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Waste Water treatment

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KIT – die Kooperation von Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH und Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

C. Gallert, J. WinterInstitute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater,KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBANDEVELOPMENT (ISoSUD 2011)Trisakti University - Jakarta, Indonesia 21 July 2011

Outline

IntroductionWater consumption and wastewater characteristics

Domestic wastewater treatment the case of Karlsruhe (more than 100.000 IE)

Industrial wastewater treatment, the case of a paper factory

Conclusions

2 ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011

Per capita water consumption

Germany: 127 l per capita and day

Sewage: „Used“ fresh water (personel use: drinking, dishwashing, laundry, etc.) Rain water (combined sewers, storm water) Groundwater (infiltration into leaky sewers)Wastewater from business and industry


Characterisation of sewage

Parameter IE[g perInhabitantand day]

Konzentration[mg/l]

* 120 l water consumption

Konzentration[mg/l]

** German average, data froma

BOD5 60 500 274 (231-402)

COD 120 1000 530 (393-945)

TKN 11 92 48,8 (38-83,1)

P 2.5 21 8,0 (5,6- 14)


Ptot 2.5 21 8,0 (5,6- 14)

a 22. DWA Leistungsvergleich kommunaler Kläranlagen 2009

„Real“ concentration is lower than expected from the IE dilution withgroundwater/infiltrating water

COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand; BOD5 = Biological Oxygen Demand in 5 days; TKN = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen; Ptot = Total Phosphorus

Sanitation situation in Germany

On average, 95 % (69 – 100 %) of the people are connected to a centralWWTP

Wastewater is transported via underground sewers to the WWTP

~ 6060 WWTP treating 8.708 Mio m3 sewage

Only 3.6 % of the WWTP´s with a capacity of > 100000 IE

treat 51 % of the total wastewater

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treat 51 % of the total wastewater

ISoSUD SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENTTrisakti University, Jakarta July 2011

IE = 60 g BSB5 per day

Legally required nutrient elimination

Size of theWWTP

COD[mg/l]

BOD5

[mg/l]NH4-N[mg/l]

Ntot*

[mg/l]Ptot

[mg/l]

1 < 1000 IE60 kg BSB5 /d

≤150 ≤40 - - -

2 < 5000 IE300 kg BSB5 /d

≤110 ≤25 - - -

…depends on the size of the WWTP


300 kg BSB5 /d

3 < 10000600 kg BSB5 /d

≤90 ≤20 ≤10 - -

4 < 1000006000 kg BSB5 /d

≤90 ≤20 ≤10 ≤18 ≤2

5 > 100000>6000 kg BSB5 /d

≤75 ≤15 ≤10 ≤13 ≤1 – 0.5

Ntot* = Sum of NH4+-, NO3--, and NO2

--N

Domestic wastewater treatment

Domestic Wastewater Domestic WWTP(Households, Business) 93 % of the population

is connected to a WWTP

Sewer System

95 % of thepopulation are

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is connected to a WWTPpopulation areconnetcted to theSewer System

Decentralized alternativese.g. lagoons, constructedwetlands

Discharge intorivers, surface water

Official boundarypollution values


WWTP in KarlsruheData: Catchment area: 4586 ha

combined sewer system: 57 % separate sewer system: 43 % 1990 km sewers (tmax = 11 h)

Wastewater: 40.000.000 m3/a (Qdry weather = 2.1 m3/sec, Qrainy weather = 4,0 m3/sec) 99.000 m3/d containing the COD of 700.000 IE (inhabitants &


99.000 m /d containing the COD of 700.000 IE (inhabitants &industry)

Sludge: 10.000 t sewage sludge (TS) 3.000 t ash after incineration

Energy consumption for WWT: 22 Mio KWh/a electricity (aeration, facility management) 300 m3/a fuel

WWTP in Karlsruhe: ~ 6 ha arearequirement for 360000 IE population

Mechanical steps

Biological steps

Activated sludge process Trickling filter

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Elimination ofparticulate matter, sandand fatPhosphate eliminationby addition of Fe2+sulfate

Pre-denitrificationElimination of BOD5 bythe action of sludgebacteria intensiveaeration required

Residual BOD5-EliminationNitrification

Solid-Liquid SeparationLiquid River RheinSludge Incineration


WWTP in Karlsruhe

Mechanical steps

ScreenAerated sandsedimentation

Fat flotation


Freight lift, screw pump

WWTP in Karlsruhe

Biological steps: Activated sludge process

Pre-denitrification and aerobic BOD5

degradationIntermediate clarifyer


Off-gas treatment in a bio-tricklingfilter

WWTP in Karlsruhe

Biological steps: Trickling filter

Nitrification in trickling filters filled with Lava stones


Secondary clarifyer

WWTP in KarlsruheDischarge to river Rhine


Capacity COD N P

Concentration insewage [mg/l]

551 39 7

Freight [kg/d] 61.300 4.341 779

Concentration in theeffluent [mg/l]

46 10.8 0.63

Boundary value [mg/l] 75 13 1

Efficiency [%] 92 72 91

WWTP in KarlsruheCollection of rain water

Collection and treatment of rain water:


Collection and treatment of rain water: 27 stormwater storage basins =Regenrückhaltebecken dischargeinto the sewer system 8 stormwater reservoirs =Regenklärbecken (mechanical treatment) 13 stormwater overflow tanks =Regenüberlaufbecken RÜB

WWTP in Karlsruhe

Treatment of sewage sludge: Aerobic stabilization Anaerobic (mesophilic or thermophilic) stabilization Incineration

Fertilizer

Sludge treatment: Thickener (1.2 % 5 % TS) Mixing condenser (15 oC 55 oC) Addition of polymers


Addition of polymers Zentrifuge 27 % TS Disc dryer 42 % TS Incineration within a fluidized bedkiln at 850 oC, production of

steam 25 bar, 300 oC electricity

Off-gas purification Sludge water wastewatertreatment

Industrial Wastewater

Industrial wastewater treatment

Domestic WWTPIndirect discharge into the WWTP

Sewer System

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Own treatmentprocess

boundary valuesaccording to the typeof industry


Direct discharge into rivers

Boundary values of wastewater law

Parameter Domestic WWTP* + Industrial WW treatmentIndirect dischargers Direct dischargers**

__________________________________________________________

COD ≤ 75 mg/l <110 / 9 mg/l (kg/t)

BOD5 ≤ 15 mg/l < 25 / 25 mg/l

Total N ≤ 13 mg/l < 18 / 10 mg/l

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Total N ≤ 13 mg/l < 18 / 10 mg/l

NH4-N ≤ 10 mg/l < 10 mg/l

Total P ≤ 0.5 -1 mg/l < 2 / 2 mg/l__________________________________________________________* WWTP with more than 100000 inhabitant eqivalents IE** Depending on the type of industry: Special boundary values exist for different industries.Parameters valid for breweries (Anhang 11) or for paper factory (Anhang 19) Rahmen-Abwasser Verwaltungsvorschrift


Costs

Domestic WW treatment Industrial WW treatment_____________________________________________________

Every person must pay for the Direct discharge afteramount of consumed drinking treatment in own WWT plant:water = wastewater data not avialable, dependsFees include also treatment on the type of treatmentof rain water

1.20 € per m3

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e.g. Karlsruhe: 1.20 € per m3 Indirect discharge into aGerman average is 2.65 € m3 domestic WWTP:

„Damage Unit DU“ = 35,79 €„DU“

COD 50 kg O2

P 3 kgN 25 kgAOX 2 kgHg 20 g


Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau

Data from 2010: 531.320 tons paper (287 Mio € annual sales) 1 ton of paper

needs 3.37 MWh 12.8 m3 water

releases 0.24 kg NOx (SO2, dust)


0.24 kg NOx (SO2, dust) 762 kg fossil CO2

12.3 m3 wastewater 6.551.000 m3 wastewater/a

21840 m3/d (300 d working) 10920 m3 activated sludge basin, 12 h HRT

Data from: http://www.storaenso.com/about-us/mills/germany/maxau-mill/public_statements/Pages/OeffentlicheBerichte.aspx

Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau

Costs for wastewater treatment according to the pollution data ofproduced wastewater

Parameter Freight [t] „DU“ Costs €

COD 1832 36640 1.311.345 €

Ninorg 14.6 584 20.901 €

Ptot 1.7 567 20.293 €

AOX 0.78 390 13.958 €


AOX 0.78 390 13.958 €

1.366.497 €

Data from: http://www.storaenso.com/about-us/mills/germany/maxau-mill/public_statements/Pages/OeffentlicheBerichte.aspx

Pretreatment of wastewater onsite to reduce COD, N and P with anaerobic fluidized bed reactor: reduction of „DU“ and discharge of pretreated ww to the WWTP aerobic process production of excess sludge incineration onsite saving of costs

Conclusions

National wastewater management depends on a powerful legislation

“Polluter pay prinicple”: every person, the business and industry has tospend money for the treatment of wastewater

The availability of water influences the amount of produced wastewaterand the costs for WWT is the driving force for conserving water

In Germany, more than 93 % of the population is connected to the publicsewer system and to domestic wastewater treatment plants

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The quality of the surface waters in Germany is good because ofeffective WWT

The danger of an outbreak of waterborne infectious disease is low butnot impossible


EHEC outbreak in GermanyEHEC outbreak in GermanyCountries in the WHO European Region have reported significantnumbers of infections from enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) bacteria,and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), to WHO/Europeunder the International Health Regulations, since an outbreak began inGermany in May.

2684 EHEC cases, 12 deaths810 HUS cases, 27 deaths


http://sikizwa.com/de/node/2369

Fälle entsprechend der Referenzdefinition des RKI

Thank you foryour attention


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