7/18/2016

1

PLANT NUTRITIONLECTURE 1:

INTRODUCTION

http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/Password:sm-plantnut

http://www.ebook3000.com/Marschner-s-Mineral-Nutrition-of-Higher-Plants--Second-Edition_57063.html

“We are made forloving. If we don’tlove, we will be likeplants without water.”― Desmond Tutu

https://syukur16tom.wordpress.com/

Do you see any problem here?

7/18/2016

2

How about here?

These are my rules Come on time ( 10’)

with a proper dress Get into the lecture

room, don’t hangaround

Use English in mylecture and exam (75-99%)

These are myphilosophies

• Turn your enemies tobe your friends

• Turn your useless timeto be useful time

• Make big problems tobe small problems

• Simplify the systems orproblems

7/18/2016

3

STRUCTURED TASK

1. Dictionary Take your English dictionary every time I give my

lecture

2. My Dictionary Buy a writing book (100-pages) and name it MY

DICTIONARY Write down all English words with Indonesian

meanings that you do not know yet in my lectures

3. Paper Write a paper about Plant Nutrition

Take from published papers in Journal (internet)

Max. 3 pages (single space)

EXAMPLEThe effect of Nitrogen Supply on Maize Growth

SitiAbstract

1. Introduction what is it about (General description) What is the problem what is its importance

2. Nitrogen and Maize Growth3. Conclusion4. References (3 references at least)

http://www.dina.dk/efita-conf/program/papers.htm

7/18/2016

4

LEARNING OUTCOMESStudents on completion of this course would be able

1. to identify chemical elements necessary forplant growth which are called nutrient elementsor nutrients

2. to identify symptoms of nutrient deficiency andtoxicity

3. to explain the mechanism of nutrient uptake4. to explain the function of nutrient elements in

plant growth and development5. to estimate the amount of nutrients required for

the optimum of plant growth and development

PRESENTATTION FLOWCompetency

I. INTRODUCTION Definition Our Challenge

II. NUTRIENT ELEMENTS Nutrient Classification Function Of Nutrients

III. HISTORY OF PLANT NUTRITION Greek Mythology Records The Invention of Agriculture

IV. THE LAW OF THE MINIMUM

7/18/2016

5

I. INTRODUCTION

a. DEFITION Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical

elements that are necessary for plant growth anddevelopment.

The study is focused on the relationship betweennutrients and plant growth that includes the type of nutrients required for the optimum of plant

growth the mechanism of nutrient uptake the function of nutrients in plant metabolism, and the negative effects of nutrient deficiency and toxicity

1. Is it important to study plant nutrition ?

INTRODUCTION

b. OUR CHALLENGEThomas Malthus (1766 -1834): An Essay on thePrinciple of Population (1798)“Population, when unchecked, increases in ageometrical ratio, and subsistence increases only inan arithmetical ratioGeometric sequence : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32Arithmetic sequence : 2, 5, 8, 11, 14

This means that population growth would outstrip foodsupply, causing great human suffering In the early 1960s, most nations were self-sufficient

in food The Green Revolution (high-yield crops and energy

intensive agriculture) brought about remarkableincreases in crop production.

7/18/2016

6

INTRODUCTION

Today, per capita production has now slowed andappears to be declining.

How to Feed the World in 2050 By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34

percent higher than today. Nearly all of this populationincrease will occur in developing countries

Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meatproduction will need to rise by over 200 million tonnesto reach 470 million tonnes

To increase food production, we can farm more land, or increase the yield from each unit of land

Our Challenge

7/18/2016

7

Rice Production

7/18/2016

8

1 (Traditionaltechnology)

2 (Green RevolutionTechnology)

3 (Biotechnology)

Time

4 (Precision AgrTechnology)

Qua

ntit

y

Demand

1 (Traditionaltechnology)

2 (Green RevolutionTechnology)

3 (Biotechnology)

Time

4 (Precision AgrTechnology)

Qua

ntit

y

Demand

Food Availability

Are there other hopes that can be expected to solve the problemsraised by Thomas Malthus?

Potential Yield-limiting factorsCLIMATIC FACTORS SOIL FACTORS CROP FACTORSPrecipitation Organic matter Crop species/variety Quantity Texture Planting date Distribution Structure Seedling rate and geometryAir Temperature Cation exchange capacity Row spacingRelative Humidity Base saturation Seed qualityLight Slope and Topography Evapotranspiration Quantity Soil Temperature Water availability Intensity Soil management factors Nutrition Duration Tillage PestsAltitude/Latitude Drainage InsectsWind Others Diseases Velocity Depth (root sone) Weeds Distribution Harvest efficiencyCO2 concentration

7/18/2016

9

The future lies on increasing yields whichare dependent on genetic improvement farm management (water , nutrients etc.)

2. NUTRIENT ELEMENTS1. Some elements are essential

There are over 100 chemical elements, yet only 17are essential for plant growth. To be classified asessential, the element needs to meet the followingcriteria:1. The plant cannot complete its life cycle (seed to new

seed) without it.2. The element’s function cannot be replaced by

another element.3. The element is directly involved in the plant’s growth

and reproduction.4. Most plants need this element to survive

7/18/2016

10

2. Classification of Nutrient Elements

Classification based on the required quantity

Classification Element Higherplants

Lowerplants

MacronutrientsN, P, S, K,Mg & Ca

+ + (exceptCa forfungi

MicronutrientsFe, Mn, Zn,Cu, B, Mo &Cl

+ + (exceptB for fungi

Micronutrientsand “beneficial”element

Na, Si, CoI & V

+/--

+/-+/-

The primary nutrients—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)The secondary nutrients—calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S)

Classification based on biochemical functionGroup 1 Nutrients that are part of carbon compounds1. N Constituent of amino acids, amides, proteins, nucleic acids,

nucleoticles, coenzymes, hexosamines, etc.2. S Component of cysteine, cystine, methionine. Constituent of

lipoic acid, coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, glutathione,biotin, 5'-adenylylsulfate, and T-phosphoadenosine.

Group 2 Nutrients that are important in energy storage or structuralintegrity

3. P Component of sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleoticles,coenzymes, phospholipids, phytic acid, etc. Has a key role inreactions that involve ATP.

4. Si Deposited as amorphous silica in cell walls. Contributes to cellwall mechanical properties, including rigidity and elasticity.

5. B Complexes with mannitol, mannan, polymannuronic acid, andother constituents of cell walls. Involved in cell elongation andnucleic acid metabolism.

7/18/2016

11

Group 3 Nutrients that remain in ionic form6. K Required as a cofactor for more than 40 enzymes. Principal

cation in establishing cell turgor and maintaining cellelectroneutrality.

7. Ca Constituent of the middle lamella of cell walls. Required as acofactor by some enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP andphospholipids. Acts as a second messenger in metabolicregulation.

8. Mg Required by many enzymes involved in phosphate transfer.Constituent of the chlorophyll molecule.

9. Cl Required for the photosynthetic reactions involved in 02evolution.

10. Mn Required for activity of some clehydrogenases, decarboxylases,kinases, oxidases, and peroxidases. Involved with other cation-activated enzymes and photosynthetic 02 evolution.

11. Na Involved with the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in C4and plants. Substitutes for potassium in some functions.

Group 4 Nutrients that are involved in redox reactions12. Fe Constituent of cytochromes and nonheme iron proteins

involved in photosynthesis, N2 fixation, and respiration.

13. Zn Constituent of alcohol clehydrogenase, glutamicclehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, etc.

14. Cu Component of ascorbic acid oxidase, tyrosinase,monoamine oxiclase, uricase, cytochrome oxidase,phenolase, laccase, and plastocyanin.

15. Ni Constituent of urease. In N2-fixing bacteria, constituent ofhydrogenases.

16. Mo Constituent of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, andxanthine clehydrogenase.

7/18/2016

12

3. Nutrient Forms Absorbed by Plants

Cations (positivelycharged ions)• NH4

+ (Ammonium)• K + (Potassium)• Ca2+ (Calcium)• Mg2+ (Magnesium)• Fe2+ & Fe3+ (Iron)• Mn2+ (Manganese)• Zn2+ (Zinc)• Cu2+ (Copper)

Annions (negativelycharged ions)• PO4

3-, HPO42- &H2PO4

- (Phosphorus)• NO3

- (Nittrate)• SO4

2- (Sulfur)• BO3

2- (Boron)• MoO4

2- (Molybdenum)• Cl- (Chlorine)

3. Function Of Nutrients1. Carbon

Carbon is what most of the plant is made of. It forms thebackbone of many plant biomolecules, including starches andcellulose. Carbon is fixed through photosynthesis from thecarbon dioxide in the air and is a part of the carbohydrates thatstore energy in the plant.

2. HydrogenHydrogen also is necessary for building sugars and building theplant. It is obtained from air and liquid water.

3. OxygenOxygen is necessary for cellular respiration. Cellular respirationis the process of generating energy-rich adenosine triphosphate(ATP) via the consumption of sugars made in photosynthesis. Itis obtained from the air.

7/18/2016

13

4. PhosphorusPhosphorus is important in plant bioenergetics. As acomponent of ATP, phosphorus is needed for theconversion of light energy to chemical energy (ATP)during photosynthesis. Phosphorus can also be used to modify the activity of various

enzymes by phosphorylation, and can be used for cellsignalling. Since ATP can be used for the biosynthesis ofmany plant biomolecules, phosphorus is important for plantgrowth and flower/seed formation.

5. PotassiumPotassium regulates the opening and closing of thestoma by a potassium ion pump. Since stomata areimportant in water regulation, potassium reduceswater loss from the leaves and increases droughttolerance. Potassium deficiency may cause necrosisor interveinal chlorosis.

6. NitrogenNitrogen is an essential component of all proteins, and as apart of DNA, it is essential for growth and reproduction aswell. Nitrogen deficiency most often results in stunting.

7. SulphurSulphur is another important component of amino acids andproteins, and is therefore important in plant growth.

8. CalciumCalcium a part of cell walls, and regulates transport of othernutrients into the plant. Calcium deficiency results in stunting.

9. MagnesiumMagnesium is an important part of chlorophyll, a critical plantpigment in photosynthesis. It is important in the production ofATP through its role as an enzyme cofactor.

7/18/2016

14

There are many other biological roles for magnesium.Magnesium deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis.

10. IronIron is necessary for photosynthesis and is presentas an enzyme cofactor in plants. Iron deficiency canresult in interveinal chlorosis and necrosis.

11. MolybdenumMolybdenum is a cofactor to enzymes important inbuilding amino acids.

12. BoronBoron is important in sugar transport, cell division,and synthesizing certain enzymes. Boron deficiencycauses necrosis in young leaves and stunting.

13. CopperCopper is important for photosynthesis. Symptomsfor copper deficiency include chlorosis.

14. ManganeseManganese is necessary for building thechloroplasts. Manganese deficiency may result incoloration abnormalities, such as discolored spotson the foliage.

15. ZincZinc is required in a large number enzymes andplays an essential role in DNA transcription. Atypical symptom of zinc deficiency is the stuntedgrowth of leaves, commonly known as "little leaf"and is caused by the oxidative degredation of thegrowth hormone auxin

7/18/2016

15

16. NickelNickel is required in nitrogen metabolism, however therequirement is vague in all but a very few select plants.

Marschner, P., 2012. Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition ofHigher Plants. Third ed., Academic Press,

Marschner, H.,1986. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants.Academic Press, London

Wild, A.,1973. Russel’s Soil Condition and PlantGrowth. Longman Scientific & Technical

Jones, Jr., J.B., Wolf, B. and Mills, H.A., 1991. PlantAnalysis Handbook. Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc., USA.

Main References

7/18/2016

16

III. HISTORY OF PLANTNUTRITION

Greek Mythology Records The knowledge that all plants require nutrients to survive

and grow could be started from Greek mythologyrecords.

Augeas, the legendary king of Elis had a stable thatcontained 3000 oxen (cattle) and had not been cleanedfor thirty years. He contracted Hercules to clean thestable, and Hercules simply diverted the river of Alphensthrough the stable and carried away the accumulatedmanure and waste.

The material was deposited on the soil surrounding thestable, and increases in crop yields were recorded insubsequent years

The Invention of AgricultureAgriculture refers to a series of discoveries

involving the domestication, culture, andmanagement of plants and animals. It isclearly the basis for civilizations.

Agriculture was adopted repeatedly andindependently in various parts of the worldafter the retreat of the Pleitocene ice around12,000 years ago. This warming trendaffected the Middle East, northern China,and Mesoamerican where agriculture began.

7/18/2016

17

The precise origin of the first center of agriculture isobscure. Carl O. Sauer (1952) has proposed that thebeginnings may be southeast Asia.

7/18/2016

18

• Archaeological evidence is the "literature" ofthe beginnings of agriculture.

• The evidence places contemporary agriculture7000 to 9000 years ago in the river valleys inthree locations;• Tigris-Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia–present day

Iraq)• Indus River• Nile River

• The earliest evidence of agriculturaldevelopment occurs in the area known as theFertile Crescent (present-day Iraq, Syria,Lebanon, Israel)

7/18/2016

19

Tsi, Chinese writer (1100 BCE)− They (green manure) are broadcasted in the fifth or

sixth month and plowed under in the seventh or eighthmonth…Their fertilizing value is as good as silkwormexcrement and well-rotted farm manure

Democritus of Abdera (ca 460–360 BCE)– Mother earth when fructified by rain gives

birth to crops for the nourishment of manand beast. But that which come fromearth must return to earth and that whichcame from air to air. Death however,does not destroy matter but only breaksup the union of its elements which arethen recombined into other forms

Aristotle (384–322 BCE) Four elements: earth, water, fire, and air. Aristotle

assumed plants assimilated organic matter fromthe roots based on the fact that organic matter,particularly manure and plant residues, benefitedplant growth. Beginning of Humus Theory of plantnutrition

Pliny (23–79 CE) It is universally agreed by all writers that there is

nothing more beneficial than to turn up a crop oflupines, before they have podded, either with theplough or the fork, or else to cut them and burythem in heaps at the roots of trees and vines

7/18/2016

20

Manure is carried to the field for the purpose ofrestoring to the latter a part of what had beenremoved. Proceeding thus you will restore to the soilthe same substances that have been removed byprevious crops and which following crops will regainto their advantage

Bernard Palissy (1510–1589)Proposed concept that manuring was toreplace substances lost by crop removal.

Jan Baptista van Helmont(1577–1644)Infamous experiment with willowAttributed plant growth to water!!!.Planted a willow in soil. After 5 years,willow gained 169 pounds and soil lost 2ounces

J.B. van Helmont (1577-1644)van Helmont (Belgian chemist, physiologist andphysician) is best known for a single experimentdemonstrating that the weight a plant gains duringgrowth is not due to absorption of an equalamount of soil, but instead is due (at least in part)to waterAt initial stage:-Pot + Soil = 200 lb ( 90 kg)-Willow stake = 5 lb ( 2 kg)-Rain water atau destilationwater = sufficient

After 5 years:-Pot = cosntant-Tree = 169 lb + 3 oz (76 kg)-Soil = 200 lb – 2 oz

90 kg

2 kg

90 kg

76 kg

water

7/18/2016

21

Humus Theory Humus Theory supported by renowned chemists: Theodore de Saussaure (1767–1845) Sir Humphrey Davy (1778–1829)

The burning question in the early 19th century waswhether the ashes produced by plants wereconstituents produced by plants or must beabsorbed and what was their role.

A prize was offered to solve the problem of thesource and function of inorganic elements in plantash

Prize awarded to A.F. Wiegmann and L. Polstroffbased on experiments using synthetic soil vs. sandalone: origin of plant ash was soil

John Woodward (1665–1728) Demonstrated that spearmint

(Mentha spicata) grew better inwater containing soil that rainwateralone

Johan Glauber (1604–1655) &Gabriel Plattes 1600–1655), 17thCentury Chemists,

analyzed salts such as wood ashes, limestone,and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) on plant growth

in Thirty Year War due to lack of manure, inventedchemical fertilizer called “philospher dung” or“fattening salt”. Despite these observation thebelief that humus (organic matter) was the “food ofplants” was upheld well into the 19th century

http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/botany/spearmint-info.htm

7/18/2016

22

Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) Dominant figure in plant nutrition. Proves

that humus per se not absorbed by plants– Demonstrated that carbon was supplied by air and

not by humus– He incorrectly believed C was absorbed by roots– Liebig assumed N was absorbed from the air (not

from humus) but this was insufficient for agriculture– Was unaware of N fixation by bacteria– Realized that animal manures were an important

source of N

Liebig changed chemistry in Germany more significantly thanany other chemist of his time when he was at the Universityof Giessen 1824-1852. He was responsible for thedevelopment of the teaching, research, and technology ofmodern chemistry.

Justus von Liebig was born in Darmstadt,Germany in 1803. His schoolmaster labeledhim as “hopelessly useless”, and yet hewould later become one the master chemistryteachers of all time.

IV. THE LAW OF THE MINIMUM

Liebig’s “Law of the Minimum” in plant nutritionstates that

whichever nutrient is in least amountrelative to the required amount, willdetermine the yield of a plant

Liebig likens the potential of acrop to a barrel with staves ofunequal length

staves

7/18/2016

23

Examples ofyield-limitingminimum factors1. N limits the

yield to 3 t/ha2. Mg limits the

yield to 8 t/ha

12

The capacity of this barrel is limited by the length ofthe shortest stave and can only be increased bylengthening that stave

When that stave is lengthened, another onebecomes the limiting factor.

Questions1. What is the challenge raised by Thomas Malthus2. What are ways to feed people in the future (e.g.

2050)3. What are possible factors limiting the productivity of

crops4. What is the position of plant nutrients as limiting

factors5. What are nutrient elements necessary for plant

growth and development6. What are the criteria of plant nutrients7. What is the function of N, P and K in plants8. Who is Augeas9. What is the conclusion of J.B. van Helmot from his

exaperiment10. What is The Law of The Minimum

7/18/2016

24