pöll ce, willner w & wrbka w (2014) challenging the ...10.1007/s11355-015-0282... · w11 large...

Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.

Supplementary Material A: Field survey form of biotope / habitat mapping

SURVEY FORM BIOTOPES / HABITAT MAPPING

Region / Territory Biotope-No. Date 20 . .

Author

Land use type

Biotope type (according to List)

Short description Structural features weight

S01 open soil vegetation, sand/grus(slack)/loess 1

S02 open soil vegetation, rock 1

S03 open soil vegetation, peat (turf), silt 1

S04 open soil vegetation, top soil 1

S05 low-growing closed lawn 1

S06 closed high grasses stand 1

S07 dense reeds/sedge reed 1

S08 kink layer present 2

S09 last year’s culms/stems present 1

Morphology S10 lush high forbs/perennial herbs lea/meadow 1

SLPL slope in general flat S11 gappy woodland stand 1

SLKX slope in general convex S12 closed woodland stand 1

SLKV slope in general concave S13 hedgerow 2

USLPL upper slope situation flat S14 bushes, shrubbery 1

USLKX upper slope situation convex S15 one tree layer formed 1

USLKV upper slope situation concave S16 several tree layers formed 1

MSLPL mid-slope situation flat S17 prominent single trees, old overgrowing 1

MSLKX mid-slope situation convex S18 matured, old growth 2

MSLKV mid-slope situation concave S19 Deadwood standing >30% 2

BSLPL bottom slope situation plan S20 Deadwood laying >30% 2

BSLKX bottom slope situation convex S21 wood rejuvenation 1

BSLKV bottom slope situation concave S22 shoots from the stump or wood parts 1

FOSL foot slope area S23 hall-shaped forest, recent thinning 1

HILLT hilltop situation S24 shrub layer at the edge 1

RIDGE back and ridge S25 fragmentary shrub layer 1

KAMM crest, kame, peak, summit S26 loose shrub layer (30-60 %) 1

DUNE dune, dune alike mound (incl. embankment, shore dam) S27 dense shrub layer 1

BOULD boulder formation (blocks, castle, erratic, far-flung, scatter) S28 wood margin, forest skirt 2

EDGE terrain edge and -steepening S29 good developed fringe vegetation 2

WALL wall formation (incl. rock-, conglomerate- and loess wall) S30 shrub encroachment area 1

CONE rubble cone, scree, talus (terrestrial formations) S31 boulders, block scatter 2

FANFLU alluvial cone and -fan (fluviatile formation) S32 clearance cairn mound (large) 2

RAVINE ravine, gorge S33 clearance cairn (small) 2

KERBT dell, ravine, ditch (v-shaped) S34 dry stone wall 2

MULDT trough valley (u-shaped) S35 rock face, crag 1

HOLLO closed cavities (hollow, doline, lake bed, kettle hole) S36 loess wall 2

OXBOW cut-off, oxbow lake S37 open water body perennial 1

SCHUE recent fluviatile aggradation (incl. delta, gravel-, sandbank) S38 open water body periodical 1

FURKA rivulet- or river course with furcation S39 bank course natural 2

MEAND rivulet- or river course with meander formation S40 bank course artificial -1

LINEAR rivulet- or river with linear, straight course S41 water body bed natural 2

VALBO valley bottom, floor (flatness 1) S42 water body bed artificial -1

TERRA periglacial terraces (flatness 2) S43 slow-flowing 1

PLAN planation / flatness in general (flatness 3) S44 fast-flowing 1

DAM dam, dike, levee, rampart S45 water body structured 2

DISPOS disposal site, dumping, landfill S46 steep bank 1

MATER artificial cavity (incl. gravel and sand pit, mining...) S47 gentle bank, shallow water zone 2

DITCH drainage ditches, earth ditch (not shored), moat, trench S48 bank crack, break 2

CHANN stream with artificial course and profile (mill race, channel) S49 silt area 2

TEICH artificial standing water (fish-, extinguish-, swimming pond) S50 sand-, fine / coarse gravel bar 3

LESE clearance cairn, heap, pile and -mound S51 organic deposits (hay, brushwood) -1

HOLW hollow-way, narrow pass, sunken road, defile S52 dwarf shrubs 1

CELLA lane of hollow-way with wine cellars on one or both sides S53 initials of shrub encroachment 1

BERM berm, stairs balk, stoop marge, lynchet, path slope S54 tree row, ally 1

RBALK raised balk, “Bifang” (narrow raised bed between furrows) S55 tree meadow, -pasture 1

CTERR cultural terrace (e.g. field-, viniculture terrace, ...) S56 open annuals lea / ley / meadow 1

Relevance & worth defining attributes weight M38 no clearing 1

W01 area size 3 M39 wood edge / skirt development 2

W02 connectivity function 3 M40 maintenance of old- and deadwood 3

W03 soil protection function (general) 1 M41 establishment of a natural wood reserve 4

W04 protection function against soil wash down 1 M42 shaping measures make sense (general) 1

W05 protection function against soil drift (wind) 1 M43 laying out or replenish an orchard row / stand 1

W06 protection function against matter input 1 M44 planting of single trees, groups or rows 1

W07 waters protection function (general) 1 M45 laying out hedgerows / field wood patches 1

W08 bank protection function 1 M46 laying out a protective plantation 2

W09 regulation of the micro-climate 1 M47 laying out "eco-value” areas or -stripes 2

W10 refugium function (general.) 1 M48 near-natural design of former deposition site 1

W11 large species diversity 4 M49 near-natural water body design 2

W12 structural diversity 2 M50 water body renaturation 3

W13 occurrence of rare/threatened animal species 4 M51 remediation necessary (general) 1

W14 occurrence of rare/threatened plant species 4 M52 remediation of a protective plantation 1

W15 occurrence of rare/threatened plant communities 4 M53 water body remediation 2

W16 in study area rare/threatened biotope type 4 M54 garbage / debris removal 1

W17 for study area esp. characteristic biotope type 1 M55 care moving in irregular rotation 2

W18 worth preserving old tree stand 3 M56 drainage removal 3

W19 worth preserving traditional land use type 2 M57 intensification of grazing 1

W20 worth preserving natural relief form 2 M58 bog / fen / peat renaturation 3

W21 worth preserving artificial relief form /outcrop 2 M59 buffer zones 1

W22 characterization of the landscape scenery 1 M60 coppicing 1

W23 suitability for extensive recreation 1

W24 cultural-historical relevance 1 cur. pot. Endangerment & impairment weight

W25 scientific relevance 1 B01 destruction of landscape element (general) -3

W26 relevance for hunting 1 B02 construction, building (general) -3

W27 stepping stone function 2 B03 path and road construction -2

B04 segregation -2

cur. target

Care & management weight (c = t) B05 isolation -2

M01 maintenance of current der land use 1 B06 gravel mining -3

M02 extensification of present land use (general) 2 B07 rubble / waste deposition -2

M03 no fertilization of the productive land 2 B08 filling (leveling) -2

M04 no biocide usage on the productive land 1 B09 terrain correction -2

M05 use extensification at neighbor areas 1 B10 land use change (general) -1

M06 fertilization restrictions at neighbor areas 1 B11 abandonment (general) -1

M07 biocide use restriction at neighbor areas 1 B12 overuse (general) -1

M08 reclamation of traditional agricultural use 2 B13 trampling -1

M09 care mowing (1x, autumn, mulching) 2 B14 overgrazing -1

M10 care mowing (1x, autumn, hay removal) 2 B15 wild animal browsing / velvet rub off -1

M11 meadow mowing (2x, mulching) 1 B16 bush encroachment -1

M12 meadow mowing (2x, hay removal) 1 B17 invasion of foreing problem trees -2

M13 grazing / pasture 3 B18 conversion into high-maintenance green area -2

M14 maintenance of grassland use, no upheaval 1 B19 planting of ornamental woody plants -2

M15 re-transition into grassland use 1 B20 afforestation -2

M16 chaffing (1x, autumn, mulching) 2 B21 clearing of trees -2

M17 burning 2 B22 large-scale deforestation -2

M18 cutting of single woody species 1 B23 improper thinning -1

M19 insular deforestation / shrub clearing 2 B24 burn down -1

M20 widespread deforestation / shrub clearing 1 B25 breaking (plowing) -1

M21 no afforestation 1 B26 change of hydrologic balance (general) -2

M22 near-natural forest management 3 B27 drainage -2

M23 removal of non-native woods 1 B28 lowering of ground water table -2

M24 removal of woods foreign to the floras 1 B29 waterway construction -1

M25 conversion into native wood stands 2 B30 dredging of water body -1

M26 conv. into wood stands in floral accordance 2 B31 silting -1

M27 old tree care 1 B32 change of mass balance (general) -2

M28 development of a shrub layer 1 B33 eutrophication -2

M29 reorganization into structural rich wood type 2 B34 biocide input (contamination) -2

M30 cessation of the cultivation 1 B35 mechanical pollution -1

M31 no care measures necessary 1 B36 chemical pollution -2

M32 other care measures make sense 1 B37 immission -2

M33 care extensification 2 B38 planting of non-native woody plants -2

M34 further mowing not sensible/necessary 1 B39 water withdrawal, diversion -2

M35 exclusion of grazing 1 B40 fragmentation of network -2

M36 no more burning 1 B41 immigration of invasive perennials -1

M37 allow scrub encroachment 1 B42 piping (canalization) -2

corresponding biotopes


Supplementary Material B: Abundances of different types of current and potential endangerment and impairing

Code Gefährdung / Beeinträchtigung Endangerment / impaiment value totalc TECc ECMc REFc Code Endangerment / impairment value totalp TECp ECMp REFp

B34 Biozideintrag Biocide input (contamination) -2 284 100 106 77 B35 Mechanical pollution -1 171 94 52 25

B37 Immission Immission -2 269 128 91 49 B30 Evisceration of waterbody -1 146 97 31 18

B35 mechan. Verunreinigung Mechanical pollution -1 169 79 53 37 B23 Improper thinning -1 136 50 64 21

B33 Eutrophierung Eutrophication -2 110 25 44 40 B36 Chemical pollution -2 109 65 23 21

B04 Zerschneidung Dissection -2 73 25 39 9 B21 Clearing of trees -2 96 32 45 18

B42 Verrohrung Piping (canalization) -2 61 49 9 3 B10 Land use change (general) -1 91 25 41 25

B41 Einwanderung invasiver Stauden Immigration of invasive perennials -1 59 13 40 6 B37 Immission -2 66 34 22 10

B36 chem. Verunreinigung Chemical pollution -2 52 11 30 11 B34 Biocide input (contamination) -2 47 30 13 4

B40 Fragmentierung des Netzwerkes Fragmentation of network -2 48 18 27 3 B26 Change of hydrologic balance (general) -2 42 25 12 5

B05 Isolation Isolation -2 43 18 17 8 B32 Change of mass balance (general) -2 34 17 10 7

B07 Schutt-/Müllablagerung Rubble / waste deposition -2 37 10 13 14 B22 Large-scale deforestation -2 30 2 15 12

B13 Betritt Trampling -1 29 5 16 8 B41 Immigration of invasive perennials -1 28 11 17 0

B09 Geländekorrektur Terrain correction -2 28 11 12 5 B01 Destruction of landscape element (general) -3 27 15 5 7

B32 Veränderung des Stoffhaushaltes (allg.) Change of mass balance (general) -2 28 10 6 11 B12 Overuse (general) -1 20 2 7 11

B30 Gewässerräumung Evisceration of waterbody -1 23 1 6 16 B13 Trampling -1 20 9 5 6

B31 Verlandung Silting -1 23 16 7 0 B33 Eutrophication -2 20 6 4 10

B03 Wegebau, Straßenbau Path and road construction -2 19 11 5 3 B09 Terrain correction -2 14 5 2 7

B27 Drainage Drainage -2 18 11 7 0 B07 Rubble / waste deposition -2 9 6 1 2

B12 Übernutzung (allg.) Overuse (general) -1 16 2 3 11 B17 Invasion of foreing problem trees -2 9 1 5 3

B23 unsachgemäße Durchforstung Improper thinning -1 16 4 9 3 B25 Breaking (plowing) -1 9 3 5 1

B17 Einwanderung florenfremder Problemgehölze Invasion of foreing problem trees -2 13 2 2 9 B28 Lowering of ground water table -2 7 1 3 3

B26 Veränderung des Wasserhaushaltes (allg.) Change of hydrologic balance (general) -2 13 6 1 5 B03 Path and road construction -2 6 1 2 3

B02 Verbauung (allg.) Construction, building (general) -3 12 4 6 2 B11 Abandonment (general) -1 6 0 3 3

B10 Nutzungsänderung (allg.) Land use change (general) -1 12 3 8 1 B20 Afforestation -2 3 0 3 0

B11 Nutzungsaufgabe (allg.) Abandonment (general) -1 10 0 9 1 B31 Silting -1 3 3 0 0

B01 Zerstörung des LEL (allg.) Destruction of landscape element (general) -3 9 2 0 7 B04 Dissection -2 2 0 0 2

B21 Rodung Clearing of trees -2 9 5 1 3 B15 Wild animal browsing / velvet rub off -1 2 0 2 0

B20 Aufforstung Afforestation -2 6 1 4 1 B40 Fragmentation of network -2 2 0 0 2

B22 großflächiger Kahlschlag Large-scale deforestation -2 6 0 0 6 B05 Isolation -2 1 0 0 1

B15 Wildverbiß/Verfegung Wild animal browsing / velvet rub off -1 3 0 3 0 B08 Filling (leveling) -2 1 1 0 0

B16 Verbuschung Bush encroachment -1 3 0 0 3 B16 Bush encroachment -1 1 0 0 1

B38 Auspflanzen von standortfremden Gehölzen Planting of non-native woody plants -2 3 0 0 3 B18 Conversion into high-maintenance green area -2 1 0 0 1

B08 Verfüllung Filling (leveling) -2 1 0 0 1 B27 Drainage -2 1 1 0 0

B25 Umbruch Breaking (plowing) -1 1 0 1 0 B29 Waterway construction -1 1 0 0 1

B39 Wasserentnahme, Ableitung Water withdrawal, diversion -2 1 1 0 0 B39 Water withdrawal, diversion -2 1 0 1 0

B06 Schotterabbau oder ähnliches Gravel mining -3 0 0 0 0 B02 Construction, building (general) -3 0 0 0 0

B14 Überweidung Overgrazing -1 0 0 0 0 B06 Gravel mining -3 0 0 0 0

B18 Umwandlung in pflegeintensive Grünanlage Conversion into high-maintenance green area -2 0 0 0 0 B14 Overgrazing -1 0 0 0 0

B19 Auspflanzen von Ziergehölzen Planting of ornamental woody plants -2 0 0 0 0 B19 Planting of ornamental woody plants -2 0 0 0 0

B24 Abbrennen Burn down -1 0 0 0 0 B24 Burn down -1 0 0 0 0

B28 Absenkung des Grundwasserspiegels Lowering of ground water table -2 0 0 0 0 B38 Planting of non-native woody plants -2 0 0 0 0

B29 Gewässerausbau Waterway construction -1 0 0 0 0 B42 Piping (canalization) -2 0 0 0 0

User

Typewriter


Supplementary Material D: List of all different plant communities inventoried in the investigation area

Association Alliance Order Class

Acer negundo-(Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia)-comm. - Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia boni-hernici Galio-Urticetea

Aceri-Tilietum platyphylli Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

Aegopodio-Sambucetum nigrae Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Agrostis stolonifera-Potentilla anserina- comm. Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Arctietum lappae Arction lappae Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris

Arrhenatherum elatius-Quercus robur- comm. Quercion pubescenti-petraeae Quercetalia pubescentis Querco-Fagetea

Balloto-Robinietum Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae Alnion incanae Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

Carici pendulae-Aceretum Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

Chelidonio-Robinietum Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Convolvulo-Brometum inermis Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis Agropyretalia repentis Artemisietea vulgaris

Dactylido-Festucetum arundinaceae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Echino-Setarietum pumilae Panico-Setarion Chenopodietalia albi Stellarietea mediae

Echio-Melilotetum Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris

Elymus repens-(Agropyretalia-) comm. - Agropyretalia repentis Artemisietea vulgaris

Erigeronto-Lactucetum serriolae Sisymbrion officinalis Sisymbrietalia Stellarietea mediae:

Fallopia japonica-(Senecionion fluviatilis)- comm. Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea

Fraxino-Ulmetum - caricetosum albae Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

Glycerietum fluitantis Glycerio-Sparganion Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

Humulus lupulus-(Senecionion fluviatilis)- comm. Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea

Impatiens parviflora- comm. . Galio-Alliarion Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia boni-hernici Galio-Urticetea

Juglans regia-Prunus avium-stand Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Junco inflexi-Menthetum longifoliae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Myriophyllo-Potametum Potamion pectinati Potametalia Potametea

Nasturtietum officinalis Glycerio-Sparganion Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Phalaridetum arundinaceae Caricenion gracilis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

Phragmites australis-(Senecionion fluviatilis)- comm. Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea

Phragmitetum vulgaris Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

Poo compressae-Anthemidetum tinctoriae Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis Agropyretalia repentis Artemisietea vulgaris

Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris

Populo tremulae-Coryletum Populo tremulae-Corylion Sambucetalia racemosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Ranunculo repentis-Alopecuretum geniculati Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Rubus caesius-(Galio-Urticetea-) comm. - - Galio-Urticetea

Rumici crispi-Agrostietum stoloniferae Potentillion anserinae Potentillio-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Salicetum fragilis Salicion albae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae


Salicetum purpureae Salicion triandrae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae

Salicetum triandrae Salicion triandrae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae

Sambucetum ebuli brometosum inermidis Galio-Alliarion Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia boni-hernici Galio-Urticetea

Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia boni-hernici Galio-Urticetea

Tanaceto-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Tanaceto-Artemisietum vulgaris Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris

Typhetum latifoliae Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

Bromion erecti Brometalia erecti Festuco-Brometea

Chenopodion glauci Bidentetalia tripartiti Bidentetea tripartiti

Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati Brometalia erecti Festuco-Brometea

Cynosurion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Deschampsion Molinietalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Filipendulenion Molinietalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Nanocyperion Nanocyperetalia Isoëto-Nanojuncetea

Salsolion ruthenicae Eragrostietalia Stellarietea mediae

Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sambucetalia racemosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Further plant communities of different taxonomic level, which occurred as woody initials or subdominant at sample plots

Association Alliance Order Class

Calamagrostis epigejos-(Onopordetalia)-Gesellschaft - Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris

Clematis vitalba-(Galio-Urticetea)-Gesellschaft - - Galio-Urticetea

Filipendulo vulgaris-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Lolietum perennis Cynosurion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Milio-Quercetum roboris prov. Carpinion betuli Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

Parvopotamo-Zanichellietum tenuis Potamion pectinati Potametalia Potametea

Pruno-Ligustretum Berberidion Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea

Rorippo-Phalaridetum Phalaridion arundinaceae Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

Salicetum rubens-Ges(prov.)-phalaridetosum Salicion albae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae

Sambucus nigra-(Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia)-Ges - Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia boni-hernici Galio-Urticetea

Scillo-Fraxinetum Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

Verbascum austriacum-Festuca rupicola-Gesellschaft Euphorbio-Callunion Koelerio-Phleetalia phleoidis Festuco-Brometea

- Carpinion betuli Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea

- Carpino-Prunion spinosae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea

- Sisymbrion officinalis Sisymbrietalia Stellarietea mediae

- - Oenanthetalia aquaticae Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea

- - Platagini-Prunelletalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea


Supplementary Material E:

List of plant communities and species percentage cover value (Willner 2011) for each vegetation inventory plot.

Plot-no. Association Alliance Order Class SPC-value

1 Rumici crispi-Agrostietum stoloniferae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 7.8%

2 Tanaceto-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 41.3%


4 Echio-Melilotetum Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris 50.8%

5 - Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris 20.6%

6 Sambucetum ebuli brometosum inermidis Galio-Alliarion Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia Galio-Urticetea 13.0%

7 Tanaceto-Artemisietum vulgaris Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris 50.8%



10 Phalaridetum arundinaceae Caricenion gracilis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 88.2%

11 - Filipendulenion Molinietalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 19.8%

12 Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 62.7%

13 - Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati Brometalia erecti Festuco-Brometea 15.6%

14 - Cynosurion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 5.9%


16 Poo compressae-Anthemidetum tinctoriae Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis Agropyretalia repentis Artemisietea vulgaris 3.0%


18 Dactylido-Festucetum arundinaceae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 88.1%


20 Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 68.2%

21 Rumici crispi-Agrostietum stoloniferae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 26.6%

22 Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum Dauco-Melilotion Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris 50.9%

23 Junco inflexi-Menthetum longifoliae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 75.8%




25 Carici pendulae-Aceretum Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea 86.7%

26 Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 25.8%

27 Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum negundo Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia Galio-Urticetea 47.7%


29 Phragmites australis-(Senecionion fluviatilis)-community: Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea 62.0%


31 - Bromion erecti Brometalia erecti Festuco-Brometea 72.2%


33 Phragmites australis-(Senecionion fluviatilis)-community Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea 64.2%

34 - Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 20.6%


36 Ranunculo repentis-Alopecuretum geniculati Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 51.8%


38 Elymus repens-(Agropyretalia-)community - Agropyretalia repentis Artemisietea vulgaris 68.0%

39 Phragmites australis-(Senecionion fluviatilis)-community: Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea 77.2%


41 Glycerietum fluitantis Glycerio-Sparganion Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 19.8%

42 Agrostis stolonifera-Potentilla anserina-com. Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 25.1%

43 Impatiens parviflora-com. Galio-Alliarion Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia Galio-Urticetea 75.8%

44 Balloto-Robinietum Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 82.1%

45 Fraxino-Ulmetum - caricetosum albae Alnion incanae, Ulmenion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea 77.0%


47 Junco inflexi-Menthetum longifoliae Potentillion anserinae Potentillo-Polygonetalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 67.6%




49 Rubus caesius-(Galio-Urticetea)-com. - Galio-Urticetea 80.2%



52 Convolvulo-Brometum inermis Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis Agropyretalia repentis Artemisietea vulgaris 26.1%

53 Typhetum latifoliae Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 69.0%

54 - Nanocyperion Nanocyperetalia Isoëto-Nanojuncetea 68.0%

55 Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenatheretum Arrhenatherion Arrhenatheretalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 69.2%

56 Typhetum latifoliae Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 88.0%

57 Populo tremulae-Coryletum Populo tremulae-Corylion Sambucetalia racemosae Rhamno-Prunetea 57.7%

58 Acer negundo-(Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia)-com. - Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia Galio-Urticetea 51.7%


60 Chelidonio-Robinietum Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 95.1%

61 - Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 46.1%

62 - Deschampsion Molinietalia Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 38.0%

63 Phragmitetum vulgaris Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 47.7%

64 Nasturtietum officinalis Glycerio-Sparganion Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 68.0%

65 Salicetum purpureae Salicion triandrae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae 88.1%

66 Salicetum purpureae Salicion triandrae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae 89.3%

67 Fallopia japonica-(Senecionion fluviatilis)-community Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea 30.9%

68 Salicetum triandrae Salicion triandrae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae 66.6%

69 Aegopodio-Sambucetum nigrae Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 46.1%

70 Aegopodio-Sambucetum nigrae Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 61.6%

71 Arrhenatherum elatius-Quercus robur-com. Quercion pubescenti-petraeae Quercetalia pubescentis Querco-Fagetea 82.0%

72 Echino-Setarietum pumilae Panico-Setarion Chenopodietalia albi Stellarietea mediae 24.3%

73 Juglans regia-Prunus avium-stand Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 83.1%



74 Salicetum fragilis Salicion albae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae 59.8%

75 Erigeronto-Lactucetum serriolae Sisymbrion officinalis Sisymbrietalia Stellarietea mediae: 44.6%

76 Phragmitetum vulgaris Phragmition communis Phragmitetalia Phragmiti-Magnocaricetea 81.3%

77 - Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sambucetalia racemosae Rhamno-Prunetea 20.6%

78 - Salicion albae Salicetalia purpureae Salicetea purpureae 39.9%

79 - Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 72.2%

80 Humulus lupulus-(Senecionion fluviatilis)-com. Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea 76.2%

81 Arctietum lappae Arction lappae Onopordetalia acanthii Artemisietea vulgaris 46.8%

82 Phragmites australis-(Senecionion fluviatilis)-com. Senecionion fluviatilis Convolvuletalia sepium Galio-Urticetea 39.9%

83 Aceri-Tilietum platyphylli Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea 68.6%

84 Carici albae-Tilietum cordatae Alnion incanae Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea 89.6%

85 Chelidonio-Robinietum Arctio-Sambucion nigrae Prunetalia spinosae Rhamno-Prunetea 47.7%

86 Fraxino-Ulmetum - caricetosum albae Tilio-Acerion Fagetalia sylvaticae Querco-Fagetea 75.8%

87 - Potamion pectinati Potametalia Potametea 13.0%


89 - Salsolion ruthenicae Eragrostietalia Stellarietea mediae 39.9%

90 - Chenopodion glauci Bidentetalia tripartiti Bidentetea tripartiti 3.0%


92 Myriophyllo-Potametum Potamion pectinati Potametalia Potametea 34.1%


Supplementary Material F: Summary of recommendations for seed materials

Seeds – taking sites is the beginning of sincerity

In the light of our findings we recommend the following key points of best-practice in the

ecological restoration of grasslands:

Regional, indigenous (wild plant-) seeds (propagated on fields for a maximum number of

years according to certificates) should be preferred over cultivated ones from (foreign)

bulk producers (Walker et al. 2004; Kiehl et al. 2010, Tischew et al. 2011, Scotton et al.

2012).

The more species-rich a seed mixture, the better. The community assemblage fitting best

to the abiotic constraints will become established, and adaptation to changing conditions

is facilitated. High-diversity seed mixtures of local provenance help to enhance the local

biodiversity. In areas with dry periods, especially in spring and summer, a mulch layer in

the first year would be very helpful for vegetation development (Kirmer et al. 2012, S.

Tischew 2012, Anhalt Universtiy of Applied Studies, Köthen, personal communication).

When no potential seed sources of target species are available, a green, fresh hay layer

from near-by donor sites with desired target species is recommended (Baasch et al.

2012).

Free or spontaneous successions are cost-saving and require less management if they are

connected with or close to donor habitats – preferably with target species or

communities and the possibility of seed dispersal (wind, animals, etc.) (Prach & Pyšek

2001). The proximity of existing habitats is beneficial in general (Morris et al. 2006).

A wide diversity of different habitat types with free succession, providing various stages

of development, would make a significant contribution to habitat and species diversity.

Some parts of the ecosystem may develop the closest to the ultimate goal of a self-

sustaining community with a natural species turnover and resilience to disturbances of

the natural variability without human intervention (Walker et al. 2007). Assisted

succession with seed mixtures or initial planting should be limited to isolated sites. A

combination of both approaches can promote species-rich grasslands (Baasch et al.

2012).

Mowing schedules should be adapted to the phenology of target species (-groups), for

example endangered meadow-breeding birds, grasshoppers or butterflies.


Extensive grazing as part of ecological restoration has been shown to have positive

effects for several habitat types (SER Europe 2012).

Species-rich grassland restoration is most successful on bare or raw soils, and

management should be incorporated into agricultural systems (Kiehl et al. 2010).

Literature

Baasch, A., A. Kirmer and S. Tischew. 2012. Nine years of vegetation development in a postmining site: effects of spontaneous and assisted site recovery. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:251-260.

Kiehl, K., A. Kirmer, T. W. Donath, L. Rasran and N. Hölzel. 2010. Species introduction in restoration projects – Evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe. Basic and Applied Ecology 11:285-299.

Kirmer, A. A. Baasch and S. Tischew. 2012 Sowing of low and high diversity seed mixtures in ecological restoration of surface mined-land. Applied Vegetation Science 15:198-207.

Morris, R. K. A., I. Alonso, R. G. Jefferson and K. J. Kirby. 2006. The creation of compensatory habitat: can it secure sustainable development? Journal for Nature Conservation 14:106–116.

Prach, K. and P. Pyšek. 2001. Using spontaneous succession for restoration of human-disturbed habitats: experience from Central Europe. Ecological Engineering 17:55-62.

Scotton, M., A. Kirmer and B. Krautzer. Practical handbook for seed harvest and ecological restoration of species-rich grasslands. 2012. ISBN 978–88–6129–800–2.

Society for Ecological Restoration Europe and Working group on Restoration Ecology. 2012. 8th European Conference on Ecological Restoration, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice.

Tischew, S., A. Baasch, M.K. Conrad and A. Kirmer. 2010. Evaluating restoration success of frequently implemented compensation measures: results and demands for control procedures. Restoration Ecology 18:467-480.

Tischew, S., B. Youtie, A. Kirmer and N. Shaw. 2011. Farming for restoration: building bridges for native seeds. Ecological Restoration 29:219-222.Walker, K. J., P. A. Stevens, D. P. Stevens, J. O. Mountford, S. J. Manchester and R. F. Pywell. 2004. The restoration and re-creation of species-rich lowland grassland on land formerly managed for intensive agriculture in the UK. Biological Conservation 119: 1-18.

Walker, L. R., J. Walker and R. del Moral. 2007. Forging a New Alliance Between Succession and Restoration. Pages 1-18 in L. R. Walker, J. Walker and R. J. Hobbs, editors. Linking Restoration and Ecological Succession. Springer.

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