wisnuaji et al trisakti university indonesia local wisdom mmqs

7/17/2019 Wisnuaji Et Al Trisakti University Indonesia Local Wisdom MMQS

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LOCAL WISDOM-BASED TRISAKTI MMQS CURRICULUM*)

Authors: Nunu Wisnuaji**)

Farida Jasfar***)

E‐address: [email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Education about standardization is said to be a part of engine for sustainable development if a

proper education about standardization that meets learners ’needs is implemented. Thecurriculum was therefore designed on the base of learners ‘need analysis to response to the

demand for standard expertise and the ever growing trends on job requirements that deal with

standardization issues. One of the efforts made was how best to approach the goal of awareness

in standardization which is not only for economic and trade purposes but also nature-environmental protection from local wisdom perspectives that have been proven to be strong

societal norms and regulation within the diverse of our respective human community.

Keywords: education about standardization, curriculum, local wisdom, sustainability

Introductory Remarks

Nederkoorn (2012) placed the importance of education about standardization not only for

business and economy purposes but also as important tools to safeguard public security, life and

health of human and other living things that all deserves to have this education. Such importance

was however not widely heard in the country until BSN, Indonesia National Standards Body, in

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*)A paper presented at International Cooperation for Education about Standardization (ICES) taking place 12-14

June 2013 at ETSI, Sophia Antipolis, France

**) Secretary General, Institute for Standardization of Trisakti University (ISTU)

***) Director, Post Graduate Program in Service Quality Management-Trisakti University



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2008 made efforts to get higher education institutions involved in building people awareness

about standardization in 2008 (Abduh and Wisnuaji, 2012).

The number of universities cooperating with the BSN to address standardization has increased

from none in 2007 to 23 in 2010 (Odjar RatnaKomala, 2011). Interest of universities in

developing education about standardization has become a fresh energy and pushed to support

industries to enter globalization trade ( Soebagjo, 2012).

In response to the increasing need of education about standardization particularly from

industries, the growing trends on job recquirements for everyone to deal with standardization

issues, and also in line with the national development strategy, The School of Management of

Trisakti University in cooperation with the BSN began to implement the master program on

quality and standardization (MMQS) on May 2013. The primary goal of establishing the

program isto build specialized knowledge and theory relevant to the previous different majors of the

learning participants as well as to improve decision making ability or policy development for those who

are government officials or business executives attending the courses. To meet the goal the role of

local wisdom which has proven to be a powerful means in building societal regulation is

supposed to function as effective and efficient approach to the goal accomplishment as well as a

driver to innovation in sustainable economy (Mutis, 2012). Understanding the vision as well as

the mission of the program implementation, ISO has supported the cooperation (ISO declaration

of mutual support, 2013). This development of education about standardization in the

archipelago is another background that reflects the growing needs of education about

standardization (see de Vries(1999b, p.3-4).

Like any other educational programs, education about standardization will among others have to

relate to the curriculum, instructors, learning participants, teaching learning materials, and so on.



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This paper aims at describing the curriculum of the graduate program in quality and

standardization

The MMQS Curriculum

People dealing with education recognize several concepts and definitions of curriculum such as

those that referto content as developed by Philip Phenix,(1962), those referring to learning

experiences developed by Hilda Taba, (1962), the behavioral objectives by Benyamin Bloom

(1956), the concept of curriculum asa plan for instruction developed by John Goodla(1994,

1998), and those who think curriculum as a nontechnical approach as developed by Elliot

Eisner(2006), Carol Gilligan (2010), and James Banks (2011).Many have accepted those four

conceptions of curriculum as well as to the nontechnical approach that represents a rejection to

the traditional curriculum planning and assume that reality can be defined and represented by

symbolic forms—by boxes, arrows, and graphs, and theworld is much more complex, involving

subjective, personal, aesthetic, heuristic, transactional, and intuitive forms of thinking and

behavior. Whatever it is defined a curriculum to us is a means, evolving a living organism as

opposed to a machine, to bridge towards the goal of education as mentioned in our 1945

Constitution:“Government establishes and conducts a national education system to increase people

faith and piety and good values in the context of the intellectual life of the nation, which is regulated by

law”.

The MMQS curriculum design was inspired by the remarks of President Thoby Mutis in the

panel discussion held to commemorate the Standards World Day last year.

“The present topic of our discussion is not new thing to us. We have our local wisdom long

cultivated within our culture that has proven as a driver to innovation in our economy to be in

the same voice as less waste better results. However, we are challenged to put this into practice

and we therefore need standards…..We are challenged to accommodate young people interest to

learn standards and standardization. Our alumni at undergraduate levels who dominantly



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become entrepreneurs are challenged to enter their local products into international markets.

Those who enter job market in government sector as well as industries will also have to bump

into the requirements on standards issues…”( Thoby Mutis, 2012)

The curriculum was designed to expose the learning participants in management to the

standardization as a process, and to equip them with the knowledge of standardization so that

they are capable to apply the knowledge gained into the standardization practice. The model of

the curriculum adopted refers to the availability of existing resources of philosophy,

methodology as well as supporting facility and support. Figure 1 shows the model of how to

accomplish the goal of the curriculum. It places the role of local wisdom as philosophical

approach to respond to the need and the importance of standards and standardization in the cause

of sustainable economy. The ISO modules which are also presented at Geneva University are the

supporting teaching-learning materials to bridge the goal accomplishment. Cooperation in terms

of faculty, teaching-learning resources and research development is carried out with the Taylor

Institute of Switzerland to especially help focus on the quality concentration. Such steps in the

cooperation with the Taylor which will also offer similar program of concentration are the

preparation to implement a dual degree program.

The master program in management earns 50 credits which is in accord with the 2000 Decree of

Minister for Education and consists of foundational and concentration courses given in four

semesters. The study of managementbasically examines management policies and practices in the

context of organizational growth and development, management theory, theories of leadership,

communication processes, employment relations and the dynamics of organizational behavior.The

importance of managing resources and of management processes in general, means that courses offered in

semester 1 and 2 are relevant to the concentration. We therefore classify the courses given in

semester 1 and 2 into the foundational courses (Figure 2 and 3). Several courses in figure 3, i.e.



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these principles internationally and how standards can sometimes be used as technical barriers to trade.

Standards play a critical role in both the domestic and international economies. Along with providing

market certainty to producers and consumers, the process by which standards are developed is crucial to

competitiveness and innovation. A market-driven, voluntary consensus approachto standards

development has proven to be effective because it allows relevant stakeholders, including small and

medium-sized enterprises, to contribute in the development process, ensuring the final standards have

broad market relevance. The course program is supported by ISO module (See a note in the appendix)

1.The course on strategic planning for sustainable business aims to help the learning participants

approach the question of how to develop sustainable practices in business. It focuses on practical steps

from understanding sustainability in terms of business, looking at examples and scenarios, defining a set

of guiding principles, and applying them into a business plan. ISO module 2 supports the course. The

course on Management System for Quality, Environmental Impact, Energy and Waste describes the

organizational structure, procedures, processes and as well as resources needed to implement quality

management. This course is supported by ISO module 3. While course on the impact assessment

supported by ISO module 4 describes a process of assessment aimed at structuring and supporting the

development of policies. It identifies and assesses the problem at stake and the objectives pursued. It

identifies the main options for achieving the objective and analyses their likely impacts in the economic,

environmental and social fields. It outlines advantages and disadvantages of each option and examines

possible synergies and trade-offs. The course on conformity assessment , also known as compliance

assessment describes the activity to determine, directly or indirectly, that a process, product, or

service meets relevant technical standards and fulfills relevant requirements. Such activity

includestesting, surveillance, inspection, auditing, certification, r egistration and accreditation. This

course is supported with ISO module 5.



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About the participants

The learning participants are those who hold bachelor degrees from various disciplines that

include humaniora and engineering studies. They do not possess previous formal education

about standardization.

Evaluation to the Curriculum

The curriculum evaluation is very important in the implementation of the curriculum itself to see

its strength as well as weakness.After the course implementation in each semester, we will

evaluate the performanceindicators that involves effectiveness, the relevance, efficiency and

feasibility of the program as suggested by HildaTaba (1962: 310)that involve: the objective, the

scope, the quality of personnel in charge of it, the capacity of students, the relative importance of

various subject, the degree to which objectives are implemented, the equipment and materials

and so on. The curriculum evaluation system related to the management curriculum begins with

the input stage of evaluation, process evaluation, evaluation outputs and outcomes evaluation.

The activity aims to measure the achievement of objectives and identify the obstacles to the

achievement of curriculum goals, measure and compare the success of the curriculum as well as

determine the potential success, monitor and oversee the implementation of the program, identify

the problems encountered, to determine the usefulness of the curriculum, benefits, and the

possibility of further development.

The role of local wisdom in education

Traditional knowledge, indigenous knowledge, and local knowledge generally refer to the

matured long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional, indigenous, or local



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communities. Traditional knowledge also encompasses the wisdom, knowledge, and

teachings of these communities. In many cases, traditional knowledge has been orally

passed for generations from person to person. .. .” (From Wikipedia, 2007).Local wisdom or

local genius a term firstly introduced inanthropologyis aculturalidentity that leads a nation to

be able toabsorb and process a foreign culture to be appropriate forthe natureandculture. Itis

thesourceof knowledgegrowingdynamicallyandtransmittedby a certainpopulationand

integrated withtheir understanding of thenatural and culturalsurroundings. Itisthe basisfor

adecisionon thepolicy ofthe locallevelinvariousareas includinghealth, agriculture, education,

natural resource managementandruralcommunity activities. Within it lives also a cultural

wisdom. Itisthe localknowledgethat has becomefusedwithbeliefsystems, norms, andculture

andexpressed intradition andmythadopted inthe long term. Incarrying outaprogramof

developmentin an area, the government shouldfirst of all be familiar with the wisdomof

local communities. A tourism developmentprogram, for example, will be difficult to

implementif the government does not provide thelocal community with a clear guidance or

description thattourism developmentinthe regioncanprosper the peoplein the area.In other

words, adevelopmentwillbein vainifthe governmentdoes notidentify thecustoms of the

peopleorthe rightpotentialfordevelopment inthe area.

The following are characteristics of a local wisdom (Abduh and Wisnuaji,2012):

1. Resistant toforeign cultures

2.Accommodative to the elements offoreign cultures

3.Integrative with elements offoreign culturesinto thenative culture

4. Functions to control and regulate societal interaction within the society and between the

society and the environment.



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5. Directive to the development ofculture

Thus appropriate development program within an area will always mean to promote the local

customs and cultural property, rather to eliminate it. Related to the implementation of education

in Indonesia, the role of local wisdom has great place to direct the process as well as the goal of

education. Our education has been based upon its philosophy derived from a local wisdom

saying ingngarso sung tolodo, ingmadyamangunkarso, tutwurihandayani (dounsoni for short).

This is a wise saying telling one to do good and right things to him/herself in the cause of

harmony to human beings and to the environmental nature. Being a good and right model in any

situations of social life is the key of success to get harmony of life including in the trades and

business (Abduh&Wisnuaji, 2011). Such simple philosophy is to be reflected not only from

classroom teaching-learning plan to the implementation but also in the evaluation to measure if

the program output is relevant to the curriculum content in the efforts to reach the vision of

education.

Local wisdom defined as competency in the curriculum

There are at least two main principles of the wisdom applied in the MMQS curriculum. These

are gotongroyong and the above mentioned dounsoni. Gotong-royong is a conception of

sociality familiar to large parts of Indonesia. It is communal work that is when a gathering takes

place to accomplish a task. In the past, the tasks were often major jobs, such as clearing a field of

timber or raising a barn that would be difficult to carry out alone. It was often both a social and

utilitarian event.Paul Michael Taylor and Lorraine V. Aragon (1991) state that "gotongroyong

[is] cooperation among many people to attain a shared goal.



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Further, Clifford Geertz points to the importance of gotongroyong in Indonesian life:

An enormous inventory of highly specific and often quite intricate institutions for effecting the

cooperation in work, politics, and personal relations alike, vaguely gathered under culturally charged

and fairly well indefinable value-images--rukun ("mutual adjustment"), gotongroyong ("joint bearing of

burdens"), tolong-menolong ("reciprocal assistance")--governs social interaction with a force as

sovereign as it is subdued . These principles from the wisdoms are taken as competencies to meet in the

accomplishment of the curriculum objective, that is, among others, the learner has the ability to cooperate

within his or her surrounding to attain a shared goal and therefore shows his or her capability to become a

good model of manager which involves the ability to motivate and facilitate the others in the managerial

work. Such competencies are to be translated into the bulk of the courses such as from the Human

Resources Management, Entrepreneurship to the standardization as he or she takes part in the process.

Clossing Remarks

In our efforts to develop the curriculum, we cary out cooperation among academia, with BSN,

ISO, business experts from other related organiations such as governental and consumer

organizations.



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References

Abduh, S and Wisnuaji,N (2012) Dounsoni in Education about Standardization ICES Conference, Bali

Banks, J. A. (2011). The Routledge international companion to multicultural education.

New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

Bloom, B. S. (1956).Taxonomy of educational objectives, Handbook I: Cognitive domain

New York, NY: Longman.

Gilligan, C. (2010). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development.

Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.

De Vries, Henk J. (1999b) Standardization. A Business Approach to the Role of National

Standardization Organisations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/Dordrecht/London,

344 pp.

Decree of Minister for Education number 234 U (2000) The Guidelines for Higher

Education Institution, Republic of Indonesia

Eisner, E. (2006). Reimagining schools: The selected works of Elliott Eisner. New York, NY:

Routledge.

Geertz, Clifford. "Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective," pp. 167-234 in

Geertz Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, NY: Basic Books. 1983Goodlad, J. I. (1994). Teachers for our nation’s schools. New York, NY: Wiley.

Goodlad, J. I. (1998). Educational renewal: Betterteachers, better schools. New York, NY: Wiley

ISO, BSN, Trisakti declaration of mutual support, 2013

Mutis, T.(2012) Less Waste Better Results: Panel Discussion, Trisakti University 2012

Nederkoorn, Walker H.(2012). Switzerland Experience in Standardization. ISTU PanelDiscussion

Phenix, P. (1962).The disciplines as curriculum content. In A. H. Passow (Ed.), Curriculum

crossroads(pp. 227-245). New York, NY: Teachers College PressSoebagjo,H.S (2012). Industries, Standards, and Standardization. ISTU Panel Discussion.

Taba, H. (1962). Curriculum development: Theory and practice. New York, NY: Harcourt,

Brace,& World.

Taylor, Paul Michael; Aragon, Lorraine V (1991). Beyond the Java Sea: Art of Indonesia's Outer

Islands. Abrams. p. 10



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Appendix

The course objective of Human Resources Management is to provide learners with knowledge

of how to manage human resources in business organizations so that they are capable to meet HR

challenges in the present scenario. The topics addressed in the course among others include:

o The strategic importance of HRM, challenges to HR professionals; role, responsibilities

as well as competencies; HR division operations, Human resources planning that

includes the objective and process, human resources information system.

o Recruitment strategies, career planning and management , succession planning,

socialization and induction of new employees, training and development, investment in

training, need of training assessment, designing and administering training program,

program evaluation

o Developing performance system

o HR in industries, organizations, mergers and acquisition, outplacement, outsourcing,

audit, and international HRM

The course entiled Managerial Economics is given to provide learners with the analytical tools of

economics to be applied into managerial decision- makings. The topics addressed include the following:

o

The characteristics and scope of managerial economics; marginal analysis; alternative objectives

of business firm; cardinal utility theory; indifference curve technique and the theory of consumer

choice; consumer surplus; price, income and substitution efects; demand elasticity; demand

estimation and forcasting; the relationship between price elasticity and and marginal revenue.

o Law of variable proportions; laws of returns; optimal input combination; output- cost relation;

cost curve enginering; technological change and pruction decisions; curve revenue of a firm;



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duopolly analysis in the use of reaction curves; price output decisions under alternative market

structures; Baumol’s sales maximation model, advertising and price output decisions.

o Collusive behaviors of firms; cartel behavior; game theory and strategic behavior; product

differentiation and price descrimination; price-output decision in multi plant and multi product

firms; managerial theories of the firm; general pricing strategies; particular pricing techniques-

limit pricing, peak load pricing and transfer pricing; dumping analysis; pricing of public utilities.

The course entitled International Business & Globalization is aimed at exposing the learners to

fundamentals of international business. The topics addressed provide exposure to the multiple

dimensions of international perspective to business decisions. This covers the following:

o

The present global trends in international trade and finance; dimensions and modes of

intrenational business ; the structures of international business environment; the risks; the motives

for internationalization of firms; the structure of organization of international business; world

trading system and impact of WTO; exchange rate system; global financial system; barriers to

international business; international business information and communication.

o Foreign market entry strategies; factors affecting foreign investment decisions; types and motives

for foreign collaboration; control mechanism in international business.

o Decisions related to global manufacturing and material management; outsorcing factors;

managing global supply chain; product and branding decisions; managing distribution channels;

international promotion mix and pricing decisions; counter trade practices, mechanism of

international trade decisions.

o Harmonizing accounting differences across countries; currency translation methods for

consolidating financial statements; the Lessard-Lorange Model; Cross cultural challengesin

international business; international staff decisions; compensation in performance appraisal of

expatriate staff; ethical dilemmas and social responsibility issues.



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The course objective of Marketing Management is provide learners with concepts,

philosophies, processes and techniques of managing marketing operation. The topics addressed

include:

o The nature and scope of marketing: corporate orientation towards market place; building and

delivering customer value and satisfaction; retaining customers; marketing environment;

marketing research and information;

o Analyzing consumer market and buyer behavior, analyzing business market and business buying

behavior; market segmentation; positioning and targeting; tools of product differentation;

marketing strategies in the different stage of product life cycle

o

New product developed process; product mix and product line decisions; branding and packaging

decisions, pricing strategies and program; managing marketing channels; wholesaling

o

Adversiting and sales promotion; public relations; personal selling; evaluation and control of

marketing efforts; web marketing; reasons for and benefits of going international; entry strategies

in international marketing.

The objective of the course entitled Quality Management is aimed at providing learners with the

fundamental concepts of statistical process control, strategic total quality management such as six

sigma, etc and the application of these concepts, philosophies as well as strategies to the issues

arising both in the government and industries.

ISO modules

A note should be mentioned here that so far we have not had received the ISO modules to be

given in the program from BSN. This is due to technical matter of the staff to the access to the

materials.



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wisnuaji et al trisakti university indonesia local wisdom mmqs

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