pmp exam flashcards presentation 1 of 5 (pmbok - 5th edition - pmi). free dynamic flash cards in...
TRANSCRIPT
DiscretionaryDependency
Cost ofQuality (COQ)
Summary Activity
Baseline
ActivitySplitting
Gantt Chart
EXAM FLASHCARDS
By Jonathan Donado
Over 600 dynamic Flashcards with Graphics in PowerPoint
PART 1 of
5
PMP
About me
Linkedin.com/in/jonathandonado
Twitter.com/donadosays
Bilingual senior general management executive with expertise in international
business and Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A)
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o Education: - Senior Executive Fellow – Harvard University- MBA – IESE
o Certifications:- Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB) – ASQ Certified- PMP- PMI-ACP – Agile Certified Practitioner
Jonathan Donado
Instructions: PowerPoint
ContingencyReserve
Time or money allocated in the schedule or cost baseline for known risks with active
response strategies
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Acceptance
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A response strategy to a risk event, either negative (threat)
or positive (opportunity), generally made when the
probability of the event or its impact are small
AcceptanceTest
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A group of end-users work with the final product to test it for unidentified issues that may
appear during routine use. Also known as User Acceptance
Testing (UAT)
Acceptance Criteria
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A set of conditions & requirements
that must be met before deliverables are accepted
Note: it is usually stated in a contract and/or SOW (Statement Of Work)
Acceptance Deliverables
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Products, results or capabilities produced by a project and
validated by the customer or sponsors as meeting their
acceptance criteria
Acquisition Process
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The process of acquiring
personnel/goods/services for new or existing work within the general definitions of contracts requiring an offer and acceptance, consideration,
lawful subject matter, and competent parties
Acquire Project Team
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The process of confirming Human Resources availability
and selecting the team necessary to complete the
project activities
Accuracy
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Accuracy means that the measured value is very close to true value (target or goal). Accuracy is about correctnessNote: Accuracy is not precision. To state that the results are
accurate means that they are correct.
Action Item Status
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A list of problem issues including a description, point
of contact, and dates of action and resolution
Action Plan
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A plan that describes what needs to be done and when it
needs to be completed. Project plans are action plans
Active Listening
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This occurs when the receiver confirms the message is being
received. It can be done by way of feedback, questions, prompts for clarity, and other signs of having
received the message
Activity
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A distinct, scheduled portion of
work performed during the course of a project.
An activity typically has an expected duration, cost and requires certain resources. Also known as “Task”
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Activity Attributes
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Multiple attributes associated with a schedule activity can be
included within an activity It includes: Activity Codes/ID; Name & Description; WBS ID;
Predecessor & Successor Activities; Logical Relationships Leads & Lags; Assumptions; Location, etc
Activity on Arrow
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A network diagramming method where the arrows in the arrow diagramming method network
diagram represent the activities within the project
ActivityCode
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An alphanumeric value assigned to each activity that enables
classifying, sorting, and filtering
ActivityCost Estimation
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The projected cost of the scheduled activity that includes
the cost of all resources required to perform and complete the
activity
ActivityDelay
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The maximum amount of time that an activity can be delayed due to lack of
resources
ActivityDuration
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The time in calendar units between the start and finish
of a schedule activity
ActivityDuration
Estimating
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Estimating the number of work periods that will be needed to complete individual activities
ActivityDependency
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These are the relationships of the preceding tasks to the succeeding
tasks. There are 4 types:
Activity Identifier
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A unique alphanumeric value assigned to an activity and
used to differentiate that activity from other activities
Activity List
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A list of the defined activities that need to be completed for a
project
Activity-on-Arrow(AoA)
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AoA is a network diagramming method where the arrow in a
project network diagram represent the activities within
the project
Explanation: A method of diagramming the sequence of activities in a project using arrows to represent activities and small circles (nodes) connecting the activities to represent relationships. Dummy activities may be included to show activities that are dependent on one another. This method has only finish-to-start relationships. Also known as Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)
Activity-on-Node(AoN)
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AoN is a network diagramming
method where the node in a project network diagram represent the
activities within the project
Explanation: A method of diagramming the sequence of activities in a project where rectangles (nodes) represent the activities and arrows represent the relationship between the activities. This method uses four types of dependency relationships: finish to start, start to start, finish to finish and start to finish. Also known as precedence diagramming method (PDM)
Activity Priority
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A priority value assigned to activities to provide an ordering for activities that are waiting for
resources (during resource-constrained scheduling)
ActivitySequencing
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Identifying activity dependency relationships (how activities
affect each other) and determining the best order to
perform the activities to complete the project
ActivitySplitting
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Allowing activities to be split into segments during resource
allocation. In some instances, preemption of activities may free a
resource to be used by a more critical activity
Actual Cost(AC)
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The realized cost incurred for
the work performed onan activity or work package during a specific time period
Actual Duration
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The number of hours or days expanded to complete a project
activity
Actual Effort
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The actual number of person hours or days expended to
complete an activity
Actual Finish Date (AF)
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The calendar date in which work actually ended on an activity
End dates
Actual Start Date (AF)
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The calendar date work actually began on an activity
Adaptive Life Cycle
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A project life cycle that is intended to facilitate change and require a
high-degree of stakeholder involvement. They are iterative and
incremental
Note: Also known as Agile or Change-Driven Cycle
AdministrativeClosure
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The documenting of the project results and the acceptance of the product by the customer or the
project sponsor. Also needed if a project is terminated
Adjusting Leads & Lags
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A technique to find ways to bring project activities that are behind into alignment with plan during
project execution
Explanation: A technique used to adjust the amount of time between predecessor and successor activities
Aggregation
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Using activity resource requirements to calculate total resource needs rather than to
constrain the project schedule. Normally, resource requirements
are used to perform resource-constrained scheduling
Agreements
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Any document or communication that defines the initial intentions
of a project. This can take the form of a contract, memorandum of understanding (MOU), letters
of agreements, verbal agreements, etc
Advertising
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A process to bring attention to a project or effort
Agile Project Management
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It is an iterative, incremental method of project
management
AlignmentType
The alignment type is used to identify the type of constraint associated with a target date.
The following types are available:o Finish On o Finish On or After o Finish On or Beforeo Start Ono Start On or Aftero Start On or Beforeo Mandatory Start o Mandatory Finish
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Affinity Diagram
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A group creativity technique that allows large number of ideas to
be classified in groups for review and analysis
AlternativeAnalysis
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Breaking down a complex scope situation for the purpose of
generating and evaluating different solutions and approaches
AnalogousEstimating
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A technique for estimating the duration or cost of an activity or a project using historical data from a
similar activity or project. Also known as Top-Down estimating. It is
a form of expert judgement
Analysis
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The study something complex and the separation into its more
simple components. Analysis typically includes discovering not only what the parts of the item being studied are, but also how they fit together. Example: study of
schedule variances for cause, impact, corrective action, and results
Application Areas
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These are the areas of business, industry which the project manager
may need special knowledge. Common application areas include
legal issues, technical issues, engineering information, and manufacturing information
Apportioned Effort
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An activity where effort is allotted proportionately across certain
discrete efforts and not divisible into discrete efforts. Apportioned
Effort is work that cannot be directly associated to a WBS component or a
project deliverable, like Perform Quality Assurance. The term
apportion means to divide or share. Note: Apportioned effort is one of three earned value management (EVM)
types of activities used to measure work performance
Approve
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To accept as satisfactory. The approval may still require
confirmation by somebody else, as in levels of approval. In
management use, the important distinction is between approve and
authorize
Note: See Authorization flashcard
Approved Change Request
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A Change Request that has been processed through the integrated
change control processed and approved
Approved Change Request
Review
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A review of the Change Requests to verify that these
were implemented as approved
Arrow Diagramming
Method (ADM)
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A network diagramming technique in which activities are represented by arrows. The tail
of the arrow represents the start and the head represents the finish of the activity (the
length of the arrow does not represent the expected duration of the activity). Activities
are connected at points called ”Nodes" (usually drawn as small circles) to illustrate
the sequence in which the activities are expected to be performed
Assignment
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The activities team members are responsible to complete
Assumptions
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Factors in the planning process considered to be true, real, or
certain, without proof or demonstration. Need to be
documented and validated as they may impact risk
AssumptionAnalysis
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A technique that explores the accuracy of assumptions and
identifies risks to the project from inaccuracy, inconsistency or
incompleteness of assumptions
Authority
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The right to apply project resources, spend funds, make decisions or give
approvals
Authorization
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The power granted by management to specified individuals allowing them to approve transactions, procedures, or total systems.
Defined as the final organization authority
Note: See Approve flashcard
AuthorizedWork
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An effort that has been approved by higher authority
and may or may not be definedAuthorized Work Example:
Avoidance
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This is one response to a risk event. The risk is avoided by
planning a different technique to remove the risk from the project
Backlog
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A listing of product requirements and deliverables to be completed, written
as stories, and prioritized as the business to manage and organize the
project work. Used in Agile.
Backward Pass
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A critical path method technique for calculating the late start and late finish dates, for the uncompleted
portions of all network activities, by working backward through the
schedule model from the project end date date
Balancing Constraints
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Balancing the competing demands of scope, cost, time, quality, risk,
resources and customer expectations for a project
Bar (Gantt) Chart
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A chart that shows schedule activities,
with start and end dates, activity durations, resources assigned and project
status. Also known as Gantt Chart
Baseline
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There are 3 baselines: Schedule + Scope + Cost. It is the approved version of a
work product that can be changed using formal change control procedures, and it
is used as the basis for comparison to actual results
Note: The original plan (for a project, a work package, or an activity) plus or minus approved changes. Usually used with a modifier (e.g., cost baseline, schedule baseline and scope baseline)
BaselineSchedule
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A project schedule consisting of baseline start and finish dates,
which represent an estimated or expected schedule, or both
Note: This schedule is often derived from an initial set of early, late, or scheduled finish dates. Typically, once a baseline schedule is established, it does change over the course of a project)
Basis of Estimates
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Supporting documentation outlining
the details used in establishing project estimates such as
assumptions, constraints, level of detail, ranges, and confidence levels
Benchmarking
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A process of using prior projects within, or external to, the performing
organization to compare and set quality standards for processes and
results
Benefit Measurement
Methods
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Used in comparing the value of one
project against the value, or benefits, of another; often used in
project selection decisions
Benefit/Cost Analysis
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The process of determining the pros and cons of any project, process, product, or activity
Best Practices
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A generally accepted set of standards for performing work
Bidder Conference
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The meeting with prospective
sellers prior to the preparation of a bid or proposal to ensure all
prospective vendors have a clear and common understanding of the
procurement
Note: Also known as contractor conference, vendor conference, or pre-bid conference
Bottom Up ‐Estimating
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A method of estimating project duration or cost by aggregating the
estimates of the lower level ‐components of the work
breakdown structure (WBS))
Explanation: A method of estimating a component of work. The work is decomposed into more detail. An estimate is prepared of what is needed to meet requirements of each of the lower, more detailed pieces of work, and
these estimates are then aggregated into a total quantity for the component of work. The accuracy of bottom-up estimating is driven by the size and
complexity of the work identified at the lower levels
Brainstorming
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A general data gathering and
creativity technique that can be used to identify risks, ideas or solutions to
issues by using a group of team members or subject matter experts
Budget
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The approved estimate or amount of money allocated for
a project
Budget at Completion
(BAC)
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The sum of all budgets established in the planning phase for the entire
project or work to be performed
Budget Cost of Work Performed
(BCWP)
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The total budgeted cost of all work
completed on a project to date. Also known as earned value (EV)
Budget Cost of Work Scheduled
(BCWS)
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The total budgeted cost expected to be spent for specific work
Budget Estimate Range
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BusinessImpact Analysis
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Identifies project constraints, alternatives, and related
assumptions as they apply to the initiation phase
Business Case
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The project purpose and justification. It
explains how the project support the firm’s strategic goals. It is a documented financial feasibility study used to establish validity of the benefits of a selected component
lacking sufficient definition and that is used as a basis for the authorization of further
project management activities
Business Plan
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A business model used by a manager for planning a project or work
BusinessRequirements
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The conditions that the product
must meet to support the high-level processes and needs of the business
BusinessValue
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The positive impact for the business that will be achieved with
completion of the project (such as revenue, customer satisfaction, etc)
Buyer
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The acquirer of products, services, or results for an
organization
Cause Effect Diagram
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A decomposition technique that helps trace an undesirable effect
back to its root causes
Note: Also known as Fish Bone Diagram
Central Tendency
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A property of the central limit theorem predicting that the data
observations in a normal distribution will tend to group around its mean as
the group sample size increases
Note: Mean, Median and Mode are the most common measurements
Centralized Contracting
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There is one single procurement department in the organization, and the procurement manager handles
simultaneously procurement on multiple projects
Champion
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A person who takes on personal responsibility for the successful
completion of a “visionary project”
Change ControlProcess
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A process whereby modifications to
documents, deliverables, or baselines associated with the
project are identified, documented, approved, or rejected
Change Control Board
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A formally chartered group responsible for evaluating,
approving, delaying, or rejecting changes to the project, and for recording and communicating
such decisions
Note: It may include project manager, customer, experts, sponsor, other
Change Control System
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A set of procedures that describes how modifications to the project deliverables will be controlled, changed and approved
Change of Scope
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A change in objectives, work plan, or schedule resulting in a material
difference from the terms of previously granted approval to
proceed
Change Log
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A list of changes made during the project. This includes dates of the
changes and impact in terms of time, cost and risk
Change Management
Plan
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A plan that documents the process for
managing changes to the project deliverables and documentation
ChangeRequest
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A formal request to modify any
document, deliverable, or baseline after the Project Management Plan has been
approved. Changes are approved through the Integrated Change Control Process
Chart of Accounts
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Any numbering system used to monitor project costs by category (labor,
supplies, materials, etc). The project chart of accounts is usually based upon
corporate chart of accounts of the primary performing organization
Charter
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A document issued by the initiator of the project, usually the project
sponsor, that formally authorizes the existence of the project, and provides
the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to
project activities
Check sheet
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A tally sheet that can be used as a checklist when gathering
data
Claim
A request or demand by a Seller against a Buyer, or vice-versa, for consideration, compensation or payment under the terms of a
contract, such a for a disputed change
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Claim Administration
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The process of processing, adjudicating and communicating
contract claims
Closing Process Group
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The process of finalizing all the activities across all the Project
Management Process Groups to formally complete a project or
phase
Close Procurement
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The process of completing each project procurement
Closing Process Group
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The process performed to finalize all activities across all Process Groups to
formally close a project or phase
Code of Accounts
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A numbering system used to uniquely identify each component of the Work Breakdown Structure
(WBS)
CollectRequirements
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The process of defining and documenting stakeholder needs to meet the project objectives
Colocation
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Placing all team members in the
same physical location close to one another in order to improve communications, working
relationships and productivity
Communication
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Relaying information so that all concerned parties have an equal
understanding
CommunicationChannels
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Number of communication among project team members
N (N-1)----------- = 2
N = number of team members
CommunicationConstraints
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Restrictions on the content, timing and audience or individual who will deliver the communication usually
stemming from a specific legislation or regulation, technology or
organizational policies
CommunicationsManagement
Plan
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A component of the project, program, or portfolio management plan that describes how, when, and
by whom information will be administered and disseminated
CommunicationsMethods
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A systematic procedure or technique used to transfer information among
project stakeholders
CommunicationsProcess
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Simple Process:
Detailed Process:
CommunicationsPlanning
The planning process to determine the communication requirements. Identifying who will need what
information, when they will need it and how the information should be
formatted and disseminated
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CommunicationsRequirements
Analysis
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An analytical technique to determine the information needs
of the project stakeholders through interviews, workshop, etc
CompositeResource Calendar
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It includes the availability, capabilities and skills of human resources. It is developed as part of the Activity
Resource Estimating process
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Compliance
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A general concept to conforming to a rule, standard, law, requirement generating a result of “complaint”
or “not-complaint”
Compress a Schedule
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Fast tracking and crashing are
two schedule compression techniques that help you shorten the duration of your project. Fast tracking does not
involve any cost but it increases risks. On the other hand, crashing does not
introduce much risk but it is a costly affair
Conceptual Project Planning
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The process of developing broad-scope project documentation from which the technical requirements,
estimates, schedules, control procedures, and effective project
management will all flow
Configuration Control
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The process of evaluating, approving
or disapproving, and managing changes to controlled items
ConfigurationManagement
System
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A system that allows everyone to know what version of the baseline and other
components of the project management plan are the latest
versions
Concurrent Engineering
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An approach to project staffing that,
in its most general form, calls for implementers to be involved in the design phase. Sometimes confused
with Fast Tracking
Conflict Resolution Techniques
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A conflict is a situation when the interests, needs, goals or values of involved parties interfere with one
another. A conflict is a common phenomenon in the workplace. The
techniques are:
Consensus
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A decision that a group agrees to support. It is usually achieved by discussing the relevant issues and
options
Constraint
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A limiting factor that affects the execution of a project, program,
portfolio, or process
Contingency
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1) something that may happen: an
event that might occur in the future, especially a problem, emergency, or
expense that might arise unexpectedly and therefore must be prepared for
2) provision made against future unforeseen events
ContingencyPlan
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A document describing actions that the project team can take if
predetermined trigger conditions or risks/threats occur
ContingencyReserve
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Time or money allocated in the schedule or cost baseline for known risks with active response strategies
Continuous Improvement
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A methodology provides an
organization with powerful tools that improve its ability to plan,
implement, and control its activities. Also known as “Kaizen”
Contract
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A legal, mutually-binding document
between buyer and seller covering the terms and conditions by which the
work must be completed
ContractCloseout
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The process of determining whether the work as outlined in the contract
was completed accurately and settling the terms of the contract
ContractChange Control
System
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A system created to modify the
contract and to control changes to the contract
ContractAdministration
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Managing the relationship with
the seller or buyer
ControlAccount
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A management control point where scope, budget, actual cost, and
schedule are integrated and compared to earned value for
performance measurement
ControlQuality
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Monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with
the relevant quality standards
Control Chart
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Diagram of process results over time and against specified limits to determine whether processes are
acceptable or need adjustment
ControlScope
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Process of monitoring the status of the project and product scope and
managing changes to the scope baseline
CorrectiveAction
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An intentional activity that realigns
the performance of the project work with the project management plan
CostBaseline
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The approved version of the work
package cost estimates and contingency reserve that can be
changed using formal change control procedures and is used as the basis
for comparison to actual results
Note: The difference between cost budget and cost baseline is that the cost budget adds management reserve to the cost baseline
Cost-Benefit Analysis
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A benefit measurement method
that weighs expected project costs against expected project benefits
CostControl
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Managing and controlling changes to the cost baseline
CostBudget
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The overall project cost budget for a project. It includes management
reserve.
CostBudgeting
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Assigning specific cost estimates to specific activities and creating the
cost baseline
CostEstimating
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Estimating the cost of resources that will be required to complete
each project activity
CostLimits
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The acceptable range of variation on a control chart
Cost ofQuality (COQ)
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Determining costs incurred to ensure quality: including
prevention, appraisals and failure costs. Also known as ”Cost of Poor
Quality”
CostManagement
Plan
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A component of a project or program management plan that
describes how costs will be planned, structured, and
controlled
CostPerformanceIndex (CPI)
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A measure of the cost efficiency of budgeted resources expressed as the ratio of earned value to actual cost
Explanation: The ratio of budgeted costs to actual costs (BCWP/ACWP). The CPI is often used to predict the magnitude of a possible cost overrun using the following formula: original cost estimate/CPI = projected cost at completion.
Cost PlusFixed Fee Contract(CPFC)
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A cost-reimbursable contract where the buyer pays for costs defined in the contract plus an
additional defined amount (fixed fee)
Cost PlusIncentive Fee
Contract (CPIF)
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A cost-reimbursable contract where the buyer pays for costs defined in the contract plus an additional amount if the seller meets performance criteria as
outlined in the contract
Cost PlusPercentageCost (CPPC)
Contract
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A contract where Buyer reimburses the Seller for the Seller’s allowable costs plus a
percentage of the cost
CostReimbursable
Contract
A contract that provides for payment to the seller for actual
costs incurred
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CostVariance
(CV)
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The amount of budget deficit or surplus at a given point in time,
expressed as the difference between Earned Value and Actual Cost
CV = EV – AC
Note: (1) Any difference between the estimated cost of an activity and the actual cost of an activity (2) In earned value, BCWP less ACWP.
CostTypes
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The types are:
Crashing
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A schedule compression technique
used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental
cost by adding resources
Create WBS
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A process of subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller more manageable components.
The result is the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Critical Activity
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Any activity in the Critical Path
Critical Chain Method
A schedule method that allows the project team to place buffers on any project schedule path to account for
limited resources and project uncertainties. It has a resource
focus, whereas Critical Path is task order focused (not the same as
Critical Path Method)
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Critical Path
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The sequence of activities that
represents the longest path through a project, which determines the
shortest possible duration. It is task order focused
Critical PathMethod (CPM)
A method used to estimate the minimum project duration and
determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical network
paths within the schedule model
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Customer
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The recipient of service or product that the project
created. Also known as client in some organizations
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Connect with me
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Twitter.com/donadosays
Bilingual senior general management executive with expertise in international
business and Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A)
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o Education: - Senior Executive Fellow – Harvard University- MBA – IESE
o Certifications:- Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB) – ASQ Certified- PMP- Agile (ACP) – PMI Certified
Jonathan Donado
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