plant identification ansc 110 september 7, 2010. what defines a “good” pasture species?...
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant Identification
ANSC 110
September 7, 2010
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What Defines a “Good” Pasture Species?
Palatable*
Nutritious
Dense growing
Hearty (recovers well)
Tolerant to climatic extremes
Resistant to pests
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Forage Classification
GRASSES
Perennials
Cool Season
Warm Season
Annuals
Cool Season
Warm Season
LEGUMES
Perennials
Cool Season
Warm Season
Annuals
Cool Season
Warm Season
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Plant Vocabulary
Grass: monocots (one seed leaf) herbaceous plant parallel leaf veins fibrous root system bear seed on an elongated seed stalk
Legume: dicots (two seed leaves) “netted” leaf veins usually have a taproot produce seed in a pod nitrogen fixation
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Grass or Legume?
http://aggie-turf.tamu.edu/aggieturf2/grasswee/grasses/kblue.htmhttp://forages.oregonstate.edu/media_library/alfalfa/screen/39.jpg
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Plant Vocabulary
Annual: A plant that germinates, grows, reproduces, and dies in one growing season
Perennial: A plant that has the ability to live for more than one year
Biennials – weak perennials that usually die after the second growing season
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Plant Vocabulary
Warm Season Plants: plants that begin growth and/or are planted in the spring or early summer and do most of their growth during the warmest part of the year
Cool Season Plants: plants that begin growth and/or are planted in the fall or early spring and do most of their growth during the coolest months of the year (except during winter)
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Grasses
About 40 species commonly used for pastures
Monocots (monocotyledons)
Identification: Parts of the plant
Inflorescence
Root system
Color
Growth habit
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Grasses – Plant Parts
Parts of the stem (culm) Node – solid joint of a
grass stem where leaf sheaths are attached to stem
Internode – region of the stem between the nodes
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Grasses – Plant Parts
Parts of the leaf Blade – portion of leaf connected to the sheath Sheath – surrounds the stem above the node
where it is attached Collar – region at the junction of the sheath
and blade Ligule – appendage that clasps the stem
where the sheath and blade join Auricle – outgrowths from the base of the
blade
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Collar Region - Ligule
Fringed/Hairy Absent Membranous Rounded
Truncated/Short Toothed TaperedPhotos © University of California, IPM project
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Collar Region - Auricles
Claw-like
Rounded
Underdeveloped
Absent
Photos © University of California, IPM project
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Collar Region - Sheath
Closed
Split
Overlapping
Photos © University of California, IPM project
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Plant Characteristics
Inflorescence (plant head, seed, flower/fruit) Panicle – many branches Spike – unbranced axis Raceme – spikelets on one branch
Awns – appendage on ends of seeds Length, number
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Types of Inflorescences
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Awns
Annual RyegrassAWNS
Perennial RyegrassNO AWNS
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Plant Characteristics - Roots
Root System Rhizomes
Stolons
Fibrous
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Root System
Photos © University of California, IPM project
Fibrous - Rhizomes
Fibrous - Bunchgrass
Fibrous - Stolons
Taproot
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Plant Characteristics - Color
http://forages.oregonstate.edu/
Bermudagrass
Orchardgrass
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Plant Characteristics - Leaf growth
Folded Rolled
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Common Characteristics of Some Pasture Species
GRASSES
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Timothy
Phleum pratense Cool season perennial Medium height Haplocorm in mature plants Leaf blades are rolled
Gently ribbed upper, smooth under
Seedhead = compact panicle
No auricles Pointed or rounded ligule Round sheath
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Timothy
Seedheads of timothy grass
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Orchardgrass
Dactylis glomerata Cool season perennial Tall-growing, bunch grass No rhizomes or stolons Folded leaf blades Sheath flattened No auricles Membranous ligule Seedhead - clustered
spikelet; seeds are slightly curved
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Orchardgrass
Seedheads
Folded Leaf Blades
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Kentucky Bluegrass
Poa pratensis Cool season perennial Short - medium height, sod-
forming (rhizomes) Folded leaves
Boat-shaped tips Green/Dark green in
color No auricles Collar sometimes hairy Membranous ligule Seedhead - open pyramidal
panicle
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Kentucky Bluegrass…
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Tall Fescue
Festuca arundinacea Cool season perennial Bunchgrass (short rhizomes) Coarse, tough roots Ribbed leaves (serrated edges) Auricles blunt with fine hairs Short membranous ligule Seedhead = branched panicle
with elliptical spikelets Seeds have a short awn
Collar of tall fescue
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Tall fescue…
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Reed Canarygrass
Phalaris arundinacea Leaves rolled No auricles Collar may be divided Large membranous toothed
ligule, sometimes hairy on back
Wide leaf blade, smooth Seedhead - densely
flowered, spreading to narrow panicle
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Reed Canarygrass
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Crabgrass
Digitaria sanguinalis Warm season annual Reaches 2-4 ft. in height Creeping grass, long
runners Wide leaves hairy at base
Rolled leaves Stiff ligule Seedhead - 4-6 spikes at
top of stems
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(Winter) Wheat
Triticum aestivum Cool season annual Rolled leaves Round, smooth split sheath Broad collar Small hairy auricles Membranous ligule Long rounded blades Seedhead - Crowded thick
spike, long awns
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Wheat…
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Smooth Bromegrass
Bromus inermis Cool season perennial Sod-forming (deep-rooted
rhizomes) Blades narrow No auricles Ligule – membranous,
truncate to rounded Round sheath Seedhead - Open panicle; 5
to 11 florets per spikelet 'W'-shaped constriction at approximately the midpoint of the leaf blade.
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Smooth Bromegrass
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Annual Ryegrass
Lolium multiflorum Cool season annual Bunch grass High palatability and
digestibility Rolled leaves, prominently
ridged on upper surface; smooth glossy and hairless on under surface
Claws on auricle Membranous ligule sometimes
with hairs Seedhead - solitary spike with
alternately arranged spikelets; seeds have awns
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Annual Ryegrass
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Perennial Ryegrass
Lolium perenne L. Cool season perennial Good for erosion prevention Quick to establish Undersurface of leaves is
shiny dark green leaves are folded
Inflorescence stems are nearly naked
Seedhead - spikes with spikelets growing edgewise to seedhead stem; No awns
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Perennial Ryegrass
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Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylon Warm season perennial Good for erosion control (sod-
forming) May become invasive Spreads by rhizomes, stolons
and seed Stems are short-jointed Leaves are flat and spreading Leaves may be hairy or smooth Seedhead = two rows of
spikelets on finger-like spikes White collar region with sparse,
relatively long hairs
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Bermudagrass
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Common Characteristics of Some Pasture Species
LEGUMES
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Legumes
Dicot plants Two seed-bearing leaves
Legume roots host Rhizobium bacteria Often have taproots
Trifoliate leaves Shape of leaflets Texture (hairy, shiny, etc.)
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Legume – Plant Parts
Petiole – the stalk by which a leaf is attached to the stem (leafstalk)
Stipules – a pair of leaf-like outgrowths / appendages that occur at the base of the petiole
Stolons – shoot that bends to the ground or that grows horizontally above ground
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Legume PlantParts
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Inflorescence – Inflorescence – Legumes/Legumes/
WeedsWeeds
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Alfalfa
Medicago sativa Cool-season perennial 15-25 inches tall Pinnately trifoliate leaves
arranged alternately on the stem Leaves are toothed
towards the tips Slender stipules fused to the
petiole Flowers - generally pink-
purple, but may be white or yellow
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Alfalfa…
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Ladino Clover
Trifolium repens Giant form of white clover Cool season perennial Spread by stolons 8-12 inches tall Tri-foliate leaves, shiny
underneath, often marked with v-shaped pattern
Flower - White ball-shape
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Ladino Clover…
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Red Clover
Trifolium pratense Cool season perennial Hairy leaves and stems Erect – grows 2-3 feet
tall Large leaves, prominent
v-shaped water mark Flower - pinkish-violet in
dense clusters
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Red Clover…
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Birdsfoot Trefoil
Crimson Clover Sericea Lespedeza
Crown Vetch
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USEFUL WEBSITES
http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/Tutorial/forindx.htm
West Virginia University – NRCS Forage Identification Slide Set
http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=characteristics.html
USDA Plants Fact Sheets Database
Click on Fact Sheets and Plant Guides on left column
http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/forages/index.html
Purdue Forage Information (great photos!)
http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/agr/agr175/agr175.htm
Forage Identification and Use Guide (Univ. of Kentucky)