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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Inc.

PLEASE REMEMBER…

TURN OFF YOUR CELL PHONES! DON’T TALK DURING THE LECTURE.

I HAVE BEEN GETTING COMPLAINTS AGAIN. IF I HAVE TO STOP LECTURING I WILL, BUT YOU’LL STILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MATERIAL I WOULD HAVE COVERED!


Personality and Its Personality and Its AssessmentAssessmentChapter 12Chapter 12


• PersonalityPersonality is a pattern of relatively is a pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that leads to some characteristics that leads to some consistency in a person’s behaviourconsistency in a person’s behaviour

– It is the result of both genetics and It is the result of both genetics and experienceexperience

– Nature and nurtureNature and nurture– Why do you “know” some people?Why do you “know” some people?– Consistency/predictability over time and Consistency/predictability over time and

circumstancecircumstance– What are some “personality” words?What are some “personality” words?

What Is Personality? LOBJ 12.1


Psychodynamic TheoriesPsychodynamic Theories• Psychodynamic theories Psychodynamic theories

focus on how focus on how unconscious unconscious processesprocesses direct day-to- direct day-to-day behaviorday behavior

• The most famous of these The most famous of these approaches was the approaches was the psychoanalytic theory of psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

• Freud was an Austrian Freud was an Austrian physician who developed physician who developed his theory while treating his theory while treating people with physical and people with physical and mental problemsmental problems


Psychodynamic TheoriesPsychodynamic Theories• From his work with From his work with

these patients, these patients, Freud began to Freud began to formulate a theory formulate a theory that centered on that centered on early childhood early childhood experiences and experiences and fantasiesfantasies– PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

• Approach to therapyApproach to therapy– Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory

• Explanation for behavior Explanation for behavior and personality and personality


Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic Theories LOBJ LOBJ 12.312.3

• Freud’s psychoanalytic theory rests on several Freud’s psychoanalytic theory rests on several assumptions:assumptions:

1.1. Human experience takes place on three Human experience takes place on three levels levels of consciousnessof consciousness Preconscious, conscious, unconsciousPreconscious, conscious, unconscious

2.2. Human functioning is influenced by three basic Human functioning is influenced by three basic structures of the mindstructures of the mind Id, Ego, and SuperegoId, Ego, and Superego

3.3. The foundation of personality is shaped by The foundation of personality is shaped by early early childhood experienceschildhood experiences


Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic Theories LOBJ LOBJ 12.312.3

4.4. Parental punishment of a child’s Parental punishment of a child’s sexual and sexual and aggressive behavioursaggressive behaviours results in repression of results in repression of part of these experiences and leads to part of these experiences and leads to psychological conflictpsychological conflict

5.5. Conflict creates anxiety, and people protect Conflict creates anxiety, and people protect themselves against anxiety with themselves against anxiety with defence defence mechanisms mechanisms (will cover in lab next week; take your book to (will cover in lab next week; take your book to lab! LOBJ 12.5)lab! LOBJ 12.5)


Freud: Structures of the MindFreud: Structures of the Mind

• The The idid is the source of a person’s instinctual is the source of a person’s instinctual energy either sexual or aggressive and energy either sexual or aggressive and works by the works by the pleasure principlepleasure principle

• The The egoego seeks to satisfy an individual’s seeks to satisfy an individual’s instinctual needs in accordance with realityinstinctual needs in accordance with reality

• The The superegosuperego provides an provides an egoego idealideal and a and a conscienceconscience


The Id, the Ego, and the The Id, the Ego, and the SuperegoSuperego


Development of Personality Development of Personality LOBJ 12.4LOBJ 12.4

• Freud argued that people pass Freud argued that people pass through five stages of personality through five stages of personality development that are associated development that are associated with conflicts with with conflicts with erogenous erogenous zoneszones


• First stage is the First stage is the oral stageoral stage• From birth to age 2, the infant’s From birth to age 2, the infant’s

instincts focus on the mouth as the instincts focus on the mouth as the primary pleasure centerprimary pleasure center

• Adults who remain attached to the Adults who remain attached to the oral stage or revert to it during oral stage or revert to it during intense anxiety display traits of an intense anxiety display traits of an “oral” personality that include biting “oral” personality that include biting objects, smoking, or overeatingobjects, smoking, or overeating

Development of Personality


Development of Personality • Stage two is the Stage two is the anal anal

stagestage (age 2 to 3) (age 2 to 3)• Children learn to control Children learn to control

the immediate the immediate gratification they obtain gratification they obtain through defecationthrough defecation

• They learn to respond to They learn to respond to some of parents’ and some of parents’ and society’s demandssociety’s demands

• Adults who had difficulty Adults who had difficulty in the stage tend to in the stage tend to have problems with have problems with orderliness (or lack of it)orderliness (or lack of it)– Anal retentiveAnal retentive– Anal expulsiveAnal expulsive


Development of Personality • The third stage is the The third stage is the

phallic stagephallic stage (age 4 – 7) (age 4 – 7)• During this stage During this stage

children pass through children pass through what Freud termed the what Freud termed the Oedipus complexOedipus complex that that involves unconscious involves unconscious wishes to have sexual wishes to have sexual intercourse with one intercourse with one parentparent

• During the Oedipus During the Oedipus complex the child complex the child wants to replace the wants to replace the other parentother parent

• This rivalry produces This rivalry produces castration anxietycastration anxiety

• During the same stage During the same stage girls develop girls develop penis envypenis envy– Where’s mine?Where’s mine?

• The Oedipus complex is The Oedipus complex is resolved by identifying resolved by identifying with the same sex with the same sex parentparent– If you can’t beat ‘em, join If you can’t beat ‘em, join

‘em.‘em.• This leads to acquisition This leads to acquisition

of a superegoof a superego


Development of PersonalityDevelopment of Personality• The fourth stage is The fourth stage is

latencylatency (from age 7 to (from age 7 to puberty)puberty)

• During latency, sexual During latency, sexual urges are inactive urges are inactive (latent)(latent)

• Energy devoted to Energy devoted to other thingsother things– SchoolSchool– SportsSports– Skills Skills

• Stage five is the Stage five is the genital stagegenital stage

• Begins with the onset Begins with the onset of pubertyof puberty

• Failure to pass Failure to pass through earlier stages through earlier stages successfully may lead successfully may lead to unresolved conflicts to unresolved conflicts throughout adulthoodthroughout adulthood


Sex and Aggression Sex and Aggression LOBJ 12.4LOBJ 12.4

• Freud felt behaviour was Freud felt behaviour was energized by two basic energized by two basic instinctual drivesinstinctual drives

• The drive toward The drive toward lifelife, , expressed through sexual expressed through sexual energy (eros)energy (eros)

• The drive toward The drive toward deathdeath, , expressed through expressed through aggression (thanatos)aggression (thanatos)

• Freud’s theory focused Freud’s theory focused mainly on the energy of the mainly on the energy of the sexual instinct, sexual instinct, libidolibido


Relevant today? Relevant today? LOBJ 12.6LOBJ 12.6• The father of psychoanalytical theory.The father of psychoanalytical theory.• Major ground breaking ideas for the 1900sMajor ground breaking ideas for the 1900s• Became popular in the 20s and 30sBecame popular in the 20s and 30s• Hitchcock was fascinated with Freud’s theoryHitchcock was fascinated with Freud’s theory• Some of his ideas stand todaySome of his ideas stand today

– Parent/child relationshipsParent/child relationships– Defence mechanismsDefence mechanisms– Unconscious processesUnconscious processes

• Controversial today, many don’t consider his Controversial today, many don’t consider his theory to be valid, others are hard core theory to be valid, others are hard core FreudiansFreudians

• Have to know about it to understand society, Have to know about it to understand society, culture, and where psychology has come fromculture, and where psychology has come from


Adler and Adler and IndividualIndividual Psychology Psychology LOBJ LOBJ 12.712.7

• Alfred Adler was one of the Alfred Adler was one of the original members of Freud’s original members of Freud’s Vienna Psychoanalytic Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Society before having a before having a falling out with Freud falling out with Freud

• Adler acknowledged the role Adler acknowledged the role of heredity and environment of heredity and environment in furnishing the building in furnishing the building materials of personalitymaterials of personality

• Adler called the ability to Adler called the ability to shape our ownshape our own personality personality creative powercreative power

• Humans are motivated by Humans are motivated by feelings of feelings of inferiorityinferiority; we ; we need to overcome and need to overcome and achieve success.achieve success.

• We are by nature selfish We are by nature selfish and social.and social.

• We are also conscious, We are also conscious, not mainly unconscious.not mainly unconscious.

• We need not be the We need not be the victims of primitive victims of primitive drives.drives.

• We are self-conscious We are self-conscious and capable of improving and capable of improving ourselves and the world ourselves and the world around us.around us.

• Our main concerns in life Our main concerns in life are a vocation, are a vocation, communal living, and communal living, and love.love.

• We are by nature unified.We are by nature unified.


Adler and FeminismAdler and Feminism• Maybe the first Maybe the first

“feminist” theorist “feminist” theorist (early 1900s)(early 1900s)

• He deplored the He deplored the inferior status of inferior status of women and blamed women and blamed men’s aggressivenessmen’s aggressiveness

• Men force inferior Men force inferior roles on womenroles on women

• There is no biological There is no biological inferiority to justify inferiority to justify women’s inferior women’s inferior statusstatus– Penis envy! Ha!Penis envy! Ha!

• ““All our institutions, our All our institutions, our traditional attitudes, our traditional attitudes, our laws, our morals, our laws, our morals, our customs, give evidence customs, give evidence of the fact that they are of the fact that they are determined and determined and maintained by maintained by privileged males for the privileged males for the glory of male glory of male domination…Nobody domination…Nobody can bear a positon of can bear a positon of inferiority without anger inferiority without anger and disgust…That and disgust…That women must be women must be submissive is…(a) submissive is…(a) superstition…. (Adler, superstition…. (Adler, 1927)1927)


Jung and Jung and AnalyticalAnalytical Psychology Psychology LOBJ LOBJ 12.812.8• Another important Another important

theorist to break from theorist to break from Freud was Freud was Carl JungCarl Jung

• Jung believed people are Jung believed people are motivated to attain self-motivated to attain self-realization or perfectionrealization or perfection

• It’s not about sex, it’s It’s not about sex, it’s about finding about finding meaning in meaning in life.life.

• We have what Jung We have what Jung called,called, tthe he collective collective unconsciousunconscious :a shared :a shared storehouse of primitive storehouse of primitive ideas and images aideas and images a

• Archetypes –Archetypes –come to grips come to grips withwith

• Tests of Courage:Tests of Courage:• Shadow – the dark Shadow – the dark

side of our side of our personality; deal with personality; deal with it!it!

• Anima (for males)Anima (for males)• Animus (for females)Animus (for females)• Great MotherGreat Mother• Wise Old ManWise Old Man• Self Self


Behavioral Theory of Personality Behavioral Theory of Personality LOBJ LOBJ

12.9 & 12.1012.9 & 12.10 • I can’t see inside I can’t see inside your mind, so why your mind, so why even consider that?even consider that?

• Behaviourists believe Behaviourists believe personality is personality is acquired through acquired through – Reinforcement Reinforcement

(operant (operant conditioning)conditioning)

– Natural selectionNatural selection• Need to surviveNeed to survive

– Cultural evolutionCultural evolution• Language & Language &

technologytechnology

• VERY different from VERY different from the psychodynamic the psychodynamic theories!theories!


Traits and Type Theories Traits and Type Theories - LOBJ 12.11, 12.12, & 12.13- LOBJ 12.11, 12.12, & 12.13• A A traittrait is any readily-identifiable, is any readily-identifiable,

stable quality that characterizes stable quality that characterizes an an individualindividual from other from other individuals (individuals (continuumcontinuum))– CheerfulCheerful– ShyShy

• TypesTypes are personality are personality categoriescategories in which broad collections of in which broad collections of traits are loosely tied together traits are loosely tied together and interrelatedand interrelated– Level-headedLevel-headed

• CalmCalm• Makes rational decisionsMakes rational decisions

• Gordon Allport – Personal Gordon Allport – Personal DispositionDisposition– Cardinal, central, secondary Cardinal, central, secondary

traits = youtraits = you• Raymond B. CattellRaymond B. Cattell

– Factor analysis Factor analysis (gps variables)(gps variables)– Trait sets or clustersTrait sets or clusters– Surface & sourceSurface & source

• Hans Eysenck Hans Eysenck – Types, traits, habitsTypes, traits, habits

• Extraversion-Introversion Extraversion-Introversion (E) (E)

• Neuroticism-Stability (N)Neuroticism-Stability (N)• Psychoticism-Superego Psychoticism-Superego

Function (P)Function (P)


The Five Factor Model The Five Factor Model LOBJ 12.14 & LOBJ 12.14 & 12.1512.15• Five broad Five broad

categories of traitscategories of traits– Five Factor ModelFive Factor Model– The Big FiveThe Big Five

• Researchers think of Researchers think of the five factors as the five factors as “supertraits”“supertraits”

Genetics of Genetics of personality?personality?

Read pg. 431Read pg. 431

• Extraversion-Extraversion-introversionintroversion

• Agreeableness-Agreeableness-antagonismantagonism

• Conscientiousness-Conscientiousness-undirectednessundirectedness

• Neuroticism-stabilityNeuroticism-stability• Openness to Openness to

experienceexperience• Description not Description not

explanationexplanation• http://http://

similarminds.com/bigfive.htsimilarminds.com/bigfive.htmlml

http://similarminds.com/bigfive.html




Humanistic Psychology Humanistic Psychology LOBJ 12.16LOBJ 12.16

• Reaction to Reaction to Psychodynamic, Psychodynamic, Behaviouristic, & Type Behaviouristic, & Type viewsviews

• Abraham Maslow and Abraham Maslow and Carl RogersCarl Rogers

• People are motivated to People are motivated to achieve personal goals achieve personal goals by internal forcesby internal forces– Phenomenological Phenomenological

ApproachApproach– Self-determinationSelf-determination


Maslow and Self-Actualization Maslow and Self-Actualization LOBJ LOBJ 12.1712.17• Maslow conceives of Maslow conceives of

motives as forming a motives as forming a hierarchyhierarchy

• Lower needs, such as Lower needs, such as those for food and those for food and water, are at the water, are at the bottom of the hierarchybottom of the hierarchy

• Self-actualizationSelf-actualization is the is the final level of final level of psychological psychological developmentdevelopment– Self-actualized Self-actualized

individuals accept individuals accept themselves, others, and themselves, others, and naturenature


Freud v. MaslowFreud v. Maslow


Rogers and Self Theory Rogers and Self Theory LOBJ 12.18LOBJ 12.18

• Carl Rogers made Carl Rogers made three basic three basic assumptions assumptions about behaviour:about behaviour:

– Behaviour is goal-Behaviour is goal-directeddirected

– People have the People have the potential for potential for growthgrowth

– How individuals How individuals see the world see the world determines how determines how they behavethey behave

• Inborn tendency toward Inborn tendency toward fulfillment, fulfillment, a tendency a tendency toward actualizing one’s toward actualizing one’s essential nature essential nature attained only if certain attained only if certain conditions are metconditions are met– EmpathyEmpathy– Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regard– CongruenceCongruence

People who receive People who receive empathy and empathy and unconditional positive unconditional positive regard from a congruent regard from a congruent partner become a “fully-partner become a “fully-functioning person”functioning person”


Freud v. RogersFreud v. Rogers


Personality Assessment Personality Assessment LOBJ 12.25LOBJ 12.25

• AssessmentAssessment is the is the process of process of evaluating individual evaluating individual differences through differences through tests, interviews, tests, interviews, observations, and observations, and recording recording physiological physiological processesprocesses– Projective testsProjective tests– Personality Personality

InventoriesInventories


Projective Tests Projective Tests LOBJ 12.26LOBJ 12.26• The basic idea:The basic idea:

– the the unconsciousunconscious directs directs daily behaviour and daily behaviour and thoughtsthoughts

• Projective testsProjective tests are used are used to uncover to uncover unconsciousunconscious motivesmotives

• The The Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test is a classic projective testis a classic projective test

• Examinees say what they Examinees say what they see in a series of 10 see in a series of 10 inkblots, shown one at a inkblots, shown one at a timetime


Thematic Apperception Test Thematic Apperception Test LOBJ LOBJ 12.2612.26• The The Thematic Thematic

Apperception TestApperception Test (TAT)(TAT) is more structured than is more structured than the Rorschachthe Rorschach

• It consists of a series of It consists of a series of black-and-white black-and-white pictures that depict at pictures that depict at least one person in an least one person in an ambiguous situationambiguous situation

• People taking the TAT People taking the TAT are asked to are asked to tell a storytell a story describing the situationdescribing the situation


Personality Inventories Personality Inventories LOBJ 12.27LOBJ 12.27

• Personality Personality inventoriesinventories generally generally consist of true/false or consist of true/false or multiple choice items multiple choice items to which people to which people respondrespond– objectiveobjective

• Well-constructed Well-constructed inventories tend to be inventories tend to be valid predictors of valid predictors of performance in a wide performance in a wide array of situationsarray of situations

• One of the most One of the most widely used widely used personality tests is personality tests is the the Minnesota Minnesota Multiphasic Multiphasic PersonalityPersonality Inventory- Inventory-22ndnd Edition (MMPI-2) Edition (MMPI-2)

• The norms of the The norms of the MMPI-2MMPI-2 are based on are based on profiles of normal profiles of normal people and groups of people and groups of psychiatric patientspsychiatric patients

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