.– Mix & aggregate soil.Mix & aggregate soil.– Increase infiltration.Increase infiltration.– Improve water holding Improve water holding
capacity.capacity.– Provide channels for Provide channels for
root growth.root growth.– Bury & shred plant Bury & shred plant
residue.residue.
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Building TopsoilBuilding Topsoil
Soil InsectsEarthworm Castings
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Nature’s Builders at WorkNature’s Builders at Work
The Value of Soil The Value of Soil Organic MatterOrganic Matter
Can we control runoff with OM?Can we control runoff with OM?
2% OM 2% OM will hold 32,000 gallons of waterwill hold 32,000 gallons of wateror or 21%21% of a rainfall. of a rainfall.
5% OM 5% OM will hold 80,000 gallons of waterwill hold 80,000 gallons of wateror or 53%53% of a rainfall. of a rainfall.
8% OM 8% OM will hold 128,000 gallons of waterwill hold 128,000 gallons of wateror or 85%85% of a rainfall. of a rainfall.
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0.0009 0.029 0.04
0.86
2.79
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
ton
s s
oil lo
ss
/ac
re
Soil Erosion
Measured 2006
Measured 2007
Rusle2 computer prediction
Dairy cropping system
Row crop system
Conserving & Improving SoilConserving & Improving Soildata from Breneman Discovery Farms projectdata from Breneman Discovery Farms project
Sediment losses from Breneman
outwintering pastures
Courtesy of Laura Paine
Value of Soil Organic Matter Value of Soil Organic Matter (1.0% SOM Nutrients/Acre)(1.0% SOM Nutrients/Acre)
Nutrients Nutrient (Lbs)
Unit Value/lb
Value/Acre
Nitrogen 1000 $0.56 $560
Phosphorus 100 $0.67 $67
Potassium 100 $0.54 $54
Sulfur 100 $0.50 $50
Carbon 10000 $0.037 $20
Value of 1.0% SOM in Nutrients/Acre $751
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Source: J. Soil and Water Conserv. B. Hudson. 49 (2) 189-194 5.0% SOM = $3755
Strategies for Land Strategies for Land ImprovementImprovement
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Building SOM and Soil Microbial Populations Through:
Plant Species Diversity
Livestock Impact
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DiversityDiversity
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Monoculture
Diversity/Complexity
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Livestock Impact
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Constant ObservationConstant Observation
Where Do Majority Where Do Majority of Soil Microbes of Soil Microbes Live & Function?Live & Function?
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Microbe “Home” – Soil microbes live and function in root zone.
Pasture recovery is Pasture recovery is Critical!Critical!
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Rotational Grazing 101 Rotational Grazing 101
Planned Multi-Paddock GrazingPlanned Multi-Paddock Grazing
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Ranch road
Restoration Using Multi-Paddock Restoration Using Multi-Paddock Grazing – Noble FoundationGrazing – Noble Foundation
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Decrease drought impacts
% Leaf Volume Removed
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
% Root Growth Stoppage
0% 0% 0% 0%
2- 4% 50% 78% 100% 100%
Range Condition E x cellent Good Poor
15 DAYSRECOVERY
10 DAYSRECOVERY
5 DAYSRECOVERY
EXTENT OFGRAZING
PLANTSAT START
B
A
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High Density Grazing
Light, Continous Graze
Teaugue, et al. 2013
Manure DistributionManure Distribution
Manure DistributionManure Distribution
Rotation FrequencyRotation Frequency Years to Get 1 Pile/sq. Years to Get 1 Pile/sq. yardyard
ContinuousContinuous 2727
14 day14 day 88
4 day4 day 4 – 54 – 5
2 day2 day
1 time a day1 time a day
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Adaptive High Stock Density GrazingAdaptive High Stock Density Grazing
Moving the “Mob”Moving the “Mob”
Winter Bale GrazingWinter Bale Grazing
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Bale Grazing in Nova ScotiaBale Grazing in Nova Scotia
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Warm Season CocktailWarm Season Cocktail
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Cool Season Cocktail Cool Season Cocktail
Before GrazingBefore Grazing
New MoveNew Move
Next MoveNext Move
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Winter Stockpile Grazing
Millet: 9% CP 50% TDNMillet: 9% CP 50% TDNSorghum/Sudan: 12% CP 72% Sorghum/Sudan: 12% CP 72%
TDNTDN
Hairy Vetch: 18% CP 70% TDNHairy Vetch: 18% CP 70% TDN
Radish: 14% CP 70% TDNRadish: 14% CP 70% TDN
Mississippi FarmMississippi Farm
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Implemented StrategyImplemented Strategy
Bale Grazing 1Bale Grazing 1stst winter. winter.
High Stock Density/Short Duration High Stock Density/Short Duration Grazing.Grazing.
Long rest periods.Long rest periods.
Strategic use of soil microbials. Strategic use of soil microbials.
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ProgressProgressTripled Stocking Rate.Tripled Stocking Rate.
Forage species increased from less than Forage species increased from less than 3-4 major species to more than 35. 3-4 major species to more than 35.
Soil OM increased from 1.5% to 4.3%.Soil OM increased from 1.5% to 4.3%.
Brix increased 400%+.Brix increased 400%+.
Water infiltration and retention increased.Water infiltration and retention increased.
Increase in earthworms, soil level insects, Increase in earthworms, soil level insects, pollinators, and wildlife. pollinators, and wildlife.
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Building Soil OMBuilding Soil OM
Mississippi – 1.0% - 4.2% (4 years)Mississippi – 1.0% - 4.2% (4 years)
New York – 1.5% - 4.1% (5 years)New York – 1.5% - 4.1% (5 years)
Kansas – 1.6% - 3.9% (5 years)Kansas – 1.6% - 3.9% (5 years)
Nebraska – 2.1% - 5.5% (6 years)Nebraska – 2.1% - 5.5% (6 years)
Michigan – 2.2% - 6.1% (6 years)Michigan – 2.2% - 6.1% (6 years)
Wisconsin – 2.3% - 5.0% (4 years)Wisconsin – 2.3% - 5.0% (4 years)
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0.0009 0.029 0.04
0.86
2.79
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
ton
s s
oil lo
ss
/ac
re
Soil Erosion
Measured 2006
Measured 2007
Rusle2 computer prediction
Dairy cropping system
Row crop system
Conserving & Improving SoilConserving & Improving Soildata from Breneman Discovery Farms projectdata from Breneman Discovery Farms project
Sediment losses from Breneman
outwintering pastures
Courtesy of Laura Paine
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Soil TemperatureSoil Temperature
Soil TemperaturesSoil Temperatures
140 degrees - soil bacteria die.
130 degrees - 100% moisture lost through evaporation and transpiration.
100 degrees - 15% moisture used for growth, 85% moisture lost through evaporation and transpiration.
70 degrees - 90%+ moisture used for growth.
IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOIL ACTIVITY
IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOIL ACTIVITY
Courtesy of Dr. Allen Williams
Soil CompactionSoil CompactionCrop Location Control Trt 1 Trt 2
Potatoes Minnesota 8.81 7.69 NA
Organic Corn Minnesota 7.4 5.5 NA
Forages Mississippi 14.33 10.42 11.40
Corn Mississippi 9.92 5.98 7.80
Soybeans Mississippi 6.22 2.59 2.48
Forages Missouri 11 8.08 7.67
Forages Montana 9.33 8.67 NA
Forages Montana 14.28 10.44 NA
Wheat Montana 10.5 8.67 NA
Wheat Montana 4.06 2.44 NA
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Forage Dry Matter Forage Dry Matter Crop Location Control Trt 1 Trt 2
Forage Virginia 2265 3372 3381
Alfalfa Montana 2550 3242 NA
Alfalfa Nebraska 3557 4192 NA
Native Grass Nebraska 4290 5002 NA
Forage Louisiana 2376 3859 3246
Forage Alabama 2430 2650 NA
Forage Pennsylvania 2650 4550 NA
Alfalfa Mich State 1813 2424 2335
Forage Alabama 4547 7480 NA
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Forage BrixForage BrixCrop Location Control Trt 1 Trt 2
Forage Virginia 4.25 7.43 5.75
Alfalfa Montana 6.68 10.12 10.56
Native Grass Montana 5.28 7.28 NA
Alfalfa Nebraska 7.75 11.22 12.13
Native Grass Nebraska 4.31 6.78 7.54
Forage Louisiana 3.75 5.00 7.50
Forage Alabama 3.25 5.13 NA
Forage Pennsylvania 10.75 14.00 NA
Sorghum Kentucky 3.75 5.00 NA
Forage Missouri 4.41 6.25 6.63
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BRIXBRIXHigher Brix – Result of improving SOM Higher Brix – Result of improving SOM and soil microbial populations. and soil microbial populations.
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What is Brix?What is Brix?
Dissolved plant solids include Dissolved plant solids include sugarssugars (such a sucrose and fructans), (such a sucrose and fructans), mineralsminerals, , amino acidsamino acids, , proteinsproteins, , lipidslipids and and pectinspectins..
About About 50-80%50-80% of the Brix measurement of the Brix measurement represents plant sugars, with the represents plant sugars, with the remaining portion representing the other remaining portion representing the other plant solids. plant solids.
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What is a Refractometer?What is a Refractometer?
A simple optical A simple optical instrument that instrument that measures that measures that amount of light amount of light refracted in a liquid.refracted in a liquid.
Standard piece of Standard piece of equipment for many equipment for many agronomists and agronomists and commonly used in the commonly used in the fruit and vegetable fruit and vegetable industries. industries.
Digital
Optical
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Forage Poor Avg Good Excellent
Alfalfa 4 8 16 22
Ryegrass 6 10 14 18
Sorghum 6 10 22 30
Fescue 2 4 7 12
Bermuda 2 4 6 8
Brix Index of Common Forages
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Effects of Stage of Maturity on Pasture CompositionEffects of Stage of Maturity on Pasture Composition
3 Lignin 7
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
14
18
30
23Minerals12
5
SugarsSugars
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10
3
Lipid
33 Protein
7
Early Maturity Late MaturityMid Maturity
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Effects of Stage of Maturity on Pasture CompositionEffects of Stage of Maturity on Pasture Composition
3 Lignin 7
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
14
18
30
23Minerals12
5
SugarsSugars
1010
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10
3
Lipid
33 Protein
7
Early Maturity Late MaturityMid Maturity
Sweet Spot
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Why High Brix in Forages?Why High Brix in Forages?Research shows that High Brix forages increase animal gains and milk production. High Brix Forages also are more drought resistant, freeze tolerant, and more resistant to plant disease and pests
– (Moorby, 2001). – (Moller, 1996).– (Downing & Gamroth, 2007;
Miller, et al, 1999). – (Allison, 2007).– (McKenzie, 2007).
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Benefits of High BrixBenefits of High Brix
More More SugarsSugars, , mineralsminerals, and , and proteinsproteins – Less water – Less water
Forages and crops will taste Forages and crops will taste “sweeter”“sweeter” and be more nutrient and be more nutrient densedense
Enhanced Enhanced aromaaroma
Indication of Indication of nutrient uptakenutrient uptake
Helps plants Helps plants resist disease resist disease and insect infestationand insect infestation
Stored Forages & Crops – Stored Forages & Crops – Longer “shelf” lifeLonger “shelf” life, better , better nutritional values, better flavor nutritional values, better flavor characteristicscharacteristics
Brix AdvantageBrix Advantage
Brix 5.0% or less = ADG in low 1’s.Brix 5.0% or less = ADG in low 1’s.
Brix 8-12% = ADG in low to mid-2’s.Brix 8-12% = ADG in low to mid-2’s.
Brix 12 – 15% = ADG in mid-high 2’s.Brix 12 – 15% = ADG in mid-high 2’s.
Brix > 15% = ADG in high 2’s to 3’s. Brix > 15% = ADG in high 2’s to 3’s.
Every 1.0% increase in Brix adds 0.1 Every 1.0% increase in Brix adds 0.1 to 0.3 ADG. to 0.3 ADG.
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Important Grazing TipsImportant Grazing Tips
Know DM availability and allow 3.0% - 3.5% Know DM availability and allow 3.0% - 3.5% daily.daily.
Take no more than 30% available DM.Take no more than 30% available DM.
Move forward rapidly to not allow too many bites Move forward rapidly to not allow too many bites of the same plant.of the same plant.
Know the brix content.Know the brix content.
Turn into new paddocks in early to mid-Turn into new paddocks in early to mid-afternoon (peak brix or plant sugars). afternoon (peak brix or plant sugars).
Stage of forage maturity critical – Mid-stage to Stage of forage maturity critical – Mid-stage to slightly beyond… slightly beyond…
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EquipmentEquipment
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Fencing 101Fencing 101
Invest in good fencing solutionsInvest in good fencing solutions
Build to suit your needs with the Build to suit your needs with the future in mindfuture in mind
FencingFencing
Photo by Bev Henkel, Norfolk
What kind of fence is best ?What kind of fence is best ?
Key ConsiderationsKey Considerations
– Plan with the end game in mindPlan with the end game in mind
– Budget and phase if neededBudget and phase if needed
– Terrain (hills, woods, streams)Terrain (hills, woods, streams)
– Cattle TypeCattle Type
– Feed AvailabilityFeed Availability
Fencing, Fencing, Fencing..Fencing, Fencing, Fencing..
Water ManagementWater Management
Don’t let water be limiting factor in Don’t let water be limiting factor in finishing.finishing.
Gains will be limited if cattle have to walk Gains will be limited if cattle have to walk too far to water or if water source is poor.too far to water or if water source is poor.
For optimum finishing – water available in For optimum finishing – water available in each paddock. each paddock.
Different for cows. Different for cows.
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Water ManagementWater Management
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Livestock pipeline installation.Livestock pipeline installation.
Quick Couplers.Quick Couplers.
Easy and Simple.Easy and Simple.
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Degree of Finish
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What is “Finished” Animal?What is “Finished” Animal?
ToplineTailhead
RibsBrisket
FlankHeat Girth
Brisket
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Fat Pones
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Actual Gain Data - FinishingActual Gain Data - Finishing
No. Head Sex Forage Type DTF ADG
85 S Warm Season Perennials 145 2.39
168 S Warm Season Annuals – Cocktail Mix
120 2.65
125 H Cool Season Annuals – Cocktail Mix
125 2.77
132 S Cool Season Annuals – Ryegrass/Oats/Clover
155 2.25
175 S Cool Season Annuals – Cocktail Mix
145 2.67
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Actual Carcass Performance
No Head HCWT DP % Choice+ % Select % NRs
42 718 59.5 63 37 0
40 697 59.2 84 16 0
39 702 58.7 92 8 0
41 685 58.4 82 17 1
40 713 59.8 77 23 0
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Why is Finish Important??Why is Finish Important??
What is the Target?What is the Target?
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High Quality Raw Product Equals…High Quality Raw Product Equals…
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High Quality Eating ExperienceHigh Quality Eating Experience
Finding the Trainers Resource Finding the Trainers Resource GuideGuide
www.farmbiztrainer.com
Also at USDA National Ag Library Also at USDA National Ag Library www.start2farm.gov
www.wallacecenter.org/pastureproject www.wallacecenter.org/pastureproject
Contact us:Contact us:Through the websitesThrough the websitesGary Matteson, Joe Colyn, Allen WilliamsGary Matteson, Joe Colyn, Allen Williams
Grass Fed ExchangeGrass Fed Exchange
– www.grassfedexchange.com
– 2014 Annual Conference2014 Annual Conference
– July 30 – August 1 – Columbia, MOJuly 30 – August 1 – Columbia, MO
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Economic Analysis Economic Analysis SpreadsheetSpreadsheet
http://www.wallacecenter.org/http://www.wallacecenter.org/resourcelibrary/-grassfed-beef-resourcelibrary/-grassfed-beef-financial-calculatorsfinancial-calculators
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Building for Future Building for Future GenerationsGenerations
Thank You!!!Thank You!!!
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