pocket gophers and moles - ucce sonomacesonoma.ucanr.edu/files/27701.pdf · 2010-08-31 · gopher...
TRANSCRIPT
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Terrell P. SalmonCooperative Extension Wildlife Specialists andCounty Director, San Diego
Pocket gophers and molesPocket gophers and moles
Paul VossenCooperative Extension Farm AdvisorSonoma County
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Ruining the lawnRuining the lawn
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Gopher Gopher feeding on feeding on tree trunktree trunk
Killing Killing plantsplants
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$150 Bounty$150 Bounty
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Soil erosion made Soil erosion made worse by gopher worse by gopher
tunnelstunnels
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Erosion aided by gopher tunnelsErosion aided by gopher tunnels
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On a hillside water surfaces On a hillside water surfaces through gopher tunnelthrough gopher tunnel
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Are you Are you frustrated? frustrated?
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Gopher & Mole ControlGopher & Mole Control•• Differences Differences –– Life Cycles Life Cycles -- FeedingFeeding•• Snake OilsSnake Oils•• Enhance Natural PredatorsEnhance Natural Predators•• ExclusionExclusion•• Poison BaitsPoison Baits•• GassingGassing•• BlastingBlasting•• Flooding Flooding •• TrapsTraps•• Ignore ThemIgnore Them
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Differences between Differences between Moles & GophersMoles & GophersMoleMole
• Round mound• Pushed up earth • Long surface ridges• Eat earthworms & insects• Not as territorial• Holes kept closed or open• Difficult to catch
GopherGopher• Crescent mound• Dumped earth• Eat plants (roots)• Very territorial• Keep holes closed • Easy to catch
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MolesMoles•• 66--8 inches long8 inches long•• Pointed snout, short armsPointed snout, short arms•• 33--5 young born in spring5 young born in spring•• Holes < 2Holes < 2”” in diameterin diameter•• Tunnels mostly 16Tunnels mostly 16--1818”” deepdeep•• Surface ridges for feedingSurface ridges for feeding•• Active all year except in extreme coldActive all year except in extreme cold•• Eat worms and insectsEat worms and insects•• Dislodge plantsDislodge plants
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MoleMole or Gopher?or Gopher?
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GophersGophers• 6-12 inches long• 4 large incisor teeth • Fur lined external cheek pouches• Do not hibernate (2 litters/yr) 3-4 young• Density 15-60 per acre• Main tunnels > 2” in diameter• Active mostly in spring and fall• Eat roots, bulbs, tubers, & seeds• Kill plants
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Mole or Mole or GopherGopher??
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Pocket gopher IDPocket gopher ID
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Pocket on gopher cheekPocket on gopher cheek
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Pocket gopherPocket gopher
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Pocket gopher Pocket gopher –– crescent crescent shaped mound shaped mound
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Open gopher hole = still diggingOpen gopher hole = still digging
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Closed pocket gopher hole = Closed pocket gopher hole = gopher insidegopher inside
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Open gopher hole = vacantOpen gopher hole = vacant
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Pocket Pocket gopher gopher moundsmounds
1515--60 per 60 per acreacre
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Pocket Pocket gopher in gopher in
allium fieldallium field
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Gophers eat roots & plantsGophers eat roots & plants
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Gopher Mounds & Surface FeedingGopher Mounds & Surface Feeding
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Gopher Gopher surface surface
feeding on feeding on clover and clover and
grass grass rootsroots
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Gopher feeding on alfalfa rootsGopher feeding on alfalfa roots
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Bermuda grass cache in Bermuda grass cache in gopher tunnelgopher tunnel
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Pocket gopher in olive orchardPocket gopher in olive orchard
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Gopher Gopher feeding feeding on tree on tree rootsroots
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Gopher Gopher feeding feeding on vine on vine rootsroots
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Mole moundsMole mounds
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Mole moundsMole mounds
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Mole holeMole hole
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Moles in a lawnMoles in a lawn
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Mole moundMole mound
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Snake OilsSnake Oils4 of 5 gophers develop a 4 of 5 gophers develop a sweet tooth (UC trial with sweet tooth (UC trial with
gophers in captivity)gophers in captivity)
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Snake OilsSnake Oils
Battery powered vibratorsBattery powered vibrators
Critters quickly get used to them Critters quickly get used to them
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Fake wormsFake worms
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Snake OilsSnake OilsLava rocks
soaked in garlic
juice
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Biodynamic Gopher ControlBiodynamic Gopher ControlSkin the Gopher
• Burn the pelt then Sprinkle the ashes over the field.
• Burn the body and place ashes into the gopher holes during spring solstice
Witchcraft ?Witchcraft ?
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Beware of the Beware of the ““environmentallyenvironmentally--friendlyfriendly””
label label -- Does it work?Does it work?
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DonDon’’t get fooledt get fooledOnly old mounds and no recent activity ?1st Option - No gophers – you got em !2nd Option - Lots of underground life and
feeding – just no new digging ! ! !
If you drive into a neighborhood and see no new housing construction – does
that mean nobody lives in that neighborhood?
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Small Animal Population DynamicsSmall Animal Population Dynamics
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Predators…
Helps Helps –– BUT BUT ––control is control is
limited limited
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Exclusion…
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Barrier needs to be Barrier needs to be deep enough so deep enough so
the pest will not go the pest will not go under itunder it
AND AND
above ground above ground enough so the pest enough so the pest will not go over itwill not go over it
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Gopher BasketsGopher Baskets
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Installing Installing gopher gopher baskets baskets
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Gopher basketGopher basket
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Wire lined planter boxWire lined planter box
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Store Pesticide AisleStore Pesticide Aisle
Funded by California Department of Food and Agriculture2002 - 2004
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StrychnineStrychnineBotanical Botanical from Nux from Nux
Vomica plant Vomica plant ((Strychnos nuxStrychnos nux--vomica L.vomica L.))
Breaks down Breaks down in weeks in in weeks in moist soil moist soil
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Gopher BaitingGopher Baiting
Strychnine Strychnine on grainon grain
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Baiting with StrychnineBaiting with Strychnine11stst -- Probe area to Probe area to find the tunnelsfind the tunnels
22ndnd –– Pour bait into Pour bait into tunnelstunnels
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Probe into main tunnelProbe into main tunnel
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Baiting with StrychnineBaiting with Strychnine
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Manual strychnine bait Manual strychnine bait applicatorsapplicators
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Spoon it in & close holeSpoon it in & close hole
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Mechanical Bait ApplicatorMechanical Bait Applicator
Makes an artificial Makes an artificial burrow and burrow and
deposits strychnine deposits strychnine bait periodicallybait periodically
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Mechanical bait applicatorMechanical bait applicator
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Tunnel from mechanical bait Tunnel from mechanical bait applicatorapplicator
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AntiAnti--Coagulant Bait BlocksCoagulant Bait BlocksDiphacinoneDiphacinone oror ChlorophacinoneChlorophacinone
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Anticoagulant Baiting Trial Anticoagulant Baiting Trial for Pocket Gopher Controlfor Pocket Gopher Control
• Five groups of eight animals.
• Groups baited with twenty grams Chlorophacinone treated oats
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AntiAnti--coagulant Baitscoagulant Baits• Chlorophacinone and diphacinone are
multiple feed toxicants and must be fed on over several days in order to be effective
• Results indicate that an animal must consume at least 25% its’ body weight in bait
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UC Replicated Trial UC Replicated Trial -- 19881988
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Reduction in gopher activityReduction in gopher activity(one treatment) after 3(one treatment) after 3--39 weeks39 weeks
•• Untreated (control) = 10%Untreated (control) = 10%•• Strychnine = 50%Strychnine = 50%•• Bait blocks = 80%Bait blocks = 80% UC Trial 1988
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Eaton Bait Eaton Bait BlocksBlocks
AntiAnti--coagulantcoagulant
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Eaton Bait BlocksEaton Bait Blocks
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Gassing Gassing •• Car exhaust (C0)Car exhaust (C0)•• Aluminum phosphideAluminum phosphide•• Zinc phosphideZinc phosphide•• Sodium Nitrate + SulfurSodium Nitrate + Sulfur•• Potassium Nitrate + SulfurPotassium Nitrate + Sulfur
Dangerous Dangerous –– Does not work very Does not work very well well –– Gophers close off tunnels Gophers close off tunnels
when gas is perceived when gas is perceived
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Gassing Gassing
Zinc phosphideZinc phosphide
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GassingGassing
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Gassing
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Active Ingredients: Sodium Nitrate.....46.2% Sulfur.............34.8% Charcoal............ 8.7% Other Ingredients...10.3% Total..............100%
GassingGassing
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Blasting with OBlasting with O22 & propane& propane
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Blasting with OBlasting with O22 & propane& propane
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Watch out in a Watch out in a dry climatedry climate
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““RodenatorRodenator”” (O(O22 + propane)+ propane)
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FloodingFlooding
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Paul VossenPaul Vossen’’s s non patented non patented
““mobile gopher mobile gopher & mole getter & mole getter
machinemachine””
TRAPSTRAPS
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Pincer-style traps (Cinch)
Small size for Small size for gophers & molesgophers & moles
Large size for big Large size for big gophers onlygophers only
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Find the main tunnel Find the main tunnel -- it goes in it goes in both directions and its largeboth directions and its large
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Dig the hole Dig the hole out so the out so the trap fits trap fits
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One trap in each direction One trap in each direction in tunnelin tunnel
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Cover the hole to exclude light and dogs – not absolutely necessary
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Gopher Caught in Cinch TrapGopher Caught in Cinch Trap
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Mole Caught in Cinch TrapMole Caught in Cinch Trap
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Cinch trap in a lawn main tunnelCinch trap in a lawn main tunnel
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Traps set into Traps set into main tunnel and main tunnel and
coveredcovered
Lawn takes 6Lawn takes 6--8 8 weeks to recover weeks to recover
visuallyvisually
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Cinch traps set in lawn clean out Cinch traps set in lawn clean out holes holes
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Cinch trap in a lawn clean Cinch trap in a lawn clean out holeout hole
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Setting a cinch Setting a cinch trap in a mole trap in a mole
tunneltunnel
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Other types of mole trapsOther types of mole traps
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Box traps Box traps (Guardian)(Guardian)for gophersfor gophers
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PincerPincer--style traps style traps (Macabee)(Macabee)
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Many BrandsMany Brands
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A trap set in each direction in the A trap set in each direction in the main tunnel and one set in the main tunnel and one set in the
clean out tunnelclean out tunnel
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Gopher main tunnel is the Gopher main tunnel is the size of a tennis ballsize of a tennis ball
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Gopher clean out hole or mole hole Gopher clean out hole or mole hole is smaller is smaller –– about golf ball sizedabout golf ball sized
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How to make trapping workHow to make trapping work•• Be smarter than the gopher or moleBe smarter than the gopher or mole•• Be very persistentBe very persistent•• Check your garden every dayCheck your garden every day•• Set a trap immediately when new Set a trap immediately when new
activity is evidentactivity is evident•• After trapping a gopher After trapping a gopher
put a bait block in the put a bait block in the tunnel and cover it uptunnel and cover it up
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Happy Happy HuntingHunting
ORORJust Enjoy Just Enjoy the Cute the Cute
Little Little Warm Warm
FuzziesFuzzies