please remember…
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Please remember…. Cell phones off No chatting during the lecture THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. Chapter 7 COGNITION: THOUGHT. Cognitive Psychology – LOBJ 7.1. The study of the overlapping fields of Learning Perception Memory Thought - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Please remember…•Cell phones off•No chatting during the
lecture
THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Chapter 7COGNITION: THOUGHT
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Cognitive Psychology – LOBJ 7.1
• The study of the overlapping fields of– Learning– Perception– Memory– ThoughtHow do we attend to, acquire,
transform, store and retrieve knowledge? THINKING!!!
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Concept Formation – LOBJ 7.2
• Concepts:– Mental categories used to classify
events and objects according to common propertiesOne of these things is not like the others; one of these things doesn’t belong.
• Concept Formation:– The way people organize and
classify events and objects, usually to solve problems (+/- instances)
A bird is a bird is a bird???Prototypical bird…
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Concept Formation• Classification:
– Separating dissimilar events, finding commonalities, and then grouping similar items together
• “fuzzy concepts”– Concepts with unclear boundaries– Defined by using prototypes (best
examples)
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Is this furniture?
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Concept Formation and Stereotyping
• Our natural tendency to form concepts and categorize leads to stereotyping– Eg. Sexism,
racism, ageism
• Only solution is to educate
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How do we solve new Problems?• Learning Theory
– Trial-and-error
• Gestalt Theory– Insight
• Information-Processing Theory– Purposeful registration
and retrieval of information. Pay attention in lab this week!!!
p.245-249 / LOBJ 7.3, 7.4 & 7.6
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REASONING LOBJ 7.7
• Reasoning = Purposeful process
– Allows us to: (a) generate logical ideas(b) evaluate situations(c) reach conclusions
- Formal (academic) vs. informal (real world)
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REASONINGFormal• Information provided• Method available (e.g. algorithm)• One correct answer
– Recipe for a cake
Informal• Information often missing• No method• Multiple solutions
– Playing poker
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LOGIC - LOBJ 7.7
Logic: system of reasoning used to reach valid conclusions or make inferences
Tools • Deductive Reasoning
– General to specific• Inductive Reasoning
– Specific to general
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DECISION MAKING – LOBJ 7.7
• Decision making: assessing and choosing among alternatives
• Trivial or complexBreakfast?Marriage?
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So how are they different?• Reasoning
– Arriving at a good rational solution
• Self-generation of the options followed by choosing the best one
• Decision Making– Arriving at a
good rational solution
• Narrowing options presented to you
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Uncertainty: Estimating Probabilities• Decisions can be based on:
(a) formal logic(b) hypothesis, testing(c) an educated guess
Educated Guess: making a decision based on knowledge from past experiences
Probabilities or Percentages
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Psychological Factors – LOBJ 7.8Problems with Estimating Probabilities
• Because of their mood or lack of attention, people may act irrationally, ignore key data, and make bad decisions– But you can learn to make
better decisions
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Barriers to Good Decision MakingLOBJ 7.9Gambler’s Fallacy:
The belief that an event is more likely to occur if it has not recently occurred.
“I have to win eventually.”
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Barriers to Good Decision MakingBelief in small
numbersDecision based on a small number of observations
Anecdotal Evidence
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Barriers to Good Decision MakingAvailability heuristic
Judging the probability of an event based on how easy it is to think of examples of it
Media overplay
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Barriers to Good Decision Making
Overconfidence Being so committed to one’s own ideas that one is often more confident than correct
Loud, bold and wrong“Don’t cloud the
issue with facts.”
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Barriers to Good Decision MakingConfirmation bias
People cling to beliefs despite contradictory evidence
We find what we look for.
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Barriers to Good Decision MakingFallacy of Composition:
Belief that what is true of the parts is also true of the whole
All the players are good, but the team is awful.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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Artificial Intelligence - definition• Artificial
intelligence – a field that draws on concepts from both cognitive psychology and computer science to develop artificial systems that display some aspects of human-like intelligence
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Limitations of AI• Well-defined and ill-defined
problems– Computers do not define their
own problems• Lack of common sense
– computers do not have a referential context in which to interpret situations
• Lack of creativity– Computers are programed by
people and can not function independent of their programs
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Neural Networks• Various bits of
information are stored in different parts of the brain
• A convergence zone is needed to mediate and organize the information located in various areas of the brain
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Neural Networks: Hierarchical Network Model• Assumes a hierarchy in which a particular
word is stored under the higher order category that subsumes it, which in turn is stored under a yet higher category
• EXAMPLE:ANIMAL
Eats, reproduces,
BIRDWings, feathers,
CANARYSings, yellow,
ROBINRed breast, blue eggs
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Neural Networks: Parallel distributed processing • parallel distributed processing
(PDP)• PDP involves many operations
taking place at the same time in various parts of the brain