Plant Lab Review

Root cross-section (Ranunculus)

• Epidermis

• Cortex

• Vascular Cylinder

• Phloem

• Endodermis

• Xylem

Ranunculus Root Cross section

• Give three functions of the root – Anchor plant

– Absorb water and minerals

– Store food

• Give a function of the cortex – Gives plant support (structure), stores food

• Give the function of vascular tissue – A. Xylem- conducts water and minerals

– B. Phloem- transports sugars

Obs. 4– Sunflower stem cross section (Helianthus)

• Ground tissue

• Phloem (Companion cells)

• Xylem

• Phloem (fibers)

• Epidermis

• Vascular bundle

Sunflower stem cross section (Helianthus)

• What would the longitudinal section of xylem and phloem look like? – Tubular, dude

• Which part of the stem is able to make new cells and allow the stem to elongate? – Apical meristem

• Which part of a stem is able to increase in width or girth (adds wood)? – Lateral meristem (vascular cambium)

Leaf Epidermis

Stomata are openings through which plants can exchange gases with their environment. Guard cell open and close stomata.

Leaf Epidermis

• What is the function of the stomata? – Regulate gas exchange

• What is the function of the guard cells? – Open and close stomata

• Name one molecule needed for photosynthesis that enters the leaf through the stomata. – CO2

• Name two molecules that exit the leaf through the stomata during the day. – H2O, O2

• What substance on the surface of the epidermis protects a leaf from drying out? – Waxy cuticle

Leaf cross-section

Upper Epidermis

Palisade Mesophyll

Spongy Mesophyll

Lower Epidermis

Guard Cells Stomata

What is the name of the main photosynthetic tissue in the leaf? Mesophyll; palisade and spongy

Leaf cross-section

• Describe how each cell type contributes to leaf function: – Epidermal cells

• Light absorption, conserve water

– Guard cells • Gas exchange

– Palisade mesophyll • Light absorption

– Spongy mesophyll • Light absorption AND gas exchange

– Vascular tissue • Gas exchange, fluid and nutrient distribution

Flower Structure

• How many pistils, stamens, petals and sepals does the flower have? – 1, 6, 3, 3

• What are the functions of: sepals, petals, stamens pistil ? – Sepals protect flower bud – Petals attract pollinators – Stamen are male reproductive organ – Pistil is female organ

• Give at least two examples of flower adaptations that ensure pollination. – Fragrance – Nectar – Bright colors – Shapes – Location of pistil vs stamen

Name three different examples of

adaptations that ensure that seeds (fruit) are dispersed from the parent plant. Edible fruit Aerodynamic seed transport Sticky or tricky design

Name a way that the parent plant helps the embryo once it has germinated. (Where do the nutrients come from that the embryo uses until it starts photosynthesizing?)

Cotyledons provide nourishment for the plant embryo

Mosses and Liverworts • How does fertilization occur?

– Swimming sperm

• Do they disperse by spores or • seeds?

– Spores

• Where are these structures produced? – Sporangia

• What advance found in mosses and liverworts represents the first step in becoming a terrestrial organism? (stops them from drying out) – Waxy cuticle

Mosses and Liverworts • Give two characteristics of the

Mosses and Liverworts that limit them to moister environments? – No vascular system – Swimming sperm – No root system

• Do they have secondary growth (wood)? – No

Ferns • How does fertilization occur?

– Swimming sperm

• Do they disperse by spores or seeds? – Spores

• Where are these structures produced? – Sporangia

• What specialized tissues found in ferns (compared to mosses and liverworts) represent increasing independence from an aquatic habitat? – Vascular system

• Do they have secondary growth (wood)? – Some

Conifers

• How does pollination occur? – Wind

• Do they disperse by spores or seeds? – Seeds

• Where are these structures produced? – Female Cones

• What specialized tissues allow them to live in a terrestrial habitat? – Cuticle, vascular system, roots, true leaves

• Do they have secondary growth? – Yes

• What is the name of the cells responsible for

secondary growth? – Vascular cambium (lateral meristem)

• What reproductive characteristic found in conifers (compared to ferns) represents increasing independence from an aquatic habitat? – Seeds (cones)

Flowering Plants • How does pollination occur?

– Wind and animals • Do they disperse by spores or seeds?

– seeds • Where are these structures produced?

– flowers • What specialized tissues allow them to live in a

terrestrial habitat? – Cuticle, vascular system, roots, true leaves

• Do members of this phylum have secondary growth? – Yes

• What two structures/organs differentiate flowering plants from all other plant phyla? – Flowers fruit

• How do these structures increase the reproductive success of flowering plants over conifers? – Animal pollination and dispersal

Review Questions

• What adaptation prevents the shoot (above-ground) from drying out in terrestrial plants? – Waxy cuticle

• What allows ferns to grow taller than mosses and liverworts? – Vascular system

• What characteristic is found in conifers and flowering plants that frees them from water during sexual reproduction? – seeds

• Give two ways animals function to increase reproductive success in flowering plants. – Pollination and seed dispersal

• Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. – Pollination is pollen delivery to stigma

Fertilization is delivery of sperm to egg